| Scottish Gaelic name | Dubh Hirteach |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | Scottish Gaelic:[t̪uˈhirˠʃtʃəx] |
| Meaning of name | The Black Rock |
.jpg) Dubh Artach skerry and lighthouse in 2014 | |
| Location | |
  Dubh Artach Dubh Artach shown within Argyll and Bute | |
| OS grid reference | NM119030 |
| Coordinates | 56°08′N6°38′W / 56.13°N 6.63°W /56.13; -6.63 |
| Physical geography | |
| Island group | Isle of Mull |
| Area | c.32,300 square feet (3,000 m2) |
| Highest elevation | 36 feet (11 m) |
| Administration | |
| Council area | Argyll and Bute |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |
 | |
| References | [1][2][3] |
Dubh Artach (/duːˈɑːrtɑːx/;Scottish Gaelic:Dubh Hirteach[t̪uˈhirˠʃtʃəx][4]) is a remoteskerry ofbasalt rock off the west coast ofScotland lying 18 miles (29 km) west ofColonsay and 15 miles (24 km) south-west of theRoss of Mull.
Alighthouse designed byThomas Stevenson with a tower height of 145 feet (44 m) was erected between 1867 and 1872 with a shore station constructed on the isle ofErraid. The rock is subject to extraordinary sea conditions with waves of 92 feet (28 m) or more being encountered by the keepers. Despite these adverse conditions several men served the light for lengthy periods until it was automated in 1971.Dubh Artach is the official name of the lighthouse, although the skerry itself is also known asDubh Hirteach. Various interpretations have been provided for the original meaning of the Gaelic name, of which "The Black Rock" is the most likely.
In pre-historic times Dhu Heartach was covered by the ice sheets that spread from Scotland out into the Atlantic Ocean beyond theOuter Hebrides. After the last retreat of the ice around 20,000 years ago, sea levels were up to 425 feet (130 m) lower than at present.[5] Although theisostatic rise of land makes estimating post-glacial coastlines a complex task, circa 14,000BP it is likely that Dubh Heartach was at the western edge of a large land bridge linking what is now the island of Ireland to Scotland. This land mass included the islands ofJura andIslay and was probably connected to the mainland of Scotland by anisthmus near Loch Craignish, south ofOban.[6]
Steadily rising sea levels would then have slowly isolated and finally all but submerged Dhu Heartach, which today is a rounded, dark green mass ofbasaltic rock calledaugite, which is 240 feet (73 m) long and 130 feet (40 m) wide, and which rises to 35 feet (11 m) above sea level.[7] Submarine surveys indicate that the rock is at the eastern end of a valley stretching 80 miles (130 km) into the Atlantic, which may "account for the seemingly abnormal seas to which the tower is subjected".[8] It is an isolated outpost of theInner Hebridesarchipelago. The authorRobert Louis Stevenson wrote:
An ugly reef is this of the Dhu Heartach; no pleasant assemblage of shelves, and pools, and creeks, about which a child might play for a whole summer without weariness, like theBell Rock or theSkerryvore, but one oval nodule of black-trap, sparsely bedabbled with an inconspicuous fucus, and alive in every crevice with a dingy insect between a slater and a bug. No other life was there but of sea-birds, and of the sea itself, that here ran like a mill-race, and growled about the outer reef for ever, and ever and again, in the calmest weather, roared and spouted on the rock itself.[9]
The translation ofDubh Artach is "The Black Rock",artach being a now obsolete Gaelic word for a rock or rocky ground both inScottish Gaelic[10] and inIrish.[11] The variation between the anglicised formsDubh Artach andDhu Heartach is a simple case offalse splitting where the final [h] of [t̪uh arˠʃt̪əx] in pronunciation seemingly is part of the following word, suggesting*hartach orheartach to the untrained ear.
