| Dryandra Woodland National Park | |
|---|---|
| Noongar: Wilgadjny | |
 Entrance to Dryandra Woodland on the Narrogin-Wandering road | |
  Location within Western Australia | |
 Dryandra Woodland National Park (●) is situated approximately 164 kilometres (102 miles) south-east ofPerth inWestern Australia. | |
| Location | Wheatbelt, Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 32°47′00″S116°58′01″E / 32.7833°S 116.967°E /-32.7833; 116.967 (Dryandra Woodland National Park) |
| Area | 280.66 km2 (108.36 sq mi) |
| Established |
|
| Named for | Banksia ser.Dryandra |
| Website | parks |
| Official name | Dryandra Woodland |
| Type | Natural |
| Designated | 21 March 1978 |
| Reference no. | 9928 |
| Place File Number | 5/06/094/0001 |
TheDryandra Woodland National Park is anational park inWestern Australia within the shires ofCuballing,Williams andWandering, about 164 kilometres (102 miles) south-east ofPerth and 22 kilometres (14 miles) north-west of the town ofNarrogin. It is a complex of 17 distinct blocks managed by the Western AustralianDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions and spread over approximately 50 kilometres (31 miles) separated by areas of agricultural land. The area is considered to be one of the state's major conservation areas, and although it is far from pristine due to its history of logging operations, a number of species of threatened fauna are rebuilding populations through the removal of introduced predators such asfoxes andferal cats.
The combined area of the woodland is 28,066 hectares (108.36 square miles), with individual blocks ranging in size from 87 hectares (0.34 square miles) to 12,283 hectares (47.42 square miles).[1][2] Part of Dryandra Woodland is listed on theRegister of the National Estate by theAustralian Heritage Council.[3]
In addition to the area's use as a wildlife refuge, it has anthropological significance with the indigenousNoongar people having strong cultural links there.[4]
Dryandra Woodland was declared a national park on 17 January 2022.[5]
The Dryandra Woodland is found within the south-western province of theYilgarn craton, "an ancient plateau composed mainly ofgranite, with intrusions ofdolerite and capped withlaterite. Past weathering of the plateau in the Dryandra area has produced a gently undulating countryside".[1]
The woodland lies close to the boundary between theMallee andAvon Wheatbeltbiogeographic regions of theSouthwest Botanical Province.[6] It is situated on the western edge of the state'sWheatbelt region; the area is a rare remnant of the openeucalypt woodlands that covered much of the wheatbelt prior to the land clearing that started from the 1890s. Dryandra's flora is transitional between that of the moister jarrah forest (generally to the south) and the semi-arid wheatbelt (to the east). It is known particularly for its extensive stands of wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo), powderbark wandoo (E. accedens) and salmon white gum (E. lane-poolei), and provides a haven for native flora and fauna while much of the surrounding country is badly affected bysalinity. Stands of jarrah (E. marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) provide additional top cover, and the understorey contains rock sheoak (Allocasuarina huegeliana) and extensive areas ofBanksia ser. Dryandra. Until early 2007 this latter shrub was classified as a separategenusDryandra, after which the woodland is named. Species include golden dryandra (Banksia nobilis) and prickly dryandra (B. armata).[3] Anarboretum on Tomingley Road holds a range of Australian native plants.[citation needed]
The 17 lots are surrounded by a largely cleared and agricultural landscape.[1] In some cases, road reserves and other linking corridors of uncleared vegetation remain between the woodland islands. Some neighbouring landowners have revegetated areas of previously cleared private land to form additional corridors between these remnants.[7] For certain animals, movement between blocks is necessary on a daily, seasonal or intermittent basis, to provide access to food, shelter, breeding sites and partners.[citation needed]
Threatened fauna receive extra protection within the Barna Mia animal sanctuary, which is open to visitors by appointment for nocturnal tours on alternate evenings.[8] Nativemarsupial fauna include thewoylie (Bettongia penicillata),bilby (Macrotis lagotis),mala (Lagorchestes hirsutus),boodie (Bettongia lesueur), and marl (western barred bandicoot:Perameles bougainville). The quenda (southern brown bandicoot:Isoodon obesulus) is locally extinct but may be reintroduced.[1]
.jpg)
The woodland's position on the transition zone between the wheatbelt and the jarrah forest determines amphibian populations, with several species existing at the eastern or western limits of their range. Herpetofauna includes thewestern marsh frog (golden flecked burrowing frog,Heleioporus barycragus), which is generally restricted to the westernDarling Range.[3] There are at least 98 species of bird in the woodland,[3] including the almost flightlessmalleefowl (Leipoa ocellata).[citation needed]
