| Cross-dressing |
|---|
Key elements |
Moderndrag culture |
Sexual practices |
Other aspects |
Organizations |
Books |
Drag kings have historically been mostly femaleperformance artists who dress in masculinedrag and personify malegender stereotypes as part of an individual or group routine.[1] As documented in the 2003Journal of Homosexuality, in more recent years,[when?] the world of drag kings has broadened to include performers of all gender expressions.[2] A typicaldrag show may incorporate dancing, acting,stand-up comedy and singing, either live orlip-syncing to pre-recorded tracks.[3] Drag kings often perform as exaggeratedlymacho male characters,[4] portray characters such as construction workers and rappers, or impersonate male celebrities likeElvis Presley,Michael Jackson andTim McGraw.[5] Drag kings may also perform as personas that do not clearly align with the gender binary. Drag personas that combine both stereotypicallymasculine andfeminine traits are common in modern drag king shows.[2]
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, several drag kings became Britishmusic hall stars. Britishpantomime has preserved the tradition of women performing in male roles. Starting in the mid-1990s, drag kings began to gain some of the fame and attention thatdrag queens have known.[6][7]
While the termdrag king was first cited in print in 1972,[8] there is a longer history of female performers dressing in male attire. In China, the practice of "female men [characters]" (kunsheng; see alsosheng roles), in which women portrayed men in stage performances, was first documented during the middleTang dynasty (617–908 CE).[9][10] This continued through to the earlyQing dynasty, when theQianlong Emperor banned actresses from performing in 1722. It was revived in the late 19th and 20th centuries as the ban on actresses was loosened.[11]
In theatre and opera, there was a tradition ofbreeches roles anden travesti.[12] In France and Italy in the 17th century, women would play male roles in a form of theater calledcommedia dell'arte.[10] Actress and playwrightSusanna Centlivre appeared in breeches roles around 1700.[10][13] The first popular male impersonator in U.S. theatre wasAnnie Hindle, who started performing in New York in 1867.[9][14] In 1886, she married her dresser, Annie Ryan.[15]
British music hall performerVesta Tilley, who cites American male impersonatorElla Wesner as an inspiration,[9][16] was active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a male impersonator.[10][17] Tilley gave her last performance in 1920, and retired until her death in 1952.[10] Other male impersonators on the British stage wereElla Shields andHetty King.[18] Vaudeville entertainerFlorence Hines was popular for her act in the 1890s.[19][20] Blues singerGladys Bentley performed in male attire in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco from the 1920s through 1940s.[9][21] In the early 1900s,Gowongo Mohawk was "likely the first Indigenous male impersonator".[9]Stormé DeLarverie performed in male drag as themaster of ceremonies,[9] and sole female performer, of the drag troupe theJewel Box Revue in the 1950s and 1960s. She is featured in the documentaryStorme: The Lady of the Jewel Box.[22] While theStonewall riots of June 1969 were a series of spontaneous uprisings by many people, DeLarverie—who was the first to fight back against thepolice brutality—is believed to have provided the spark that ignited the riot.[23][24][25] Elsie Saldana, otherwise known as El Dana, started performing in 1965, and as of 2024 was still performing.[9]
Drag king culture in Australia flourished inlesbian bars from the 1990s and 2000s, but began to fade in the 2010s.[26] In the UK, Drag CoupleAdam All and Apple Derrieres set up Drag King Cabaret night "BOiBOX" in 2013 in Soho's Candy Bar, aqueer women's venue that closed in 2014. They were worried about finding enough performers to make their talent night work "[b]ecause there were barely any stages for us to perform [on], very few drag kings were actively pursuing gigs". BOIBOX inspired a new wave of budding kings[27] and celebrated ten years in 2023 with a show at The Phoenix Arts Club in London's Westend, with a surprise appearance fromLandon Cider.[28]
