Theducat (/ˈdʌkət/DUK-ət) coin was used as atrade coin in Europe from thelater Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat orsequin containing around 3.5 grams (0.11 troy ounces) of 98.6% fine gold, originated inVenice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries. Similarly named silverducatons also existed. The gold ducat circulated along with theFlorentine florin and preceded the modern Britishpound sterling.[1]
First side of the image:+IC XC RC IN ÆTRN, nimbate bust ofChrist facing, holdingGospels
Second side of the image:R•R SLS, King Roger and, R•DX•AP, Duke Roger (son of Roger) standing facing, holding long cross between them; AN R X along staff of cross.
The wordducat is from Medieval Latinducalis = "relating to a duke (ordukedom)", and initially meant "duke's coin" or a "duchy's coin".[2]
The first issue ofscyphatebillon coins modelled on Byzantinetrachea was made by KingRoger II of Sicily as part of theAssizes of Ariano (1140). It was to be a valid issue for the whole kingdom. The first issue bears the figure of Christ[3] and the Latin inscriptionSit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus (meaning "O Christ, let this duchy, which you rule, be dedicated to you") on the obverse.[4] On the reverse, Roger II is depicted in the style of a Byzantine emperor and his eldest son, DukeRoger III of Apulia, is depicted in battle dress.[5] The coin took its common name from theDuchy of Apulia, which the younger Roger had been given by his father.
DogeEnrico Dandolo of Venice introduced a silver ducat which was related to the ducats of Roger II. Later gold ducats of Venice, however, became so important that the name ducat was associated exclusively with them and the silver coins came to be calledgrossi.[6]
In the 13th century, the Venetians imported goods from the East and sold them at a profit north of the Alps.[7] They paid for these goods with Byzantine goldhyperpyra, but when the Byzantine emperorMichael VIII Palaiologos backed the revolt of theSicilian Vespers in 1282, he debased thehyperpyron.[8] This was just one more in a series ofdebasements of thehyperpyron, and theGreat Council of Venice responded with its own coin of pure gold in 1284.[9][7]
In 1252Florence andGenoa introduced the goldflorin andgenovino, respectively, both of 3.5 grams of 98.6% fine gold; the florin preceded the ducat as Western Europe's first standard gold coin. Venice modeled the size and weight of their ducat on the florin, with a slight increase in weight due to differences in the two cities′ weight systems. The Venetian ducat contained 3.545 grams of 99.47% fine gold, the highest purity medieval metallurgy could produce.[10]
First side of the image:Saint Mark standing giving gonfalone to the kneeling doge. S(anctus) M(arcus) VENET(I) DVX MICAEL STEN
Second side of the image:Christ standing among stars in oval frame. SIT T[ibi] XPE (Christe) DAT[us] Q[uem] T[u] REGIS ISTE DVCAT[us]
AV, 21 mm; 3.50 g
Venetian ducat designs followed those of thesilver grossi, which were ultimately of Byzantine origin. The obverse shows theDoge of Venice kneeling beforeSt. Mark, the patron saint of Venice. Saint Mark holds the gospel, which is his usual attribute, and presents agonfalone to the doge. The legend on the left identifies the saint as S M VENET, i.e. Saint Mark of Venice, and the legend on the right identifies the doge, with his title DVX in the field. On the reverse, Christ stands among a field of stars in an oval frame. The reverse legend is the same as on Roger II’s ducats.[11]
Succeeding doges of Venice continued striking ducats, changing only their name on the obverse. The ducat had a variable price versus the silverVenetian lira, reaching 6.2lire or 124soldi (shillings) by 1470. At that point a ducat worth 124 soldi emerged as a new silver-based unit of account for quoting salaries and costs. Continued depreciation in the silver currency during the 16th century, however, made the gold ducat worth more than 124 soldi.[12] At this point, the currency ducat of 124 soldi had to be distinguished from the higher-valued gold ducat, and the latter was eventually called theducato de zecca, i.e. ducat of the mint, which was shortened tozecchino and corrupted tosequin.[13]
Leonardo Loredan extended the coinage with a half ducat and subsequent doges added a quarter, and various multiples up to 105 ducats. All of these coins continued to use the designs and weight standards of the original 1284 ducat. Even after dates became a common feature of western coinage, Venice struck ducats without them untilNapoleon ended the Venetian Republic in 1797.[14]
