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Doncaster

Coordinates:53°31′22″N1°7′57″W / 53.52278°N 1.13250°W /53.52278; -1.13250
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
City in South Yorkshire, England
For other places with the same name, seeDoncaster (disambiguation)

City in England
Doncaster
City
Doncaster is located in the City of Doncaster district
Doncaster
Doncaster
Location withinCity of Doncaster
Show map of the City of Doncaster district
Doncaster is located in South Yorkshire
Doncaster
Doncaster
Location withinSouth Yorkshire
Show map of South Yorkshire
Area43.5 km2 (16.8 sq mi)
Population87,455 (Built up area, 2021)[1][a]
• Density2,010/km2 (5,200/sq mi)
OS grid referenceSE575032
Metropolitan borough
Metropolitan county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Areas of the city
Post townDONCASTER
Postcode districtDN1-DN12
Dialling code01302
PoliceSouth Yorkshire
FireSouth Yorkshire
AmbulanceYorkshire
UK Parliament
Websitedoncaster.gov.uk
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
53°31′22″N1°7′57″W / 53.52278°N 1.13250°W /53.52278; -1.13250

Doncaster (/ˈdɒŋkəstər,-kæs-/DONK-ə-stər,DONK-ast-ər)[3][4] is acity inSouth Yorkshire, England.[5] Named after theRiver Don, it is the administrative centre of theCity of Doncastermetropolitan borough, and is the second largest settlement in South Yorkshire afterSheffield. Noted for itsracing andrailway history, it is situated in the Don Valley on the western edge of theHumberhead Levels and east of thePennines.[6][7] It had a population of 87,455 at the2021 census,[1] whilst itsbuilt-up area had a population of 160,220,[8] and the wider metropolitan borough had a population of 308,100.[9]

Adjacent to Doncaster to its east is theIsle of Axholme inLincolnshire, which contains the towns ofHaxey,Epworth andCrowle, and directly south isHarworth Bircotes inNottinghamshire. Also, within the city's vicinity areBarnsley,Wakefield,Pontefract,Selby,Goole,Scunthorpe,Gainsborough,Retford,Worksop andRotherham, to which Doncaster is linked by road and rail.

As part of thePlatinum Jubilee Civic Honours, Doncaster receivedcity status byLetters Patent.[10] A ceremony to confer city status took place atMansion House on 9 November 2022 as part of a tour of Yorkshire byKing Charles III andQueen Camilla.[11][12]

History

[edit]
Ermine Street's alternative route:Eboracum (York) to Lagecium (Castleford), 21miles, to Danum (Doncaster), 16 miles, to Agelocum (Littleborough), 21 miles, toLindum (Lincoln), 13 miles. A spur connected Danum withCalcaria (nearTadcaster).

Roman

[edit]

Possibly inhabited earlier, Doncaster grew up on the site of aRoman fort of the 1st century CE, at a crossing of theRiver Don. The 2nd-centuryAntonine Itinerary andearly-5th-centuryNotitia Dignitatum (Register of Dignitaries) called the fortDanum. The first section of road to the Doncaster fort had probably been built since the early 50s, while a route through the northDerbyshire hills was opened in the later 1st century, possibly by GovernorGn. Julius Agricola in the late 70s. Doncaster provided an alternative land route betweenLincoln andYork, while the main routeErmine Street involved parties breaking up to cross theHumber in boats. As this was not always practical, the Romans saw Doncaster as an important staging post. TheRoman road appears on two routes recorded in theAntonine Itinerary. The itinerary includes the same section of road between Lincoln and York and lists three stations between these twocoloniae. Routes 7 and 8 (Iter VII & VIII) are entitled "the route from York toLondon".

Several areas of intense archaeological interest have been identified in the town, although many such asSt Sepulchre Gate remain hidden under buildings. The Roman fort is thought to have lain on the site now taken bySt George's Minster, beside theRiver Don. The Doncaster garrison units are named in aRegister produced near theend of Roman rule in Britain: it was the home of the Crispinian Horse, presumably named after the tribes living nearCrispiana inPannonia Superior (near present-dayZirc in westernHungary), but possibly afterCrispus, son ofConstantine the Great, who was headquartered there while his father was based in nearbyYork. TheRegister names the unit as under the command of the "Duke of the Britons".