Climatically, Dryandra is described as semi-arid, with a warm, dry,Mediterranean climate. It has seven to eight dry months each year with an annual average rainfall of about 500 millimetres (20 in). Seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall and wind direction are marked and more extreme than coastal areas of the south-west.[9]
The following fauna are known to be living in the woodland and have a conservation status of "threatened" as recorded in theIUCN Red List:
| Common name | Scientific name | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Brush-tailed bettong (also known as woylie) | Bettongia penicillata | Critically endangered[10] |
| Red-tailed phascogale | Phascogale calura | Near threatened[11] |
| Short-billed black-cockatoo (also known as Carnaby's black cockatoo) | Calyptorhynchus latirostris | Endangered[12] |
| Numbat | Myrmecobius fasciatus | Vulnerable[13] |
| Chuditch (also known as western quoll) | Dasyurus geoffroii | Near threatened[14] |
| Malleefowl | Leipoa ocellata | Vulnerable[15] |
Major populations of three nationally endangered species exist in the woodlands: the woylie, the red tailed phascogale, and over 50 percent of the total known population of numbat.[3]
After measures aimed at excludingferal cats, the population of numbats in the Dryandra Woodland had increased to 35 by November 2020, after recording just 10 in 2019 and 5 in 2018. There had not been so many numbats recorded since 36 were recorded in the 1990s.[16]
Over 800 native flora have been identified within the Dryandra Woodland, including 15 that have been declared priority species under the Department of Environment and Conservation'sDeclared Rare and Priority Flora List.[17] The conservation codes of P2 thru P4 are for flora that are considered rare but have some populations in areas where they are thought not be under immediate threat; higher numbers denote a lower threat level.[citation needed]
| Scientific name | Conservation priority code |
|---|---|
| Grevillea crowleyae | P2 |
| Amanita carneiphylla | P2 |
| Andersonia bifida | P2 |
| Marianthus dryandra | P2 |
| Chamelaucium croxfordiae ms | P2 |
| Banksia acanthopoda | P2 |
| Persoonia hakeiformis | P2 |
| Schoenus aff.clandestinus | P2 |
| Triglochin stowardii | P3 |
| Acacia brachyphylla var.recurvata | P3 |
| Acacia deflexa | P3 |
| Acacia semitrullata | P3 |
| Thysanotus tenuis | P3 |
| Banksia cynaroides | P4 |
| Gastrolobium tomentosum (woolly poison) | P4 |
In the early 1900s a significant industry established within the forest and surrounding region harvestingbark from brown mallet trees (Eucalyptus astringens),[18] a species of eucalypt which grows on and nearlaterite soils in parts of the southern wheatbelt. Bark sent to Germany for analysis was found to contain more than 40% of high quality, water-solubletannins suitable for the production of quality leather by the process oftanning.[1]
By the mid-1920s, concerns were being raised about the ability of the area to maintain the supply of naturally grown mallet and by 1929, stands of the naturally grown mallet had almost disappeared. So, between 1925 and 1962 mallet plantations were established under the management of theForests Department which, during theDepression, provided employment forsustenance workers who planted some 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) of mallet, starting near Lol Gray lookout.[19] In 1933, 50 forestry workers were employed in the plantations.[7] Sevensteam trains and asawmill supported the industry within the woodland. Two dams, Lol Gray and the Old Mill Dam, provided good quality water to run the trains, as well as domestic water supplies that were carted by train to nearby towns including Narrogin.[7]
Mallet bark was exported in ground form and was handled by a number ofFremantle exporters, notably Henry Will & Co., Rosenstamms and Joyce Bros.[20] Production after 1959 declined rapidly, coinciding with a world glut, increased royalty and production costs, and increased competition from synthetic tannins. The industry had effectively collapsed by the early 1960s.[1][7]
Replanted forests now extend over approximately 30%, or 8,300 hectares (21,000 acres), of Dryandra. Harvesting from plantation areas for timber production continues under theDepartment of Environment and Conservation's management plan, which includes a vision for the area over the next 100 years. Conservation studies have shown that the managed harvesting will have no detrimental impact on the fauna habitat.[1]
In 1960, Arthur Hunter, a local farmer, started manufacturing tool handles from naturally fallen and low-grade felled wandoo and mallet.[7] This cottage industry has now expanded to produce over 100,000 tool handles each year. As well as tool handles, fencing materials and cutting of firewood for domestic use provide local employment.[1]
