| Doolittle | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Studio album by | ||||
| Released | April 17, 1989 | |||
| Recorded | October 31 – November 23, 1988 | |||
| Studio | Downtown Recorders (Boston) | |||
| Genre | Alternative rock | |||
| Length | 38:38 | |||
| Label | ||||
| Producer | Gil Norton | |||
| Pixies chronology | ||||
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| Singles from Doolittle | ||||
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Doolittle is the second studio album by the Americanalternative rock bandPixies, released on April 17, 1989, on4AD. The album was an instant critical success and became the band's breakthrough album.Doolittle was especially well received in Europe, where the British music weekliesMelody Maker andSounds named it their album of the year. Pixies' main songwriter and lead vocalistBlack Francis wrote the idiosyncratic lyrics, which allude tosurrealist imagery, biblical violence, and descriptions of torture and death.
The album is praised for its "quiet/loud" dynamic, which was achieved through subdued verses that are founded onKim Deal's bass patterns andDavid Lovering's drums. The peaks in tone and volume were achieved through the addition of distorted guitars by Francis andJoey Santiago. This technique influenced the development of early-1990sgrunge music;Kurt Cobain saidDoolittle was one of his favorite records and that its songs heavily influencedNirvana's song "Smells Like Teen Spirit".
Upon its release,Doolittle reached number eight on theUK Albums Chart. It has sold consistently since its release, and numerous music publications have placed it among the top albums of the 1980s. Both singles from the album, "Here Comes Your Man" and "Monkey Gone to Heaven", reached the USBillboardModern Rock Tracks, while many of the album's tracks, including "Debaser" and "Hey", remain favorites of critics and fans.
Pixies' 1988 albumSurfer Rosa was better received in the United Kingdom than in the United States. In support of its release, the band toured Europe with fellowBostonian bandThrowing Muses, where according to a critic for the UK weeklymusic magazineMelody Maker, they were "welcomed like gods, which I felt underestimated them somewhat".[1] Multiple cover photographs of Pixies were published inMelody Maker as the album peaked at number one onNew Musical Express's (NME) Indie Chart.[2][3]
Versions of songs that would later appear onDoolittle—including "Dead", "Hey", "Tame", and "There Goes My Gun"—were recorded in the second half of 1988 during several sessions for theBBC Radio One presenterJohn Peel's radio show, and "Hey" appeared on a freeExtended Play (EP) that circulated with a 1988 edition ofSounds.[4] The firstdemos for the album were recorded in 1988 in one week at the recording studio Eden Sound in Boston, Massachusetts, during a break from the band's touring schedule. The group's frontman and main songwriterBlack Francis gave the upcoming album the provisional titleWhore, which he later said was meant "in the more traditional ... operatic ... biblical sense ... as in the great whore of Babylon".[5]
After completing the demo tape, the band's manager Ken Goes suggested two producers:LiverpudlianGil Norton and AmericanEd Stasium. The band had worked with Norton on the single version of "Gigantic" in May 1988, and Francis had no preference of producer.Ivo Watts-Russell, head of the band's label4AD, chose Norton to produce their next album.[6] Norton arrived in Boston in mid–October 1988, when he and Francis met to review the demo recordings. They spent two days analyzing the songs' structures and arrangements, and two weeks in pre-production as Norton familiarized himself with Pixies' sound.[7]
Recording sessions forDoolittle began on October 31, 1988, in Boston atDowntown Recorders, which was then a24-track studio. 4AD gave Pixies a budget of $40,000 (approximately $106,348 today), excluding producer fees. This was a relatively modest sum for a large, late-1980sindependent record label but four times the amount spent on their debutSurfer Rosa.[8] Three weeks of sessions began on November 28 at Carriage House Studios, a residential studio inStamford, Connecticut. Norton worked with two assistantrecording engineers and two second assistants.[9] He hiredSteven Haigler asmixing engineer, with whom he had earlier worked atFort Apache Studios.[10]
Francis took a mixture of newly written and older tracks to the recording sessions.[11] Many of the newer tracks were underdeveloped and, according to Norton, were minute or minute-and-a-half "ditties" consisting of short bursts of "verse, chorus, verse, beat-beat-beat-bang ... finished".[11] Norton said asproducer andarranger, he often built tracks by suggesting the band double or repeat sections. Of the approximately 23 songs or ideas the band started with, only three ofDoolittle's final 15 tracks are longer than three minutes.[11]
