| Drummuckavall Ambush | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofThe Troubles | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom |  Provisional IRA | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| LCpl. Paul Johnson | Unknown | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
.png) British Army |  South Armagh Brigade | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 1infantry section | 12 IRA members | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3 killed 1 wounded | None | ||||||
  Location within Northern Ireland | |||||||
TheDrummuckavall ambush was an attack by theSouth Armagh Brigade of theProvisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) on aBritish Armyobservation post in Drummuckavall, southeast ofCrossmaglen,County Armagh, on 22 November 1975. The attack, which occurred alongthe border with theRepublic of Ireland, resulted in the deaths of three British soldiers and underlined the inefficiency of conventional military skills to deal with the situation in South Armagh, prompting the deployment of theSpecial Air Service (SAS) in this area.[3]
During the mid-1970s, the most violent decade ofthe Troubles inNorthern Ireland, the monitoring of the border between southCounty Armagh and theRepublic of Ireland by theBritish Army was carried out from several staticobservation posts (OPs). The main goal of these OPs was to prevent attacks launched from beyond the border. These part-time manned positions were highly vulnerable to attack, as proved by a 1974 bomb attack which claimed the lives of twoRoyal Marines at the outpost of Drummuckavall, a townland 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) southeast ofCrossmaglen close to the border.[4]
It was not until 1986, when the first surveillance watchtowers were erected in operationsCondor andMagistrate that the British Army tried to regain the initiative in the region from the IRA.[5]
The intelligence and control over the area relied until then, and for a lapse of ten years, mostly on mobile posts comprising small uncovered infantrysections.[6]
A section of four soldiers from theRoyal Regiment of Fusiliers, coming from Crossmaglen, mounted an observation post at 2AM on 21 November 1975. The OP was on a slope at Drummuckavall behind bushes overlooking a small stream that ran along the border. Unknown to them, locals had spotted their position and informed the IRA. At 16:20 the next day, an IRA unit of up to 12 members attacked the OP. Heavy gunfire killed three of the Fusiliers and disabled their communications equipment. A later inquest found that the IRA unit had fired from two positions inside the Republic.[7] Those killed were James Duncan (19), Peter McDonald (19), and Michael Sampson (20).[8] The only fusilier on guard duty was McDonald, who was manning a light machine gun. The other soldiers were resting or taking a meal. The lance corporal in charge of the party, Paul Johnson, survived the first burst unscathed. He remained flat on the ground but was seriously injured on the wrist, side and back by a second burst of automatic fire after the IRA unit called on him to surrender. A second call to surrender was made, followed by more gunfire. The IRA unit then withdrew across the border. According to Johnson, they were shouting "Up the 'RA!" and laughing.[7][9] Johnson managed to slip away by crawling 25 yards towards a nearby road, where British troops eventually airlifted him to safety in a helicopter.[7]
One of theAR-15 rifles used in the attack was found to have been used by theSouth Armagh Republican Action Force[10][11] in an attack on the TullyvallenOrange Hall that killed five civilians.[12]
Shortly after the attack,Merlyn Rees, thenSecretary of State for Northern Ireland, issued a famous statement dubbing South ArmaghBandit Country.[13] The next year, theBritish Government declared it was deploying theSpecial Air Service (SAS) in Northern Ireland, although they had already been deployed unofficially for a number of years.[2][14] The secretive and undercover nature of this elite force meant they were considered the best choice to infiltrate the South Armagh area, after the official report on the action exposed several flaws in the layout of the OP.[1]
As a complement to the SAS operations, the British Army also changed tactics.Major GeneralDick Trant established small teams of troops, called COPs (close observation platoons), to gather information, often in plain clothes orcamouflaged in the landscape. They were also able to set up ambushes, like the ill-fatedOperation Conservation in 1990.[6]
