Dublin University is auniversity constituency inIreland, which elects three senators toSeanad Éireann, theupper house of theOireachtas (the legislature ofIreland). Its electorate comprises the undergraduate scholars and graduates of theUniversity of Dublin, whose sole constituent college isTrinity College Dublin, so it is often also referred to as theTrinity College constituency. Between 1613 and 1937 it elected MPs or TDs to a series of representative legislative bodies.
In theRepresentation of the People (Ireland) Act 1832, the university was given a second seat in Parliament, elected byplurality-at-large, and the franchise was extended to all those with aMaster of Arts degree. At this stage, there were 2,073 voters on the register.Plural voting, by those who held a vote in the university constituency and also in a geographical one, was allowed and prevalent.
A Topographical Directory of Ireland, published in 1837, describes the parliamentary history of the university.
By charter of James I. the university returned two members to the Irish parliament till the Union; after which time it returned only one member to the Imperial parliament, till the recent Reform act, since which it has returned two. The right of election, which was originally vested solely in the provost, fellows, and scholars, has, by the same act, been extended to all members of the age of 21 years, who had obtained, or should hereafter obtain, a fellowship, scholarship, or the degree of Master of Arts, and whose names should be on the college books : members thus qualified, who had removed their names from the books, were allowed six months to restore them, on paying a fee of £2, and such as continued their names, merely to qualify them to vote, pay annually to the college the sum of £1, or a composition of £5 in lieu of annual payment. The number of names restored under this provision was 3005, and at present the constituency amounts to 3135. The provost is the returning officer.
TheRepresentation of the People Act 1918 extended the electorate to include all male graduates and scholars over the age of 21 and all female graduates and scholars over the age of 30, to be elected bysingle transferable vote. There were 4,541 voters registered for the 1918 general election. Plural voting continued to be allowed.
Dublin University was represented in the House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 26 October 1922, shortly before the establishment of theIrish Free State became a dominion on 6 December 1922.
Dublin University was given four seats in theHouse of Commons of Southern Ireland. The seats were filled by Independent Unionist MPs who were returned unopposed. They were the only MPs who attended the abortive first meeting of the House. After the signing of theAnglo-Irish Treaty, the four MPs met with the Pro-Treaty members of the Second Dáil to ratify the Treaty. The Parliament was formally dissolved as part of the arrangements under the Treaty and the establishment of the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922.
Sinn Féin contested the1918 Westminster election on the basis that they would not take seats in the United Kingdom Parliament but would establish a revolutionary assembly in Dublin.
The university was entitled to return twoTeachtaí Dála (known in English as Deputies and abbreviated as TDs) in 1918 to serve in theIrish Republic'sFirst Dáil. This revolutionary body assembled on 21 January 1919.
In republican theory every MP elected in Ireland, including the two Unionist MPs from Dublin University, was a member of the First Dáil. In practice only Sinn Féin members participated.
The First Dáil passed a motion at its last meeting on 10 May 1921, the first three parts of which make explicit the republican view:
That the Parliamentary elections which are to take place during the present month be regarded as elections to Dáil Éireann.
That all deputies duly returned at these elections be regarded as members of Dáil Éireann and allowed to take their seats on subscribing to the proposed Oath of Allegiance.
That the present Dáil dissolve automatically as soon as the new body has been summoned by the President and called to order.
TheSecond Dáil first met on 16 August 1921, thereby dissolving the First Dáil.
Sinn Féin used the polls for theNorthern Ireland House of Commons and theHouse of Commons of Southern Ireland as an election for the Irish Republic's Second Dáil. No actual voting was necessary inSouthern Ireland as all the seats were filled by unopposed returns. Except for this university all other constituencies elected Sinn Féin TDs. The university elected four Independent Unionist members unopposed. As with the First Dáil, those Deputies could have joined the Dáil if they chose.
TheThird Dáil elected in 1922 was, in United Kingdom law, theconstituent assembly for theIrish Free State. From this time the Dáil represented only the twenty-six Irish counties and not the six counties ofNorthern Ireland. Non-Sinn Féin Deputies, including those from the university, began to participate in the Dáil.
In theElectoral Act 1923, the Irish Free State defined its own Dáil constituencies. The University of Dublin was granted three seats, to be elected bysingle transferable vote by all graduates and scholars, regardless of sex, over the age of 21.Plural voting was not allowed.
The Constitution (Amendment No. 23) Act 1936, removed the provisions inConstitution of the Irish Free State for University representation in Dáil Éireann, with effect from the next dissolution of the Oireachtas, which took place on 14 June 1937. Voters resident in the State had their Dáil registration switched to the geographical constituency of their registered address.[2]
Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election.