During the final mixing, Norton smoothed the band's rough edges using tightcompression, and addingreverb anddelay to the guitars, which he then tracked inmultiple layers. This is especially notable on the intended lead single "Debaser"[12] and in thedouble-tracked vocals on "Wave of Mutilation". Duringpre-production, Norton advised Francis to slow the tempo and lengthen several songs by adding more verses. "There Goes My Gun" was originally a much-faster and shorterHüsker Dü-style song; on Norton's advice, Francis slowed the tempo while "Debaser" was given an extendedcoda.[13] Norton's suggestions were not always welcome; several instances of advice to add verses frustrated the singer. On one occasion, Francis took Norton to a record store and handed him a copy of aBuddy Hollygreatest hits album, in which most of the songs are around two or three minutes long, justifying his desire to keep his songs short.[14] Francis later said he knew Norton was trying to give the band a more-commercial sound while he wanted the band to retain the underground sound they achieved with Albini.[13]
Tension between Francis and the band's bassistKim Deal was noticeable to band members and the production team during the recording. Bickering and standoffs marred the sessions, and led to increased stress among the band members.[15] John Murphy, Deal's husband at the time, said the band dynamic "went from just all fun to work" during the production.[16] Production continued until December 12, 1988, while Norton and Haigler mixed the album. During this period, Santiago became unhappy because he felt Norton was adding too much reverb to his guitar parts. In protest, Santiago covered hisMarshall guitar amplifiers with blankets to make clear he did not want his sound to be interfered with.[17] The final tapes were sent formastering later that month.[18]
Norton's production onDoolittle is markedly different from Albini's recording ofSurfer Rosa and is far more polished than the debut's ambient, raw recordings. Albini's recording emphasizes Francis's abrasive guitars that both popularized the band and sealed his reputation, leading to later work with musicians such as Nirvana andPJ Harvey. Critics continue to debate whether Norton's or Albini's production best served the Pixies' music.[19]
Two of the album's songs are based onOld Testament stories of sex and death:[20] the story ofDavid andBathsheba in "Dead", and the story ofSamson andDelilah in "Gouge Away".[21] Francis's fascination with Biblical themes began in his teenage years; when he was twelve, he and his parents joined thePentecostal church.[22] Biblical imagery is also prevalent in "Monkey Gone to Heaven", in which usingnumerology, Francis describes the Devil as being "six" and God as "seven".[12]
Doolittle opens with "Debaser", which is described as a "noisy surf-punk" song[23] and widely considered important in Pixies' crossover to the mainstream. It begins with Deal's bass guitar pattern, which breaks into the first chorus when joined by Santiago's guitar riff and Black's shouted vocal. The track, which is a live favorite, contains an extended coda in which, according to the music critic Rob Hughes, the bassline is overlain with Santiago's "frenzied guitarriffage ... at full tilt as the song hurtles to its climax".[23] Francis's lyrics, which he wrote while an anthropology student atUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst, refer to "slicing up eyeballs", referencingLuis Buñuel andSalvador Dalí's 1929 filmUn Chien Andalou.[17][23] Francis has said he "got into avant-garde movies and Surrealism as an escape from reality ... to me, Surrealism is totally artificial".[24]
"Tame" is built around Deal's three-note bass progression (D, C, F)[25] overlaid byJoey Santiago's guitar parts that include an E7♯9 chord, which he described as his "Hendrix chord"—adominant seventh with anaugmented second sharp ninth chord, notable from the 1967 song "Purple Haze".[26] Tame's "loud part" occurs during the chorus, when Francis plays a D/C/F progression and repeatedly screams "tame".[26] Along with "Gouge Away", "Tame" is regarded as one of the peaks of Pixies' signature quiet verse / loud chorusdynamic.[27][28][29] According to the music writerMark Beaumont, "Tame" and "Gouge Away" were among the Pixies' tracksKurt Cobain had in mind when writing "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which Cobain said was his attempt at "writing a Pixies song". The same influence can be heard in the Nirvana tracks "In Bloom" and "Heart-Shaped Box".[30] The track ends with Francis and Deal repeatedly grunting, a sound that suggests two people having sex.[31]