In 1971 theDanum shield, a rectangular Roman shield dating to the 1st or 2nd century CE, was recovered from the site of the Danum fort.[13]

An inscribed altar, dedicated to theMatres by Marcus Nantonius Orbiotalus, was found at St Sepulchre Gate in 1781.[14] This was donated to theYorkshire Museum in 1856.[15]

Map showing the boundary of the fortified Medieval township of Doncaster with four Gates

Medieval

[edit]

Doncaster is generally identified withCair Daun[16] listed as one of 28 Britishcities in the 9th-centuryHistory of the Britons traditionally ascribed toNennius.[17][19][20] It was certainly anAnglo-Saxonburh, and in that period received its present name: "Don-" (Old English:Donne) from the settlement and river and "-caster" (-ceaster) from anOld English version of theLatincastra (military camp; fort). It was mentioned in the 1003will ofWulfric Spott. Shortly after theNorman Conquest,Nigel Fossard refortified the town and builtConisbrough Castle. By the time ofDomesday Book,Hexthorpe in thewapentake ofStrafforth was said to have a church and twomills.[21] The historian David Hey says these facilities represent the settlement at Doncaster. He also suggests that the street name Frenchgate indicates that Fossard invited fellow Normans to trade in the town.[22] Doncaster was ceded toScotland in theTreaty of Durham and never formally returned to England.[23][24]

With the 13th century, Doncaster matured into a busy town. In 1194King Richard I granted it national recognition with atown charter. It suffered a disastrous fire in 1204, from which it slowly recovered. At the time, buildings were built of wood, and open fireplaces used for cooking and heating.

Norman church of St Mary Magdalene, at demolition in 1846

In 1248, a charter was granted forDoncaster Market to be held in the area surrounding the Church of St Mary Magdalene, which was built in Norman times. In the 16th century, the church was adapted for use as thetown hall. It was finally demolished in 1846.[22] Some 750 years on, the market continues to operate, with busy traders located under cover, at the 19th-centuryDoncaster Corn Exchange building (1873).[25] The Corn Exchange was much rebuilt in 1994 after a major fire.[26]During the 14th century, numerous friars arrived in Doncaster who were known for their religious enthusiasm and preaching. In 1307 theFranciscan friars (Greyfriars) arrived, as didCarmelites (Whitefriars) in the mid-14th century. Other major medieval features included the Hospital of St Nicholas and theleper colony of the Hospital of St James, amoot hall, agrammar school and a five-arched stone town bridge with a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of the Bridge. By 1334, Doncaster was the wealthiest town in southern Yorkshire and the sixth in Yorkshire as a whole, even boasting its own banker. By 1379, it was recovering from theBlack Death, which had reduced its population to 1,500. In October 1536, thePilgrimage of Grace ended in Doncaster. This rebellion led by the lawyerRobert Aske commanded 40,000 Yorkshire people against Henry VIII, in protest at theDissolution of the Monasteries. Many of Doncaster's streets are named with the suffix "-gate", after theold Danish wordgata, meaning street. In medieval times, craftsmen or tradesmen with similar skills tended to live in the same street. Baxter is an ancient word for baker: Baxtergate was the bakers' street. Historians believe that Frenchgate may be named after French-speakingNormans who settled there.

The medieval township is known to have been protected by earthen ramparts and ditches, with four substantial gates as entrances to the town. These were located at Hall Gate, St Mary's Bridge (old), St Sepulchre Gate and Sunny Bar. Today the gates at Sunny Bar are commemorated by huge "Boar Gates"; similarly, the entrance to St Sepulchre Gate is commemorated by white marble "Roman Gates". The boundary of the town mainly extended from the Don along a route known now Market Road, Silver Street, Cleveland Street and Printing Office Street.