Article 18.4 of theConstitution of Ireland adopted in 1937, provided that the university would have three seats in the newSeanad Éireann. The Seanad Electoral (University Members) Act 1937 gave effect to the constitutional provision, and provided that they would be elected bysingle transferable vote. The first Seanad election took place in 1938, and thereafter elections to the Seanad take place within 90 days of the dissolution of the Dáil. TheSeventh Amendment of the Constitution, adopted in 1979, allows for a redistribution of the six university seats among the University of Dublin, the National University of Ireland, and any other institutions of higher education in the State which do not have representation.[3]
Under the Seanad Electoral (University Members) (Amendment) Act 2024, the2025 Seanad election to the27th Seanad will be the last general election for the National University and the Dublin University constituencies. Polls for this election will close on 29 January 2025. At any Seanad general election held after 31 March 2025, they will be substituted by a new six-seatHigher Education constituency, enfranchising graduates from all institutions of higher education recognised under the Higher Education Act 2022. If a vacancy occurs during the 27th Seanad in the Dublin University constituency, the electorate will be Dublin University graduates on the Higher Education constituency register of electors.[4]
The electorate is Irish citizens who have received a degree from the university, or undergraduates who have been awarded afoundation scholarship or non-foundation scholarship at Trinity College.[5] After theFourth Amendment in 1972, the age of eligibility was lowered from 21 to 18.[6] Voting for the Seanad is distinct from that for theDáil, so it is not consideredplural voting; however, plural voting is possible for those who have received degrees from both the University of Dublin and the National University of Ireland.Trinity College Dublin is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, so the electorate is predominantly composed of graduates of Trinity; however, from 1975 to 1998, the University of Dublin also awarded the degrees of graduates at theDublin Institute of Technology.
Nominations are by electors in their personal capacity; unlike Dáil elections, there is no provision for nomination by parties.[7] Most of the senators for the constituency have campaigned as Independents, thoughMary Robinson andIvana Bacik took theLabour Party whip for periods of their time in the Seanad.
From 1832 (when registers of electors were first prepared) a turnout figure is given, for the percentage of the registered electors who voted. If the number of registered electors eligible to take part in a contested election is unknown, then the last known electorate figure is used to calculate an estimated turnout. If the numbers of registered electors and electors taking part in the poll are known, an exact turnout figure is calculated. In two member bloc vote elections (in which an elector could cast one or two votes as he chose), where the exact number of electors participating is unknown, an estimated turnout figure is given. This is calculated by dividing the total number of votes cast by two. To the extent that electors used only one of their votes the estimated turnout figure is an underestimate.
In 2011Karin Dubsky, who was listed on the printed ballot papers, discovered after their distribution that she was not an Irish citizen and thus ineligible, and advised electors not to vote for her.[18] The returning officer ruled that ballots giving her a first preference would be excluded, but ballots giving her a lower preference would be transferred to the next lower preference when relevant.[19]
^Francis Donnelly unofficially withdrew from the race to concentrate on theLabour Panel in which he was also running. His name remained on the ballot paper.[21]
Note: The Times edition of 23 December 1918 reported that the Provost of the University, as returning officer, did not announce the figures. It was ascertained that Woods had 1,094 votes when elected. The above is the best reconstruction of the later counts which is possible with the available information.
The constituency had two seats in theIrish House of Commons. This was reduced to one seat for the1801 co-option. Lots were drawn to determine which of the two MPs, George Knox andArthur Browne, would get the seat.
The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)
Walker, B.M., ed. (1978).Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.ISBN0901714127.
Stenton, M., ed. (1976).Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885. The Harvester Press.
Stenton, M.; Lees, S., eds. (1978).Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume II 1886–1918. The Harvester Press.
Stenton, M.; Lees, S., eds. (1979).Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume III 1919–1945. The Harvester Press.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
The Times (of London), editions of 23 December 1918 and 17 June 1927
^Seventh Amendment of the Constitution (Election of Members of Seanad Éireann by Institutions of Higher Education) Act 1979, Schedule (, Schedule). Enacted on 3 August 1979. Amendment to theConstitution of Ireland. Retrieved fromIrish Statute Book.
^Electoral (Amendment) Act 1973, s. 3: Amendment of Seanad Electoral (University Members) Act 1937 (No. 3 of 1937, s. 3). Enacted on 9 April 1973. Act of theOireachtas. Retrieved fromIrish Statute Book.
