| Duho | |
|---|---|
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | NorthwesternAmazon |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed as one of the world's primarylanguage families |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Duho is a proposedlanguage family of South America, uniting two proposed genetic groupings,Hodi–Saliban[1] andTicuna–Yuri. This language family was proposed by Marcelo Jolkesky (2016), based on his previous but now disclaimed Macro-Daha family which had also included theAndoque–Urequena languages.[2]
Zamponi (2017) concludes that the similarities between Saliban and Hodɨ appear to be due to contact, but that a distant genealogical relationship between Betoi and Sáliban is plausible though not demonstrated. He does not address Ticuna–Yuri.[3]
Jolkesky (2016) suggests that the homeland of Proto-Duho was in theSerranía de Chiribiquete.[4]: 590
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities withChibchan languages due to contact, which may point to the earlier presence of Chibchan speakers in theOrinoco basin.[4]: 325
Internal classification of the Duho language family by Jolkesky (2016):[4]
Jolkesky's Duho languages have shared forms in*ʧ for "I",*kʷ for "you" and*t for "we", which are found in all languages.
| language | I | thou | he | she | we | they |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ticuna | ʧò- | ku- | dĩ- | ɡĩ- /i- | tò- | ta-́ |
| Yuri | tshuu | wikú | di | - | too | - |
| Saliba | ʧ- | ũku, kʷ- | Ø-, i-, -di | x-, -x | t- | h- |
| Piaroa | ʧ(u)- | (u)ku, kʷ- | Ø-, -de | hʷ-, -h | t(u)- | tʰ(a)- |
| Wirö | ʧ(V)- | ɯkʷɯ, kʷ(V)- | Ø- | h(V)-, -h | d(V)-, -dɯtʰɯ | tʰ(V)- |
| Hodi | ʰtæ | ʰkæ | dæ | - | ʰtai | hai |
| Betoi | r(u)- | uhu, h(u)- | Ø-, -ri | Ø- | r-, -nuto | ? |
Several basic words in Duho languages appear to be related. The following examples are given, with further parallels inSape:
| language | tree | mouth | head | hair | path | eat | spirit | offspring | breast | who | what |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ticuna | dãi | àː | èrú | ʧi | bã̀ | ɡõ̀ː | ã́ẽ̀ | dẽ́ | biĩ́ | tèẽ́ | tàː |
| Yuri | noi | i à | gerühó | ii | -mó | - | - | o nné | - | - | - |
| Saliba | - | aha | iʤu | - | maa(-na) | ikua | õãĩ | nẽ(-ẽ) | omixe | ã-diha | ã-daha |
| Piaroa | dawi | æ | u(-ju) | -ʦˀe | mæ(-næ) | ku | ãẽ | ĩtʰĩ | ami | di | dæhe |
| Wirö | towi | a | u; -ʤu | -ˀʤe | ma(-na) | ku(-õ) | - | ĩtʰĩ | omu | ti | tahi |
| Hodi | ʰtawɯ | a | ʰtu | - | ma(-na); -ma | ʰku-õ | ãwẽ(-no) | ĩni | me(e) | - | - |
| (Sape) | tapa | itu | koyanukú,moynaku | pa | mu | ko/ku | - | katona | wi | pante | pemente |