The lyrics of "Wave of Mutilation" are based on contemporaneous newspaper reports of Japanese men committingmurder–suicide after unsuccessful business ventures in a scene Francis describes as these men being forced to drive "off a pier into the ocean".[32] Imagery of drowning and oceans also appears in "Mr. Grieves" and "Monkey Gone to Heaven".[33]
"Here Comes Your Man" was written when Francis was a teenager; along with "Monkey Gone to Heaven",Rolling Stone's critic Chris Mundy described the song as a melodic and "outright pop song".[34] It was first recorded for thePurple tapes sessions, a version the music writer Phil Udell described as rough "around the edges".[35] Norton arranged the album version.[11]
Side One closes with the album's first single, "Monkey Gone to Heaven". The song is written inD major and opens with Francis playing a short chord progression that is backed by Deal's bass guitar.[36] The track is over-dubbed with cellos and violins, which made Norton nervous because it took the band "outside [their] usual parameters", which they had earlier believed "we weren't ever going to do on a Pixies song".[11] "Monkey Gone to Heaven" describes the effects of human-caused environmental destruction on the ocean.[12] Francis said: "on one hand, it's this big organic toilet. Things get flushed and repurified or decomposed and it's this big, dark, mysterious place. It's also a very mythological place where there are octopus's gardens, the Bermuda Triangle, Atlantis, and mermaids."[37]
The second side opens with "Mr. Grieves" played in frantic style that has been described as "faux-hillbilly" and "wired folk".[38][39] The lyrics take the idea of destruction further, suggesting the human race is doomed to extinction.[40] The following track "Crackity Jones" is sung partly in Spanish, and incorporates G♯ and Atriads over a C♯ pedal. Francis's rhythm guitar starts with an eighth-notedownstroke that is reminiscent of early 1980s second-wavepunk rock.[40] The lyrics of "Crackity Jones" were inspired by Francis's one-month stay inPuerto Rico as a student, when he shared a "seedy" high-rise apartment with a "weirdo, psycho, gay roommate".[22] Musically the track is the fastest-played and most-aggressive track on the album.[41]
The whimsical track "La La Love You" is sung by the band's drummerDavid Lovering in abaritone voice that was intended as a satire of the 1950scrooning style.[34][42][43] Francis asked Lovering to sing it in a voice resemblingRingo Starr's 1960s tongue-in-cheek vocals.[44][45] Its vocal style and simplistic lyrics, including the line "first base, second base, third base, home run", were intended as a parody of crude sex jokes.[46] Because it was his only time providing vocals for a Pixies track, Lovering said on the day of recording, he was so nervous he "[knocked back] a lot of vodka".[17]
The penultimate song "Silver" was co-written with Deal, who sings the lead vocal line. The track is built around a country musicriff that is played onslide guitar; critics described the riff "sparse" and "eerie" in a manner that is reminiscent of soundtracks for late–1960sspaghetti westerns. Critics also consider the track as lacking in melody and dynamics, and it is often considered the weakest song on the album.[45][47][48]
The lyrics of the closing song "Gouge Away" are based on the Old Testament story of Samson's betrayal by Delilah.[49][50] Although the music follows the quiet/loud formula, the build-up to the loud part is more gradual and nuanced than in tracks such as "Debaser" and "Tame". "Gouge Away" is built on Deal's three-note bass part (G♯/B/E) and a tight Lovering drum pattern, which Sisario has described as a "kind of gothic dance groove".[51] Deal, who also contributed backing vocals, is accompanied in the bridge by Santiago playing B♭ and C notes before ending on G♯ as the chorus begins. The "loud part" occurs in the verses, when both Santiago and Francis follow the bass progression using heavilydistorted guitar chords.[26][51]
PhotographerSimon Larbalestier and graphic artistVaughan Oliver, who had worked on the Pixies' previous albumsCome on Pilgrim andSurfer Rosa, designed the artwork ofDoolittle.[52] According to Larbalestier,Doolittle was the first album for which he and Oliver had access to lyrics, which "made a fundamental difference".[53] Oliver and Francis wanted macabre, surreal images with which to illustrate the album. The images are placed in pairs, with each image juxtaposing two principle elements such as a monkey and a halo forMonkey Gone to Heaven; a pelvic bone and a stiletto for "Tame"; and a spoon containing hair laid across a woman's torso for "Gouge Away".[54]