Stevenson believed that 'black and dismal' was a translation of the name, noting that "as usual, in Gaelic, it is not the only one."[12]Adamnan in his 7th-centuryLife of St Columba poetically calls the rockAn Dubh Iar-stac, "The Black Stack of the West".[13] Watson (1926) suggests the root isOld Irishhirt meaning "death", (which he also believes occurs inHirta, the main island of theSt Kilda archipelago), and offersam Duibh-hirteach, meaning "the black deadly one".[14] The skerry was also known asSt. John's Rock prior to the construction of the lighthouse.[15]
Between 1800 and 1854 thirty ships were wrecked on the reef;[16] however, the requirement for a lighthouse was not only to warn seafarers away from Dhu Heartach itself, but also to guide them past the fearsomeTorran Rocks, which lie between the Ross of Mull andColonsay. Originally it was considered to be an impossible site for a light, but the loss of the steamerBussorah with all thirty-three hands on her maiden voyage in 1863 and of an astonishing 24 vessels in the area in a storm on 30–31 December 1865 encouraged positive action under pressure from insurersLloyd's of London and a Captain Bedford of the Admiralty.[16][17] The engineering work was supervised by the famous Stevenson family of engineers, the brothersThomas (father ofRobert Louis) andDavid commencing work in 1866.[7] Thomas noted that "it would be a work of no ordinary magnitude".[16]
The land base for the construction of the light wasErraid nearIona. Fourteen miles distant from Dhu Heartach across open sea, the little island provided a granite quarry and a shore station once the work on the lighthouse was completed. Initial construction on the rock, which began on 25 June 1867[18] under the supervision ofAlan Brebner, required a barrack for the workmen made of iron. Summer gales brought high seas, which resulted in breaking water falling on the roof 77 feet (23 m) above sea level. It held firm, although fourteen men including Brebner were trapped there for five days, and at one point seawater poured in through the trapdoor, swirled around them and exited with their remaining food supplies.[16] Describing a similar occasion, R. L. Stevenson wrote:
The men sat high up prisoned in their iron drum, that then resounded with the lashings of the sprays ... It was then that the foreman builder, Mr. Goodwillie, whom I see before me in his rock-habit of indecipherable rags, would get his fiddle down and strike up human minstrelsy amid the music of the storms.[9]
Despite these hardships a 36-foot-diameter (11-metre) foundation pit was excavated and by 1869 a solid portion of tower rising 32 feet (9.8 m) above foundation level had been completed. This was no mean feat. On one occasion eleven two-ton stones were dislodged from the third course of stonework and carried off the rock, never to be seen again.[7][19] Robert Stevenson noted that this destruction occurred at the same height "above the seaas the glass panes in the lantern of Smeaton's lighthouse" atEddystone.[20]
The solid base weighing 1,840 tons rises more than 64 feet (20 m) above the pounding seas, more than twice as high as its nearest British rival ofSkerryvore.[21][22] The blocks, having been shaped and fitted on Erraid, were towed out to the rock in barges by the steamer ‘Dhuheartach’ each barge carrying 16 tons. Masonry work was completed in 1871 and the lantern, optical apparatus and fog bell installed the following year, Dubh Artach becoming the first isolated rock light in Britain to useparaffin. The finished tower rises 101 feet (31 m) above the foundation in seventy-seven courses of stonework all told.[7]
The total cost of the works undertaken by theNorthern Lighthouse Board was £65,784, excluding the £10,300 cost of establishing the shore station on Erraid.[23] However, the extraordinary nature of the work should not be reduced to mere numbers. Stevenson was moved to note that:
It would be ungenerous if a great and dangerous work like this were brought unsuccessfully to an end and no praise should be given to such men as Mr Brebner the resident Superintendent, Mr MacGregor the captain of the steamer, Mr Goodwillie the master-builder on the rock and Mr Irvine the landing master. If full justice were to be done, the list should be much longer, but I can only add that out of all the workmen who took their lives in their hand to finish the Dhu Heartach Lighthouse, there were very few who turned poltroon. And this is the common history of all such undertakings.[24]
| |
 | |
| Location | Dhu Heartach skerry 18 miles (29 km) west ofColonsay,Argyll,Scotland |
|---|---|
| OS grid | NM1215702955 |
| Coordinates | 56°07′59″N6°37′58″W / 56.1331°N 6.63273°W /56.1331; -6.63273 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1872  |
| Built by | Thomas Stevenson |
| Construction | stone, granite (tower) |
| Automated | 1971 |
| Height | 38 m (125 ft) |
| Shape | tapered cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern incorporating keeper's quarter |
| Markings | red and white (tower), black (lantern) |
| Power source | solar power |
| Operator | Northern Lighthouse Board |
| Heritage | category A listed building |
| Light | |
| Focal height | 44 m (144 ft) |
| Range | 20 nmi (37 km; 23 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl(2) W 30s |
Completion of the construction work did not result in an end to the hazards. At low tide the landing stage is forty feet above a boat, yet not completely out of the reach of the swell. Landings other than via the precarious use of dangling ropes from a derrick were most unusual even on calm days.[7] The storm seas could rise to extraordinary heights. In the first year of operation, the copper lightning conductor was wrenched out of its sockets by a storm at a height of 92 feet (28 m) above high water.[7]
The first principal keeper was James Ewing who looked after the light for the next eleven years. Despite the exceptionally adverse conditions faced by the keepers, which resulted in them receiving additional payments in kind, Ewing was not the only one who served the light for a decade or more.[7][25] However, some found the lonely rock and its cramped quarters less to their taste. One had to be prevented from diving into the sea and attempting to swim ashore.[16]
Inhabited islands of theHebrides | ||
|---|---|---|
| Inner Hebrides |  | |
| Outer Hebrides | ||
| Authority control databases: Dubh Artach Lighthouse |
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