Modern

[edit]
Population of Doncaster District taken from census data[27]

Access to the town was restricted and some officeholders secured charters to collect tolls. In 1605,King James I granted to WilliamLevett of Doncaster, brother ofYork merchantPercival Levett, the right to levy tolls at Friar's and St Mary's bridges.[28] Having served as mayors and aldermen of Doncaster, the Levetts probably believed they could control a monopoly. In 1618 the family began enforcing it, but by 1628 the populace revolted. Capt.Christopher Levett, Percival's son, petitioned Parliament to enforce the tolls, but Parliament disagreed, calling them "a grievance to the subjects, both in creation and execution," and axing the Levett monopoly.[28] Doncaster's Levet Road is named after the family, as are nearby hamlets ofHooton Levitt and the largely abandonedLevitt Hagg, where much of the town's early limestone was quarried.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Doncaster continued to expand, but it suffered several outbreaks of plague between 1562 and 1606. Each struck down significant numbers of victims.

During theFirst English Civil War,King Charles I marched byBridgnorth,Lichfield andAshbourne to Doncaster, where on 18 August 1645 he was met by numbers ofYorkshire gentlemen who had rallied to his cause. On 2 May 1664, Doncaster was rewarded with the title of Free Borough as a way for the King (Charles I's son,King Charles II) to express gratitude for the allegiance.

Doncaster was connected to the rail network in 1848 and a plant and carriage works forGreat Northern Railway was constructed in the town in 1853.[29]: 2562 TheDoncaster Carr rail depot was opened in 1876.[30]

The area to the east of Doncaster started developing settlements where coal miners lived from the 1850s onwards, exploiting coal nearBarnsley. One such settlement is Deneby.[29]

Doncaster and surrounding settlements became part of theWest Riding of Yorkshire in 1899. Under theLocal Government Act 1972 it was drawn into a newmetropolitan borough in 1974 and became part of the new county of South Yorkshire.

Cusworth Hall front

Doncaster has traditionally been prosperous within the wapentake ofStafford and Tickhill.[31][32] The borough was known for rich landowners and huge stately homes such asBrodsworth Hall,Cantley Hall,Cusworth Hall,Hickleton Hall,Nether Hall and Wheatley Hall (demolished 1934). This wealth appears in the luxurious, historic gilded 18th-centuryMansion House inHigh Street. This land ownership developed over what is an ancient market place and large buildings were erected in the 19th century, including theMarket Hall andCorn Exchange. The old Doncaster Guildhall in Frenchgate was designed by John Butterfield with atetrastyleportico and completed in 1847: it was demolished in the redevelopment of the 1960s.[33]

St George's Minster is a grade I listed building and was designed by SirGeorge Gilbert Scott in the 1850s.[34]

Perhaps the most striking building to survive isSt George's Minster, built in the 19th century and promoted from aparish church in 2004.[35] Doncaster was already a communication centre by this time. It straddled theGreat North Road or A1, gaining strategic importance, as this was the main route for traffic between London andEdinburgh.

Governance and politics

[edit]

National politics

[edit]

Doncaster is represented in theHouse of Commons by threeMembers of Parliament (MPs).Sally Jameson representsDoncaster Central,Ed Miliband, the formerLabour Party leader, representsDoncaster North, andLee Pitcher represents theDoncaster East and the Isle of Axholme.

From 2023, the Don Valley constituency will be renamedDoncaster East and the Isle of Axholme, and will cover part ofNorth Lincolnshire. A newRawmarsh and Conisbrough constituency will be created covering the south-western suburbs of Doncaster and parts of Rotherham. Doncaster Central and Doncaster North will see minor boundary changes.[36]

In September 2014,UKIP held an annual party conference atDoncaster Racecourse. UKIP party leaderNigel Farage claimed that by holding the conference in Doncaster, UKIP were "now parking our tanks on the Labour Party's lawn", referring toLabour leaderEd Miliband'sDoncaster North constituency. Shortly afterwards in the seat, at the2015 general election, UKIP won 8,928 votes to Labour's 20,708. In the2016 membership referendum, 69 per cent of Doncaster voted to leave the European Union.[37][38]

Doncaster Civic Office

Local politics

[edit]

Doncaster forms part of theSouth Yorkshire Combined Authority, which elects amayor every four years.

Additionally, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster is one of twelve districts in the United Kingdom to have adirectly elected mayor, currentlyRos Jones, who was re-elected in 2025.