Around the time Oliver decided on the cover art, Francis discarded the album's working titleWhore, worrying "people were going to think I was some kind of anti-Catholic or that I'd been raised Catholic and trying to get into this Catholic naughty-boy stuff ... A monkey with a halo, calling itWhore, that would bring all kinds of shit that wouldn't be true. So I said I'd change the title."[55]
The American labelElektra Records began to take interest in Pixies around October 1988 and signed the band following a bidding war.[56] The label then negotiated with Pixies' British label 4AD, which held the band's worldwide distribution rights. Elektra released a promotional live album containing the album tracks "Debaser" and "Gouge Away" along with earlier material.[4] In early April, two weeks beforeDoolittle's release, Elektra closed a deal with 4AD that allowed them full US distribution rights;PolyGram had already secured Canadian rights.[57]
Doolittle was released in the UK on April 17, 1989, and in the US the following day. Elektra'smajor label secured retail displays across the US. The label also exposed the album's lead single "Monkey Gone to Heaven" to key major and local radio stations.[58] On the week of release, the album reached number eight on theUK Albums Chart,[59] but charted at number 171 on the USBillboard 200.[60] With the help of college-radio play of "Monkey Gone to Heaven", it eventually rose to number 98, spending two weeks in the Top 100.[60]Doolittle sold steadily in America, breaking sales of 100,000 after six months.[61] By early 1992, while Pixies were supportingU2 on theirZoo TV Tour, the album was selling 1,500 copies per week.[61] By the middle of 1993, two years after the release ofTrompe le Monde—Pixies' last album before their first breakup—Doolittle was selling an average of 1,200 copies per week.[61] TheRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA)certifiedDoolittle gold in 1995 and platinum in 2018.[62]
Doolittle's success, and especially itsheavy rotation onMTV, had a significant effect on the band members. According to Santiago, its sales "validated the career my parents didn’t think I had. When they first saw me on MTV, they went: 'Ah, okay. You’re not just playing shitty nightclubs!' "[17] According to Francis, shortly after the album's release, he was pulled over by theUnited States Border Patrol near the Mexican border in Texas while in possession ofmarijuana. One of the officers recognized him from MTV, and minutes later he was posing with them for photographs while holding a shotgun.[17]
| Review scores | |
|---|---|
| Source | Rating |
| Chicago Tribune |  [63] |
| Los Angeles Times |  [64] |
| NME | 10/10[65] |
| Q | [66] |
| Record Mirror | 4/5[67] |
| Rolling Stone |  [68] |
| Sounds | [69] |
| The Village Voice | B+[70] |
Following the critically acclaimed albumSurfer Rosa,Doolittle was highly anticipated; it received near-universal positive reviews, especially from the UK and European music press.[17][23]NME'sEdwin Pouncey wrote: "the songs onDoolittle have the power to make you literally jump out of your skin with excitement". He chose "Debaser" as one of the highlights, describing it as "blessed with the kind of beefy bass hook that originally brought 'Gigantic' to life".[71]Q critic Peter Kane wrote the album's "carefully structured noise and straightforward rhythmic insistence makes perfect sense".[72]Robert Christgau ofThe Village Voice wrote: "They're in love and they don't know why—with rock and roll, which is heartening in a time when so many college dropouts have lost touch with the verities."[70]
Doolittle appeared on several contemporaneous end-of-year "Best Album" lists. BothRolling Stone andThe Village Voice placed the album tenth, and music magazinesSounds andMelody Maker named it as their album of the year.[17]NME ranked the album fourth in their end-of-year list.[73]
| Publication | Country | Accolade | Year | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hot Press | Ireland | Top 100 Albums[74] | 2006 | 34 |
| NME | UK | 100 Best Albums[75] | 2003 | 2 |
| NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time[76] | 2013 | 8 | ||
| Pitchfork | US | Top 100 Albums of the 1980s[77] | 2002 | 4 |
| Rolling Stone | US | The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time[78] | 2003 | 226 |
| 2012 | 227 | |||
| 2020 | 141 | |||
| Spin | US | 100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005[79] | 2005 | 36 |