When the Roman Senate introduced gold coinage either the florin or the ducat could have provided an advantageous model to imitate[when?], but the Florentines who controlled the Senate’s finances ensured that their city’s coin was not copied.[15] Instead, the Roman coin showed a senator kneeling before St. Peter on the obverse and Christ amid stars in oval frame on the reverse in direct imitation of the Venetian ducat. The Popes subsequently changed these designs, but continued to strike ducats of the same weight and size into the 16th century.[16]
Most imitations of the Venetian ducat were made in theLevant, where Venice spent more money than it received. The Knights of Saint John struck ducats with grand masterDieudonné de Gozon, 1346-1353, kneeling before Saint John on the obverse and an angel seated on the Sepulcher of Christ on the reverse. Subsequent grand masters, however, found it expedient to copy the Venetian types more exactly, first at Rhodes and then on Malta.[17] Genoese traders went further; they struck ducats atChios that could be distinguished from the Venetian originals only by their workmanship. These debased ducats were problematic for Venice, which valued its money's reputation for purity. The rarity of ducats that Genoese traders struck at Mytilene, Phocaea, and Pera suggests that Venetians melted those they encountered.[18]
Ferdinand III depicted on a 100 Hungarian Ducat (1629)
In Western Europe, Venice was an active trader but they sold more than they bought, thus giving the Florentineflorin an early foothold in theRhine river valley in 1354.[15] However, this Rhenish florin orgulden was debased over the centuries, from 3.43 g fine gold in 1354, to 2.76 g fine gold by 1419, and to 2.503 g fine gold by 1559.[19]
AfterHenckels assassinatedAmadeus Aba in 1311,Charles I of Hungary began a gold coinage exploiting ores of Aba's ancient gold mines. His son,Louis I of Hungary changed the designs by replacing the standing figure of Saint John from the florin with a standing figure ofSaint Ladislaus and later changing the lily of Florence to his coat of arms, but he maintained the purity of the gold.[20]
In light of the 15th century debasement of the Rhenish florin or goldgulden versus the original ducat,[21] theHoly Roman Emperor Charles V recognized this distinction in 1524 when he made ducats of the Venetian standard valid money in the Empire with a value 39% higher than the gulden.[22] His younger brother and eventual successor,Ferdinand I, brought this system to Hungary in 1526, when he inherited its throne. The still-pure gold coins of Hungary were henceforth called ducats.[23] Their purity made the Hungarian ducat acceptable throughout Europe. Even the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland left records of the ones his king used for gambling.[24]
Hungary continued to strike ducats with 3.53133 grams of 98.6% fine gold. Unlike the unchanging designs of the ducats in Venice, the coat of arms on the reverse of the ducats of Hungary was frequently modified to reflect changed circumstances. In 1470,Matthias Corvinus replaced the coat of arms by a Madonna.[25] Hungary struck ducats until 1915, even under Austrian rule. These were used as trade coins and several of the later dates have been restruck.[26]
In the 15th and 16th centuries, international traders in Western Europe shifted from the florin to the ducat as their preferred currency, with ducats often co-circulating with locally minted gold coins like the Rhenishguilder, Frenchécu and Spanishescudo.
As rulers reformed their currencies, they frequently used the ducat as a model. The Mamlukashrafi and the Ottomansultani are examples.[27]In 1497, Spain reformed its goldexcelente into a copy of the ducat which was known as theducado from 1504.23+3⁄4 carats fine and slightly smaller than the Venetian ducat, each had about 3.484 g of pure gold and was reckoned as 375maravedís, the typicalunit of account at the time.[28] TheHoly Roman EmperorMaximilian—I initiated his own currency reform, minting gold ducats inAustria from 1511.[29] Gold ducats and florins were established through the rest of theHoly Roman Empire byminting ordinances (Reichsmünzordnung) in 1524, 1559, and later. The ducat weighed 3.49 grams and was23+2⁄3 carats fine (3.442 g of pure gold) and exchanged at a ratio of 8 ducats for 11 Rhenish florins, which weighed 3.25 grams and were18+1⁄2 carats fine (2.503 g of pure gold).[30] The German territories retained these standards until the 19th century.
In the 16th century some authors use Dꝭ as an abbreviation for the ducat, in 17th century a script capital D with an extra loop or is sometimes used, and in the 18th and 19th century a sign similar to thehash sign like⌗ has been used[31][32].