City status

[edit]

The local authority applied several times, unsuccessfully, forcity status. Its borough population of greater than 300,000 is larger than that of many cities' such asHull,Southampton andNewcastle. On 28 October 2021, Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council announced its bid for Doncaster City for the Queen'sPlatinum Jubilee. This has been supported by the Doncaster Labour Group and the Doncaster Conservative Association. All three MPs for Doncaster expressed support for city status, withDon Valley'sNick Fletcher speaking for it in Parliament.[39]

Alongside seven other areas, Doncaster was announced to have succeeded in its bid to gain city status on 20 May 2022 as part of thePlatinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The city status applies to the whole metropolitan borough rather than just the built up area of Doncaster. Doncaster formally received theletters patent and became a city when a ceremony took place on 9 November 2022 as part of a royal visit.[12][40][41]

Administrative history

[edit]

Doncaster was anancient parish, which was subdivided into sixtownships:Balby withHexthorpe, Langthwaite withTilts,Long Sandall,Loversall,Wheatley and a Doncaster township covering the central part of the parish, including the town. Such townships were also madecivil parishes in 1866.[42] Doncaster was also anancient borough, with its earliest known charter dating from 1194.[43] The borough just covered the Doncaster township, although it exerted some authority over a surrounding rural area known as the soke.[44]

The borough was reformed to become amunicipal borough in 1836 under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country. The borough boundaries were enlarged several times, notably in 1914 when it absorbed Balby with Hexthorpe and Wheatley. By 1927 the borough was considered large enough to run its own county-level services, and so it was made acounty borough, independent fromWest Riding County Council.[45]

The county borough was abolished in 1974 and replaced by the largerMetropolitan Borough of Doncaster, which also took in the abolishedurban districts ofAdwick le Street,Bentley with Arksey,Conisbrough,Mexborough,Tickhill, therural districts ofDoncaster andThorne, and (from Nottinghamshire) the parish ofFinningley and part of the parish ofHarworth (the latter being added to the parish ofBawtry).[46] The borough was raised to city status in 2022.

Geography

[edit]
St Sepulchre Gate and Printing Office Street
Doncaster skyline withSt George's Minster in the foreground

Urban

[edit]
PlaceDistanceDirectionRelation
London146 miles (235 km)[47]SouthCapital city of the United Kingdom
Hull36 miles (58 km)[48]EastNearby city
Lincoln32 miles (51 km)[49]South eastNearby city
York30 miles (48 km)[50]NorthNearby city; historiccounty town of Yorkshire
Wakefield19 miles (31 km)[51]North westNearby city
Sheffield17 miles (27 km)[52]South westLargest city in county; within combined authority area
Barnsley15 miles (24 km)[53]WestWithin combined authority area
Rotherham11 miles (18 km)[54]South westWithin combined authority area

Doncaster is the second largest settlement in South Yorkshire and the largest metropolitan district in England byarea. It expanded dramatically in population with the development of coal mining. Closure of coal mines in the 1970s and early 1980s caused economic difficulties; the town then developed itsservice industry, drawing on the good communication links with the rest of the UK.

The Doncaster skyline is overlooked by the minster in the middle of the city. TheFrenchgate Shopping Centre is in a similar position in the skyline, along with the Doncaster College Hub building.

After the old Doncaster College and surrounding buildings were demolished, the newDoncaster Civic Office designed by Cartwright Pickard was built for theCity of Doncaster Council at a cost of £20 million and completed in 2012.[55]

Topography

[edit]

Doncaster lies in alowland valley in southern Yorkshire. To the west are low rolling hills eventually reaching thePennines. To the east are the low-lyingIsle of Axholme andHumberhead Levels. The south is relatively low-lying, with a large forested area includingSherwood Forest inNottinghamshire. TheVale of York lies to the north. The floodplains of the River Don lie to Doncaster's north-east; this area is regularly flooded, notably in 2007 and 2019.

Conservation

[edit]

Nature reserves

[edit]

Thorne and Hatfield Moors, east of Doncaster, is the largest area of low-lying peat bog in the United Kingdom. It is protected as a national nature reserve.

Potteric Carr, includingPotteric Carr Nature Reserve, lies to the south.