The Dryandra area is the country of theWiilman subgroup of the AboriginalNoongar people.[19] They have strong cultural links with Dryandra,[3] which they know asWilgadjny.[4] Within the complex, five important archaeological sites have been identified, including anochre pit used for body decoration androck art. One Noongar man born in 1910 described the ochre pit as being "a very spirity place" and somewhere to be avoided at night.[4] Other known sites include artefact scatters, stone arrangements and ascarred tree, however the woodland has not yet been fully surveyed for significant Aboriginal sites.[1]
In 1995, following requests from local Aboriginal people, the Department of Environment and Conservation was considering the feasibility of permitting some cultural activities including hunting and camping within the woodland, to pass on skills to younger members of that community. If permitted, such activities would need to be managed on a sustainable basis to ensure that the conservation goals of the woodland are not compromised.[1][needs update]
Almost all of the land within the complex today was classified as astate forest in 1903 as an area for the protection of water catchments and growing wandoo and mallet forests.[19]
In 1962, a sub-committee of the Western Australian branch of theAustralian Academy of Science made recommendations which were reviewed in 1972 and 1974 by theEnvironmental Protection Authority of Western Australia. In summary, the recommendations were:
"The Committee emphasises the outstanding value of the Dryandra area as wildlife habitat. This is due largely to the protection and management which the area has hitherto received from the Forests Department. The Committee recommends:
- that state forests 51 ('Lol Gray') and 53 ('Montague') remain dedicated to that purpose;
- that no further portions of Dryandra Forest be planted with pines or other exotic species;
- that if any of the mallet plantations are felled they be regenerated to natural bush; and
- that the area be managed by the Forests Department as though it were a fauna and flora reserve and that if at any time the area is relinquished by the Forests Department it be made a Class 'A' reserve for the Conservation of Flora and Fauna, vested in the WA Wildlife Authority."[1]
The recommendations were endorsed by the state cabinet in 1976. Since that time, Dryandra has been managed principally as a nature reserve but also for limited commercial operations related toplantation timber.[1]
In 1995, a management plan was prepared by theDepartment of Conservation and Land Management for the Lands and Forest Commission who hold tenure over the state forests which form the woodland. The plan recommended (amongst other things) that the entire area be referred to officially as "Dryandra Woodland" rather than as various state forests in recognition of its structural difference with the taller and denser forests of theDarling Range.[1] Previously, a smaller section had been referred to as "Dryandra", with other sections known by their various forestry names.[citation needed]
The principal objectives of the plan were:
Dryandra Woodland attracts approximately 30,000 visitors per annum, including 5,000 overnight visits at the Dryandra campsite and settlement within the complex.[1] Accommodation is available at the Congelin and Gnaala Mia campgrounds and at the Lions Dryandra Village, which uses restored cottages from the 1920s Forests Department settlement.[21] Adjacent to the cottages is the Currawong Complex, which has severalNissen huts acquired from an Air Force base and now used to accommodate up to 60 people in groups. The Lions Village was established by several Perth basedLions service clubs in 1972 with the intention of providing a holiday camp for disadvantaged children.[22]
Two separate self-drive tours of 20 km (12 mi) and 25 km (16 mi) operate within Dryandra, where visitors can follow a marked trail in their own vehicles.[23] On arrival at one of the five or six stop points, an approximate five-minute broadcast through the car's FM radio provides a narrative commentary explaining interesting aspects of the surrounding area. The commentaries are pre-recorded on microchips and broadcast using concealed low power transmitters charged by solar panels. Some of the broadcasts are staged conversations between characters describing day-to-day events in an early forestry worker's life in Dryandra. Others give a more technical explanation of a particular subject applicable to flora or fauna within a short distance of the car.[24] For example, one stop discusses the naturally occurring poison pea plant (Gastrolobium spp) in the woodlands and the extraction and effect of thesodium fluoroacetate poison that occurs in the plant.[25] Native mammalian herbivores have evolved with a high level of genetic tolerance to the toxin, which is deadly to introduced species including foxes. Baiting programs including the highly successfulWestern Shield project use sodium fluoroacetate to help control foxes without harming native fauna.[7]
In addition, various 30 minute to five-hourbushwalks can be made along signposted trails through the woodlands, ranging in length from 1 to 12.5 kilometres (0.62 to 7.77 mi).[26]
Media from Commons
