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Adruzhina[a] is theSlavic word for aretinue in service of achieftain, also called aknyaz (prince).[2]
Druzhina was flexible both as a term and as an institution. At its core, it referred to the prince's permanent personal bodyguards (malaia; 'small'Druzhina); more generally, it referred to the prince's extended household (dvor; court).[3]
| Title | Description |
|---|---|
| Voevoda | General |
| Kormilets | Head of household |
| Tiun | Steward/estate manager |
| Tysiatskii | Military governor of a city |
| Sotskie | Supports atysiatskii |
| Lesser functionaries | |
| Kliuchnik | Domestic manager |
| Birich | Type of enforcement officer |
| Pechatnik | Seal-man |
| Pisets | Scribe |
Apart from a prince's kins, the druzhina was a his closest and most vital social group: it served as the "protective and coercitive basis for his power". A wise prince was expected to nurture his druzhina, keep it close, feast with it, consult it and reward it. The effects of not doing so can be seen withBoris's case; after his father's death, the latter's druzhina pledged loyalty to him and offered him the throne of Kiev. Boris declined, thedruzhina dispersed, and he was left defenceless against the agents of his brotherSviatopolk, who murdered him.[3]
Thedruzhina had perhaps once "truly corresponded to some egalitarian ideal of military fellowship, with the prince as patron and first among equals".[3] However, as the role of a prince and the running of a principality (especially a senior prince's) became more complex, so did thedruzhina. It developed its own internal hierarchies, divisions of functions, structure of offices and responsibilities.[3]
Thedruzhina had its own rank-and-file members ('youths') in the juniordruzhina (mladshaia) and its own senior members (boyars). Boyars offices encompassed military, domestic and urban administration. The druzhina was a military elite, and the distinction between military and administrative offices thus wasn't always clear. According to Novgorodian inscriptions, for example, the 'swordman' (mechnik) also had a role in fiscal administration or tribute-gathering.[3]
The druzhina was loyal to the prince personally, and could thus somewhat choose whom to support.[3]
 |
| Knyaz(sovereign) |
| Boyar /Szlachta(noble) |
| Druzhinnik(retainer) |
| Smerd(free tenant) |
| Kholop(slave) |
Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, who travelled in 961–62 across parts ofEurope, mentions that thedrużyna of DukeMieszko I of Poland had 3000 men, paid by the duke.[4] Unlike his predecessors,Casimir I the Restorer promoted landed gentry over the drużyna as his base of power.[citation needed] In modern Polish, the worddrużyna usually means "team" and is often used withinscouting, sports, military, and historical contexts.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: "Дружина" .Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
Media related toDruzhina at Wikimedia Commons
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