Green belt

[edit]
Further information:South and West Yorkshire Green Belt

Doncaster is within agreen belt that extends into the surrounding counties. First defined in 1966,[56] the policy is controlled throughout the town by thelocal planning authority, City of Doncaster Council. It reducesurban sprawl, prevent areas in the conurbation from further convergence, protects outlying communities, encouragesbrownfield reuse, and protects nearby countryside by restricting development in the designated areas and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.[56]

It surrounds the side of the urban area west of the East Coast Line, preventing suburbs such asSprotbrough,New Edlington,Old Edlington,Scawsby andNew Rossington merging. As a result, open rural land can be very close to the town centre at some points (for example the wide undeveloped valley of the River Don is adjacent to the town centre), while at other points the urban sprawl rolls on for up to five miles. Another aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests,[56] with rural landscape features, greenfield areas and facilities including the River Don and valley west of Hexthorpe; Hexthorpe Park;Cusworth Hall, museum and country park; Potteric Carr and Huxter Well Marsh; and theTrans Pennine Trail.

Climate

[edit]

Doncaster has amaritime climate lacking extreme temperatures, like much of the British Isles. Its low elevation in the Don Valley, in the lee of the Pennines, and inland from the North Sea, mean daytime summer temperatures are no lower than parts of South East England, despite the more northerly location. The nearest weather station is RAF Finningley, now known asDoncaster Sheffield Airport, about 5.5 mi (8.9 km) to the south-east of Doncaster city centre and at a similar elevation.

The Doncaster area is about as far north as the 22 °C (72 °F) average July maximum temperature isotherm reaches. The nearby town of Bawtry, slightly further south, still holds the UK's September monthly record high temperature of 35.6 °C (96.1 °F),[57] set in 1906. Typically, the warmest day of the year reaches 29.1 °C (84.4 °F)[58] and 12 or 13 days report a daytime maximum of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above.

The lowest known temperature is −13.5 °C (7.7 °F),[59] set during December 1981. Online records only go back to 1960, and lower temperatures may have been recorded earlier. During the 1991–2020 period, an average of 38.1 nights of the year recorded an air frost.[60]

Typically 113.6 days[61] of the year report 1 mm or more of rainfall. Total annual precipitation is slightly above 580 mm (23 in),[62] which is comparable to the driest parts of the UK, due to Doncaster's location in therain shadow of the Pennines.

Climate data for Doncaster (DSA)[b], elevation: 12 m (39 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–2000
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)14.5
(58.1)
17.9
(64.2)
23.6
(74.5)
22.7
(72.9)
28.4
(83.1)
32.1
(89.8)
32.2
(90.0)
35.5
(95.9)
27.3
(81.1)
27.7
(81.9)
18.5
(65.3)
15.5
(59.9)
35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)7.6
(45.7)
8.4
(47.1)
10.9
(51.6)
13.7
(56.7)
16.9
(62.4)
19.8
(67.6)
22.3
(72.1)
21.9
(71.4)
18.9
(66.0)
14.6
(58.3)
10.4
(50.7)
7.8
(46.0)
14.4
(58.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)4.5
(40.1)
5.0
(41.0)
6.9
(44.4)
9.2
(48.6)
12.0
(53.6)
15.0
(59.0)
17.2
(63.0)
16.9
(62.4)
14.4
(57.9)
11.0
(51.8)
7.2
(45.0)
4.7
(40.5)
10.3
(50.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)1.4
(34.5)
1.5
(34.7)
2.8
(37.0)
4.6
(40.3)
7.1
(44.8)
10.2
(50.4)
12.1
(53.8)
11.8
(53.2)
9.9
(49.8)
7.3
(45.1)
3.9
(39.0)
1.6
(34.9)
6.2
(43.1)
Record low °C (°F)−13.3
(8.1)
−10.3
(13.5)
−9.3
(15.3)
−5.4
(22.3)
−3.5
(25.7)
−0.6
(30.9)
3.2
(37.8)
3.7
(38.7)
−1.1
(30.0)
−3.6
(25.5)
−7.5
(18.5)
−13.5
(7.7)
−13.5
(7.7)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)42.3
(1.67)
35.5
(1.40)
32.0
(1.26)
42.5
(1.67)
40.9
(1.61)
64.6
(2.54)
55.6
(2.19)
54.3
(2.14)
51.8
(2.04)
56.7
(2.23)
56.5
(2.22)
49.6
(1.95)
582.3
(22.92)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)10.08.98.48.48.69.89.89.48.610.111.310.4113.7
Mean monthlysunshine hours59.880.9117.6158.5195.6176.8192.5178.8137.799.964.653.91,516.6
Source 1:Met Office[63]
Source 2:KNMI[64]

