| Dopaminergic cell groups | |
|---|---|
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | cellulae dopaminergicae |
| MeSH | D059290 |
| NeuroNames | 3138 |
| TA98 | A14.1.09.611 |
| FMA | 78545 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
Dopaminergic cell groups,DA cell groups, ordopaminergic nuclei are collections ofneurons in thecentral nervous system that synthesize theneurotransmitterdopamine.[1] In the 1960s,dopaminergic neurons ordopamine neurons were first identified and named byAnnica Dahlström andKjell Fuxe, who usedhistochemicalfluorescence.[2] The subsequent discovery of genes encoding enzymes that synthesize dopamine, and transporters that incorporate dopamine into synaptic vesicles or reclaim it after synaptic release, enabled scientists to identify dopaminergic neurons by labeling gene or protein expression that is specific to these neurons.
In the mammalian brain, dopaminergic neurons form a semi-continuous population extending from the midbrain through the forebrain, with eleven named collections or clusters among them.[3][4][5]
Group A8 is a small group of dopaminergic cells in rodents[6] and primates.[4] It is located in themidbrain reticular formationdorsolateral to thesubstantia nigra at the level of thered nucleus andcaudally. In the mouse it is identified with the retrorubral field as defined by classical stains.[7]
Group A9 is the most densely packed group of dopaminergic cells, and is located in theventrolateral midbrain of rodents[6] and primates.[4] It is for the most part identical with thepars compacta of the substantia nigra as seen from the accumulation of neuromelanin pigment in the midbrain of healthy, adult humans.[citation needed]
Group A10 is the largest group of dopaminergic cells in theventral midbraintegmentum of rodents[6] and primates.[4] The cells are located for the most part in theventral tegmental area, the linear nucleus and, in primates, the part ofcentral gray of the midbrain located between the left and rightoculomotor nuclear complexes.[citation needed]
Group A11 is a small group of dopaminergic cells located in the posteriorperiventricular nucleus and the intermediate periventricular nucleus of thehypothalamus in the macaque.[4] In the rat, small numbers of cells assigned to this group are also found in the posterior nucleus of hypothalamus, thesupramammillary area and the reuniens nucleus.[6] Dopaminergic cells in A11 may be important in the modulation of auditory processing.[8]
Group A12 is a small group of cells in thearcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in primates.[4] In the rat a few cells belonging to this group are also seen in the anteroventral portion of theparaventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.[6]
Group A13 is distributed in clusters that, in the primate, are ventral and medial to themammillothalamic tract of the hypothalamus; a few extend into the reuniens nucleus of thethalamus.[4] In the mouse, A13 is located ventral to the mammillothalamic tract of the thalamus in the zona incerta.[7]
Group A14 consists of a few cells observed in and near thepreoptic periventricular nucleus of the primate.[4] In the mouse, cells in the anterodorsal preoptic nucleus are assigned to this group.[7]
Group A15 exists in a few species, such as sheep, andimmunoreactive fortyrosine hydroxylase, a precursor of dopamine, in many other species including rodents and primates. It is located in ventral and dorsal components within the preoptic periventricular nucleus and adjacent parts of the anterior hypothalamic region. It is continuous caudally with the dopaminergic group A14.[9]
Group A16 is located in theolfactory bulb of vertebrates, including rodents and primates.[3]
Group Aaq is a sparse group of cells located in therostral half of the central gray of the midbrain in primates. It is more prominent in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri) than the macaque.[4]
This group is a population of cells immunoreactive for dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase that are broadly distributed in the rostralforebrain, including such structures as:substantia innominata, diagonal band,olfactory tubercle,prepyriform area,striatum (at levels rostral to the anteriorcommissure),claustrum, and deepcortical layers of allgyri of thefrontal lobe rostral to the head of the caudate nucleus; the cells are also numerous in interveningwhite matter, including theexternal capsule,extreme capsule and frontal white matter. They are found in the rodent, the macaque and the human.[5]
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