TheDutch Revolt gave its seven northern provinces control of their coinage. The collapse of the government ofFrancis of Anjou in 1583, however, left them without a constitutional ruler to name on those coins. They fell back on the longstanding regional tradition of imitating well accepted foreign coins. In this case they avoided political complications by copying obsolete coins. The gold coinsFerdinand and Isabella issued to the standards of the ducat were widely copied and called ducats.[33] They also imitated the Hungarian ducat and those coins had more influence on the subsequent coinage of theUnited Provinces. Since the Netherlands became a dominant international trader, the influence of these ducats was global.[34]
Netherlands, 1724 Gold ducat, Utrecht
At first, ducats of Hungarian type struck in the Netherlands had a standing figure on the obverse with the crown and battle axe that St. Ladislaus carried on the Hungarian prototype, but naming him with a different legend. Like the original, but not contemporary, Hungarian ducats, the reverse had a shield, which now showed the coat of arms of the issuing province.[35] These types evolved into a standing knight holding a sword and seven arrows representing the seven provinces in the union. The legend,CONCORDIA RES PARVÆ CRESCUNT, shortened in a variation of ways, says "by concord small things increase". It also names—or shows a symbol representing—the province that issued the coin. The reverse had a tablet inscribed and always shortened in the same way:MOnetaORDInumPROVINciarumFOEDERatorumBELGicarumAD LEGemIMPerii, gold money of the federated provinces of Belgium in accordance with the law of the realm.[36] In the Napoleonic period, theBatavian Republic andLouis Bonaparte continued to strike ducats with these designs. These coins were not issued during the annexation of the Netherlands into the French Empire. Since Napoleon’s defeat, theKingdom of the Netherlands has continued to issue them as trade and bullion coins. The text in the table on the reverse now saysMOnetaAUReaREGniBELGII AD LEGEM IMPERII.[37]
The silverducaton commenced in the Italian states in the mid-16th century as a large coin of approximately 30 grams fine silver, worth slightly less than the gold ducat orsequin.
Similarly-named coins were also minted in the Low Countries in the 17th and 18th centuries, which became popularnegotiepenningen (trade coins) along with gold ducats: theSpanish Netherlands ducaton in 1618 of 30.7 g fine silver, theDutch Republic's silver rider ducaton in 1659 of 30.45 g fine silver, and (confusingly) the Dutch Republic's smallerzilveren dukaat (silver ducat) in 1659 of 24.36 g fine silver.
Use of the ducat waned from the 17th century with the minting of freshly-minedLatin American gold to Iberian standards like the Spanishdoubloon and the Portuguesemoidore. In the 19th century ducats were successively dropped as standard coin of several nations, most significantly theLatin Monetary Union of 1865 (France, Italy, Switzerland) and theVienna Monetary Treaty of 1857 (German Confederation,Austria-Hungary).[38] By the 20th century ducats had changed fromtrade coin used in daily commerce tobullion coin for collectors and investors.
Austria continued to strike ducats until 1915, and has continued to restrike the last of them,[39][40] Bullion for Spain's American colonies allowed theSpanish dollar to supersede the ducat as the dominant currency of world trade.[34]
Around 1913, the gold ducat was worth the equivalent of "nine shillings and four pence sterling, or somewhat more than two dollars. The silver ducat is of about half this value".[41] Even now some national mints produce batches of ducats made after old patterns asbullion gold and banks sell these coins to private investors or collectors.
The 1934 Czechoslovakia 10 Ducat gold coin (on average) contains 34.9000 grams of gold (0.9860 fine) and weighs 1.1063 ounces. This issue is extremely rare as only 68 coins were struck.[42]Christina, Queen of Sweden, depicted on a 1645 Erfurt 10 ducat coin.[note 1]
^Between 1631 and 1648, during the Thirty Years’ War,Erfurt was occupied by Swedish forces,[43] thus theeffigy of Queen Christina appears on the 1645 Erfurt 10 Ducat (Portugaloser). There are seven gold coins known to exist bearing the effigy of Queen Christina: a unique 1649 five ducat,[44] and six 1645 10 ducat specimen.[45]
^Shaw (1896),p. 391. Ducats: 67 to aCologne mark (233.856 g), 71/72 fine. Florins: 72 to a Cologne mark,18+1⁄2 carats fine.
^von Clausberg, Christlieb (1795).Demonstrative Rechenkunst (in German). Leipzig. pp. [xxxii]. The symbol appears near the bottom right of this page of text.
^Schiebe, August (1848).Die Kaufmännische Correspondenz (in German). Grimma. p. 39. The symbol appears near the bottom left of this page of text.
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