Demography

[edit]
Population of Doncaster 1801–2015[65][66][67]
18011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931193919511961198120112021
5,6976,9358,54410,80110,45512,05216,40618,76821,13925,93328,93230,51654,06463,31673,52782,05486,32276,042109,805308,000
Tower blocks in Doncaster

In the2011 census the town of Doncaster (identified as the "built-up area subdivision") had a population of 109,805,[68] while the wider "Built-up area" had a population of 158,141.[69] The Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster had a 2011 population of 302,402,[70] while a 2021 estimate was 308,000.[71]

The 2011 census figure makes Doncaster's population very slightly larger than that ofRotherham (pop 109,691).[72][73]

Doncaster compared 2011DoncasterMetropolitan Borough of Doncaster
White British84.9%91.8%
Asian5.3%2.5%
Black1.3%0.8%

Economy

[edit]
Doncaster Market Place Panoramic
The High Street in Doncaster city centre

Doncaster emerged as an industrial centre in the late 18th to 20th centuries. Its communications, particularly its waterways, meant that it became extremely busy and experienced migration to its centre. Underneath Doncaster lies a huge natural resource by way of deep seam coal.

Distribution centres

[edit]

Doncaster's proximity to major urban centres and motorway/rail infrastructure gives it a number of major distribution centres, including the 420-acreDoncaster International Railport, which dispatches goods to Europe. It also has large warehousing and logistic capabilities for retailers such asNext,Tesco,IKEA,Amazon.com, Lidl andFaberge. A marked proportion of fresh and frozen goods for northern supermarkets is dispatched by road from Doncaster.

Regeneration initiatives

[edit]
Frenchgate shopping centre
Doncaster College

On 5 March 2004, Doncaster was grantedFairtrade Town status. Over the last few years theDoncaster Lakeside, as home to the Doncaster Rovers ground, has undergone modernisation. Doncaster has a bowling alley and a cinema near Lakeside. The Dome, opened in 1989 byPrincess Diana, contains a swimming pool, gym, ice rink and café.

TheFrenchgate Centre is a shopping centre and transport interchange. Opened in June 2006,[74] it connects with the railway and bus stations.Lakeside Village, a retail outlet with some 45 retail shops and restaurants lies along theA6182 dual carriageway. The Waterdale area of the town centre is currently undergoing rejuvenation, with a new theatre (known as CAST), new civic offices and a new public square having been completed on the site of the Waterdale car park. The old council house and civic theatre have been demolished and new housing is being built in the town itself, opposite Doncaster Racecourse, and in out-of-town suburbs.

Confectionery

[edit]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, confectioners based in Doncaster includedParkinson's[75] theButterscotch inventors, Nuttalls Mintoes[76] and Murray Mints. In August 2011, Parkinson's put its 190-year-old trademark up for sale on eBay.[77]

Coal and industrial expansion

[edit]

The waterways,River Don and Don Navigation were used to transport coal from Doncaster to the steel production centres atRotherham,Scunthorpe andSheffield.

A large number of mining jobs were lost in the late 1980s. Today coal mining has ceased.

Rockware Glass is a specialist glass manufacturer. A production facility for chemicalpolymers was built in Wheatley Hall Road. It changed hands during its existence, untilDuPont closed it in the mid-1990s.

Steel foundries, rolling mills and wire mills were built close to the railways that brought steel from Rotherham and Sheffield.Bridon Ropes produces wire rope, including the ropes used at coal mines to haul coal and miners. It is claimed to be the largest wire rope manufacturing plant in Europe. Bridon supplied wire rope for theOlympic Stadium for the2012 Olympic Games.[78]

During theFirst andSecond World Wars, the town became involved in munitions manufacture.

The railways and locomotive works

[edit]
Main article:Doncaster Works

During theIndustrial Revolution, theGreat Northern Railway established the Doncaster Locomotive and Carriage Building Works; this was to meet Doncaster's communication needs, the necessity to transport coal quickly and efficiently, and due to Doncaster's expertise in specialist metal products. An extensive housing programme was undertaken for the increased population. The Chairman of the Great Northern, anxious about the workers and their families' spiritual welfare, persuaded the directors to contribute towards the building of St James's Church, which became known as thePlant Church; the railway also built St James's School.