The termdrag king is sometimes used in a broader sense, to include female-bodied people who dress in traditionallymasculine clothing for other reasons. This usage includes women temporarily attempting topass as men, and women who wish to present themselves in a masculinegender role without identifying as a man.Diane Torr began leading Drag King Workshops in 1989 that offer women a lesson in passing as men.[29][30] Torr was featured in the 2002 film on drag kingsVenus Boyz.[31]
Drag kings have historically been more marginalized bypop culture thandrag queens, who began playing a larger role in mainstream pop culture from the late 20th century onwards.[32][33] Drag kings have also historically been marginalized in academicLGBTQ studies.[34] Recently,[when?] drag kings have started to play a slightly more visible role in theLGBTQ community.Sleek Magazine described this renaissance of drag king culture in a 2019 article titled "What's behind the drag king revolution?"[35]
The British drag king collective "Pecs", a troupe made up entirely of women andnon-binary people, was founded in 2013 and went on to perform atSoho Theatre and The Glory.[36] In 2016, director Nicole Miyahara producedThe Making of a King, a documentary film chronicling the lives of contemporary drag kings inLos Angeles.[37] The first drag king to appear in a television show was New Zealand artist and comedianHugo Grrrl who won the inaugural season of the New Zealand reality competitionHouse of Drag in 2018.[38] In 2019, American artistLandon Cider was the first drag king andcisgender woman to appear on a televised US drag competition when he won the third season ofThe Boulet Brothers' Dragula.[10][39][40] In June 2022, three drag kings made a guest appearance in series one ofDrag Race France,[41] the first time theDrag Race franchise included drag kings.
A British lesbiancabaret organization calledLesburlesque made it part of their mission to promote drag kings on the wider British cabaret circuit. Their founder, Pixie Truffle, gave an interview totheGuardian newspaper in the United Kingdom on her desire for drag kings to close the gap with queens and with male stand-up comedians.[42]
Similar to some drag queens who prefer to be seen as actors—likeJustin Vivian Bond andLypsinka—some drag kings prefer not to be categorized by thedrag king label. "I think when people assume that somebody isqueer, or different, ortrans, they always want to put something before their name", saidMurray Hill in an interview. "And that is what drag king has been. Why can not you just call me acomedian likeJerry Seinfeld is called a comedian?"[43]
In recent years,[when?] some drag king performers have adopted other terms to describe their own performance styles, particularly if they deviate from the more traditional forms of "kinging". Common names including "gender blurring", acknowledging the merging of both male and female traits in the performances. Vancouver performer Rose Butch adopted the ambiguous label "drag thing".[44] Long-time performer Flare called the stage of drag king styles that emerged in Toronto's scene in the mid-2010s as "unicorn drag".[44]
One method drag kings use to modify their facial features is burning a wine cork and smudging it along the jaw to create the illusion of a beard or stubble.[45] Kings may aim to deepen the colour of their eyebrows or create a fuller look with dark eyeliner or other makeup. Similarly, some methods call for layering liquid eyeliner over the cork ash, or dark makeup base.[45] When trying to achieve a realistic look, drag kings may add crepe hair over the makeup using glue, thus completing the illusion of a full beard.[46]
Drag kings also make use of items such as socks and silicone prosthetics whenpacking,[47][48] or creating the illusion of a phallus.[49][46]
An important part of gender illusion is the way a drag performer utilizes body language and takes up space on stage. Some kings will incorporate more aggressive choreography into their routines to emulate or expand on stereotypical masculine characteristics.[45] Accessories, rhinestones and elaborate costumes contribute to a drag king's performance.[32]
Body shaping apparel, most commonlybinders,kinesiology tape, andsports bras, are used to create the look of a flat chest.[46] For hiding one's breasts, some use a method involving cutting a hole in the crotch ofpantyhose for the head and making sleeves out the legs.[50] Some drag kings use silicone chest plates that are pulled over the head to create a muscular, masculine chest shape and cover the breasts.[51]
