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Comment: The sources provided don't seem to mention enough about the subject to show notability.Clearfrienda💬 00:43, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
Thehistory of French bureaucracy is the evolution of implementedbureaucratic administration in various levels of mainland and colonialFrench governments. Thesecivil service systems fully emerged during theNapoleonic era, with considerable influence from prior political structures and events both in France and in broader Europe. TheNapoleonic Wars led to the fall of multiple long-lasting monarchical powers such as theHoly Roman Empire, which were replaced with French-installed bureaucratic systems. The facilities and organizational structures that were implemented in this era by theFirst French Empire held a strong influence on the governments of those nations long after their territories were partitioned back from France after the fall of Napoleon, and continue to hold influence today.
The termbureaucracy itself is borrowed from the French termbureaucratie, and its earliest known use in the English language was in reference to politics in France.[1]
KingHenry II of France created a kind of court with nine judges called thePresidial court in 1552, that had jurisdiction between theparlement courts andbailiwicks of France. 65 of these courts were created, with purchasable judge seats. This type of court served until 1790, when theNational Constituent Assembly suppressed them through a decree. At this point in time, the provinces of France were divided intogénéralités.[citation needed]
It was also during this period that theIntendant system began to develop in France, in which civil servants were appointed to French royal courts and would enforce the financial, justice, and economic control of their royal employers over their respectivegénéralités.[2] Henry II had also begun selling banking positions to the treasury of each province by the end of his reign.
This intendant system existed in different forms until the French Revolution, with the exertions of power by certain intendants leading to issues between members of royalty, as seen withKing Louis XIV duringthe Fronde from 1648 to 1653. During this period of history, many judicial and administrative posts were hereditary, and this class of officials composed a part of theSecond Estate known as theNobles of the Robe.[citation needed]
The French Revolution caused intense political upheaval throughout the French government, and thus many older bureaucratic positions were replaced or removed during this period. The modern culture of distrust in local government officials by French citizens was heavily fostered during the Revolution.[3]
Upon becoming theFirst Consul of France after the Revolution and theWar of the First Coalition,Napoleon began pursuing the elimination ofnepotism in French military and public administration in favor ofmeritocratic leadership, a goal that stemmed from his observations as an artillery commander during theFrench Revolution. The creation of theNapoleonic Code was the seminal force in establishing Napoleon's meritocratic system over France. During his reign, administration over France was centralized into nominated positions of authority at theprefet,sous-prefet, andmaire levels.[4]
The replacing of older European hierarchies with bureaucratic administrations was carried out by France on many of its controlled states during the Napoleonic Wars, as seen in many of the occupied Germanic kingdoms and in theIllyrian Provinces.[5]
Although many checks and balances were brought upon France after Napoleon's death, bureaucratic administration was allowed to continue existing in France after changes in the nation's government. One of the main policies that stayed in France from the Napoleonic era was the administrative hierarchy over thedepartements, or regions, of France.Prefets, the most centralized level of regional intendants, became some of the most powerful agents in the French government throughout the 19th century, and rivalries between a number of intendants andcommissaires helped incite theMay 16, 1877 crisis.[4]
The first public institute dedicated exclusively to preparing candidates for work in the civil service administration was set up on the model ofÉcole polytechnique in 1848, but only lasted for two years. It was only after World War II that theÉcole nationale d'administration was founded in 1945.[6]
Bureaucratic and centralized administration in the French government has continued into the modern era, with France having the 5th highest percentage of government employment in its workforce out of the 32OECD member nations as of 2008.[7] There have been reports of bureaucratic corruption in small to large levels of government across mainland France, as there have been with most developed countries.[8][9]
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