The Doncaster Plant became famous for buildingLNER locomotivesFlying Scotsman andMallard, as well as many thousands more locomotives.[79] By August 2008, most of the plant complex had been razed to make way for a very large housing development. As of 2023, the owner of what remains of the plant,Wabtec, performs the overhaul, maintenance and refurbishment of rail vehicles and associated components.[80]

Doncaster railway station

Today,Doncaster railway station is a principal stop and interchange on theEast Coast Main Line; it is linked directly to towns and cities across the UK.

Doncaster PSB is one of the largest signalling centres on the UK network, controlling hundreds of route-miles of railway.Doncaster International Railport andDoncaster iPort are important road-rail intermodal terminals. The rail freight companyDB Cargo UK has its headquarters in Doncaster.[81]

Also nearby is one of the twoNational College for Advanced Transport and Infrastructure campuses that specialises in courses relating to the railways and transport systems.[82]

Aviation

[edit]
Main article:RAF Doncaster
Doncaster Sheffield Airport

In 1909,Doncaster Racecourse was chosen as the venue for an airshow, after the world's first international air display inReims, France in 1909. Around a dozen aviators were present, the most famous beingLéon Delagrange andRoger Sommer.Samuel Cody (no relation toWilliam F. Cody) in an attempt to win a prize offered by theDaily Mail for the first British pilot in a British aeroplane to fly a circular mile signed Britishnaturalisation papers in front of the crowd with the band playing bothGod Save the King and theStar Spangled Banner. Unfortunately, he crashed his aeroplane on the first day of the meeting and made no significant flights.

During theFirst World War, fighters based first on the racecourse, then at a temporary airstrip near Finningley (laterRAF Finningley and nowDoncaster Sheffield Airport) and finally, in 1916, on a newly built airfield alongside the racecourse, were deployed to defend the east coast againstZeppelins. On several occasions fighters took off to search for intruders but none were ever seen. TheRoyal Flying Corps station trained pilots for the war in France. Within months of the war ending the station was put up for sale and two of its three Belfast hangars, the same type that now forms the basis for theRoyal Air Force Museum atHendon, were sold to a Sheffield motor manufacturing company for storage and assembly atFinningley. The third of the hangars stayed in place, mainly housing buses, until the 1970s, when it was knocked down and replaced with modern buildings.

In 1920, the government asked local authorities to assist in forming a chain of airfields for civil air services. Doncaster, with expert advice fromAlan Cobham, opened its aviation centre on 26 May 1934. Development of the airfield continued and on 1 July 1936 an international service was opened toAmsterdam. On 1 November 1938, after discussions with theAir Ministry,616 (South Yorkshire) Squadron of theRoyal Auxiliary Air Force was formed. Shortly after the outbreak of war in 1939 the squadron went to its battle station and played a part in theBattle of Britain. After the departure of 616 squadron, its place was taken by the formation of271 (Transport) Squadron composed mainly of requisitioned civilian aircraft and obsolescent twin-engined bombers. 616 squadron was the first Allied jet fighter squadron, equipped with theGloster Meteor, famed for using their wingtips to throw GermanV-1 flying bombs off course. In 1944, after being equipped with American-madeDouglas DC-3 Dakotas, the squadron moved south to take part inOperation Overlord and later in the airborne invasion atArnhem, whereFlight LieutenantDavid Lord was awarded aposthumousVictoria Cross.

After the war the airfield reverted to civilian flying, and finally closed in 1992.