| Slant Magazine | US | Best Albums of the 1980s[80] | 2012 | 34 |
| Aggregate scores | |
|---|---|
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 100/100[81] |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | [45] |
| Blender | [82] |
| The Guardian | [47] |
| Mojo | [83] |
| Pitchfork | 10/10[38] |
| Q | [84] |
| Rolling Stone | [85] |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | [86] |
| Spin | A[87] |
| Uncut | 10/10[88] |
Doolittle is widely regarded as one of the key alternative rock albums of the 1980s.[89] A 2002Rolling Stone review gave it the maximum score of five stars, writing it laid the "groundwork for Nineties rock".[85]Doolittle was included in critic Robert Dimery's influential book1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[90]PopMatters included it in their list of the "12 Essential 1980s Alternative Rock Albums" saying, "Doolittle captured the musicians at the top of their game".[91] In a 2017 survey,Pitchfork ranked it as the fourth-best album of the 1980s;[92] a 2003 poll ofNME writers rankedDoolittle as the second-greatest album of all time;[75] andRolling Stone placed it at number 141 on its 2020 list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[93]
Doolittle established Pixies' loud/quiet dynamic,[94] which became highly influential onalternative rock.[95][28] After writing "Smells Like Teen Spirit", both Kurt Cobain andKrist Novoselic ofNirvana thought: "this really sounds like the Pixies. People are really going to nail us for this."[96] Norton was frequently credited with capturing the album's dynamics and became highly sought after by bands wishing to achieve a similar sound.[97] The English musicianPJ Harvey said she was "in awe" of "I Bleed" and "Tame", and described Francis's writing as "amazing".[98] British bandSlowdive have also notedDoolittle as a significant influence on their sound.[99]
Ten years after Pixies' breakup,Doolittle continued to sell between 500 and 1,000 copies a week, and following their 2004 reunion tour, sales reached 1,200 copies per week. At the end of 2005, best estimates put total US sales at between 800,000 and 1,000,000 copies.[61] As of 2015, sales in the United States have exceeded 834,000 copies, according toNielsen SoundScan.[100]
Pixies released several singles fromDoolittle after their initial breakup. In 1997, "Debaser" was released to promote the compilationDeath to the Pixies.[101] In June 1989, 4AD released "Here Comes Your Man" as the album's second single. It reached number three on the USModern Rock Tracks chart and number 54 in theUK Singles Chart.[102][103] On May 6, 2019, "Here Comes Your Man" was certified gold in Canada, and "Hey" was certified gold in Canada on September 20, 2021.[104]
All tracks were written by Black Francis, except "Silver", written by Black Francis andKim Deal.
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Debaser" | 2:52 |
| 2. | "Tame" | 1:55 |
| 3. | "Wave of Mutilation" | 2:04 |
| 4. | "I Bleed" | 2:34 |
| 5. | "Here Comes Your Man" | 3:21 |
| 6. | "Dead" | 2:21 |
| 7. | "Monkey Gone to Heaven" | 2:56 |
| 8. | "Mr. Grieves" | 2:05 |
| 9. | "Crackity Jones" | 1:24 |
| 10. | "La La Love You" | 2:43 |
| 11. | "No. 13 Baby" | 3:51 |
| 12. | "There Goes My Gun" | 1:49 |
| 13. | "Hey" | 3:31 |
| 14. | "Silver" | 2:25 |
| 15. | "Gouge Away" | 2:45 |
| Total length: | 38:38 | |
To mark the 25th anniversary ofDoolittle, 4AD releasedDoolittle 25, which includes unreleased B-sides, demos, and two fullPeel sessions Pixies recorded for theBBC.[105] On December 9, 2016, aPure Audio Blu-Ray version of the album, containing a 5.1surround sound mix by Kevin Vanbergen and a high-definition stereo mix byMobile Fidelity Sound Lab, was released.[106] In 2022,Doolittle was formatted for Spatial Audio withDolby Atmos and released onApple Music.[107]
Credits adapted from theliner notes ofDoolittle.[108]
Pixies
Additional musicians
| Technical
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| Chart (1989–1998) | Peak position | Weeks |
|---|---|---|
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)[109] | 53 | 9 |
| French Albums (SNEP)[110] | 66 | 2 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[111] | 18 | 5 |
| UK Albums (OCC)[59] | 8 | 11 |
| USBillboard 200[112] | 98 | 27 |
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| Canada (Music Canada)[113] | Gold | 50,000^ |
| France (SNEP)[114] | Gold | 100,000* |
| United Kingdom (BPI)[115] | Platinum | 300,000* |
| United States (RIAA)[62] | Platinum | 1,000,000‡ |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. | ||
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Emily Doolittle is a lazy goofy goober.
