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Aguest ranch, also known as adude ranch, is a type ofranch oriented towards visitors ortourism. It is considered a form ofagrotourism.
Guest ranches arose in response to the romanticization of theAmerican West that began to occur in the late 19th century. In 1893, as part of hisFrontier Thesis, historianFrederick Jackson Turner asserted that theUnited States frontier was demographically "closed".[1] That, in turn, led many people to have feelings ofnostalgia for bygone days, but also, given that the risks of a true frontier were gone, people could safely indulge in this nostalgia. Thus, the person referred to as a "tenderfoot" or a "greenhorn" by Westerners was finally able to visit and enjoy the advantages of western life for a short period of time without needing to risk life and limb.[2][3]
In 1967,Marshall Sprague wrote that Griff Evans was running a dude ranch nearEstes Park, Colorado by 1873, "thirty years before dude ranches were officially invented". WhenIsabella Bird visited Evans that year, he already had nine men and women as guests.[4] In 1884, a dude ranch nearMedora, North Dakota was owned by the Eaton brothers, businessmen from Pittsburgh. It was likely fostered by the collapse of the free-range cattle industry in the late 1880s. Too many ranchers shared the open plains with vast herds of cattle, and in the hardwinter of 1886 herds were decimated, with some owners financially ruined overnight.[5]
The Western adventures of famous figures such asTheodore Roosevelt, a neighbor of the Eatons in the 1880s, were made available to paying guests from cities of the East, called "dudes" in the West.[5][6] In the early years, thetranscontinental railroad network brought paying visitors to a local railroad depot, where a wagon or buggy would be waiting to transport people to a ranch.[citation needed] Experiences varied, because some ranch visitors expected a somewhat edited and more luxurious version of the "cowboy life", while others were more tolerant of the odors and timetable of a working ranch. By 1913, it was noted that ranchers had begun to dress as cowboys, and had introduced pageantry, such as an afternoon cattle round-up, to add to the assumed glamour of Western life.[5]
While there were guest ranches prior to the 20th century, the trend grew considerably after the end ofWorld War I. In the early 1920s, guest ranching became popular in Texas. As one rancher nearBandera, Texas, noted: "You can run more dudes to the acre in these hills than you can cattle." Dude wrangling was profitable, and vacationers were easier to handle than stock, although some wranglers considered dudes ornerier than livestock. Around that time, competition with ever-larger and more professional cattle operations possibly contributed to that trend. In 1923, a dude ranch opened in Hawaii, modeled after those in Wyoming. In 1926, theDude Ranchers Association was founded inBillings, Montana, to represent the needs of this rapidly growing industry. Advertisements during that era were often aimed at the monied classes, and stressed the beauty of the natural scenery, the healthiness of being outdoors, and the wildlife. Recently establishednational parks in the area were an added tourist attraction.
During theGreat Depression the industry continued to expand, likely as an alternative income source for real cattle ranches which were experiencing financial troubles. In the 1930s, dude ranches proliferated along with theRocky Mountains and aroundPalm Springs in California. However, they were becoming rarer in Texas, where many areas were inhospitable to cattle, and stock andfodder had to be imported during the dude season.[5]
In 1935, the industry boomed, and Western railroad companies advertised destinations to paying guests. Airlines and travel bureaus also began to enter the business in that period. TheUniversity of Wyoming began to offer a degree in recreational ranching, and one could take a four-year course in dude wrangling. Most of the patrons hailed from New York at the time but, as the trips became more popular and less affluent people began to become interested, there was an economic incentive to establish lower-cost dude ranches in the East, including in New York State. In 1943, the Eastern Dude Ranchers' Association was formed. Throughout the 1940s, business remained good, because wars in the rest of the world made foreign travel less attractive.[5]
In the 1950s, the growth leveled off, with the number of registered, bona fide dude ranches dropping to 100 in 1958. By the 1960s, especially inArizona andCalifornia, the industry became more professional, with dude ranches becoming more like country clubs, with elegant rooms and diverse recreational amenities such as tennis courts, golf, and heated swimming pools, catering to some 200 guests at a time. Agriculture was no longer practised, and many ranches had no cattle. Establishments with horses for guests needed to import fodder. In turn, other ventures began to turn away from the term, advertising themselves not as a luxury resort or a dude ranch, but a working ranch with guest rooms. That trend had become evident in the 1930s but, by the 1950s, the term dude ranch had become unpopular, with most establishments advertising themselves as simply "ranches", and stressing their bona fides as real farms.
Common to most of those establishments was the free use of horses, while normal resorts charged customers extra for a horse ride. Guests would often ride into the surrounding hills for a camping trip. Some guests preferred to do ranch chores, and that was sometimes advertised, with such guests being advised to visit in the autumn when there were more chores. Eastern ranches often lacked cattle but, to maintain a Western atmosphere, one New York ranch bought a bison from a zoo. Another had an entire Western town built, complete with a saloon, board sidewalks, and a dirt street. The main attraction for most tourists was the myth and adventure of theWild West.[5]
Western ranches were likely less discriminatory, with very few ranches billing themselves as "restricted", but in the Eastern industry, that practice was common in the 1930s.[5]
In the US, guest ranches are now a long-established tradition and continue to be a vacation destination.[7] Depending on the climate, some guest ranches are open only in the summer or winter, while others offer year-round service. Some of the activities offered at guest ranches include horseback riding, target shooting, cattle sorting, hayrides, campfire sing-alongs, hiking, camping, whitewater rafting, zip-lining, archery and fishing. College students are often recruited to work at guest ranches during the summer months. Common jobs offered to students include housekeeping, wrangling, staffing dining rooms and offices, or babysitting. A number of working ranches have survived lean financial times by taking in paying guests for part of the year.
Some guest ranches cater tohunters. Some feature native wildlife such aswhitetail deer,mule deer,bison orelk.[8] Others feature exotic species imported from other regions and nations such asAfrica andIndia.[9] While many traditional ranches allow hunters and outfitters on their land to hunt native game, the act of confining game to guarantee a kill as practiced on some ranches is controversial and considered unsporting (seefair chase).
The introduction of non-native species on ranches is more controversial because of concerns that these "exotics" may escape and becomeferal, modify the natural environment, or spread previously unknown diseases.[citation needed] Advocates of hunting ranches argue in turn that they help protect native herds from over-hunting, provide important income for locals and nature conservation, and that the stocking of exotic species actually increases their numbers and may help save them from extinction.[9]