Tractor production

[edit]
Ploughing by tractor

In 1930,International Harvester (IH) started the production of agricultural implements at a factory on Wheatley Hall Road and later at another in the Carr Hill area of Doncaster. The first tractor built at the factory was aFarmall M, which came off the production line on 13 September 1949.[83] Tractors were initially built from parts shipped from the US. The Wheatley Hall Road factory was extended after the war with a newfoundry to make the heavy castings. The factory started Crawler tractor production in 1953. By 1960, the factory was making a range of tractors from scratch, designed specifically for British and European markets and sold under the 'McCormick International' name. Assembly moved in 1965 to the Carr Hill plant. In 1983, tractor production was moved to IH's other Doncaster factory at Wheatley Hall. In 1985, International Harvester sold its agricultural division to Tenneco, Inc. which then merged it with its subsidiary J.I. Case to formCase IH, which continued to design and build its European tractor range in Doncaster, but shutting theDavid Brown Ltd. tractor factory nearHuddersfield. The 350,000th tractor came off the production line in 1999.

In 2000, the factory was purchased byARGO SpA, an Italian-based agricultural equipment builder. Doncaster was the sole production site of theMcCormick Tractors brand, and the factory employed around 380 people (although about 1,100 people are employed in the worldwide McCormick group). In December 2006, the parent company, ARGO Spa, announced that the Doncaster facility would close in 2007, with the loss of around 325 jobs. The announcement was made only a week before Christmas. Sixty-one years of tractor production in Doncaster ended in 2007.

Culture and tourism

[edit]
The Mansion House and New Betting Room, Doncaster, engraved by John Rogers after a drawing byNathaniel Whittock, published by Isaac Taylor Hinton,[84] London, 1829. The architect wasJames Paine, 1746–1748.

Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery opened as the town's main museum in 1964. It covers natural history, archaeology, local history and fine and decorative art.[85] It has a major exhibition of silverware and trophies won atDoncaster Racecourse. It also houses the Regimental Museum of theKing's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry.

Yorkshire Wildlife Park

Doncaster is home toYorkshire Wildlife Park, which has over 400 animals and over 70 different species, including the only polar bears in England.

TheSouth Yorkshire Aircraft Museum (formerly AeroVenture) is based on the old site ofRAF Doncaster at Doncaster Lakeside. TheTrolleybus Museum in the nearby village ofSandtoft specialises in preservingtrolleybuses, and claims to have the largest collection of them in Europe, with over 60 examples. Markham Grange Steam Museum, in a garden centre in the nearby village ofBrodsworth, has a private collection of steam engines. Ashworth Barracks Museum is a military museum inBalby telling the story of the men awarded theVictoria Cross. It also houses a First World War exhibit including a "Weekers Helmet", one of only two known that exist in the UK.

Since 1973, Doncaster has been the home of the Doncaster Youth Jazz Association (DYJA). Founded by John Ellis, DYJA has been a training ground for generations of amateur and professional jazz musicians including,Andy Cato (ofGroove Armada),Denis Rollins,John Escreet, Nadim Teimoori and Reuben Fowler.

In 1956, Tish the goldfish was won at a funfair in Doncaster. Tish lived till the age of 43 becoming the world's oldest known goldfish.[86]

Theatre and cinemas

[edit]
  • Cast is a £22 million venue opened officially on Monday 2 September 2013. Cast includes a 620-seat auditorium, a flexible studio space, drama studio, dance studio, education and ancillary space, and a large foyer with a café. Its director was Kully Thiarai, formerly of theContact Theatre, Manchester.[87]
  • The Doncaster Little Theatre is a 99-seat community theatre which puts on 12 of its own in-house shows including a pantomime, along with two Afternoon Cabarets a month during the day. Hire companies also use the theatre space for their own shows.
  • The town has an 11-screen multiplexVue which was expanded as part of a £5 million upgrade.[88]
  • The six-screen Savoy Cinema opened in May 2021.[89]
  • Events and concerts take place atDoncaster Racecourse andThe Dome Leisure Centre.

Nightlife

[edit]

The Silver Street, Cleveland Street and High Street areas have over 40 bars and clubs within a 2–3-minute walk of each other and other bars can be found on Priory Walk, Lazarus Court, Bradford Row and around the Market Place. Various restaurants serving food from around the world can also be found in the city centre, especially in the Netherhall and Copley Road areas.

Transport

[edit]

Railway

[edit]
Station frontage

Doncaster railway station is a major interchange station and principal stop on theEast Coast Main Line, serving this importantrailway town. It has nine platforms in use.

The station is served by seventrain operating companies:

Road

[edit]

Doncaster sits on theEuropean route E15 and is the starting point ofEuropean route E13. The E13 connects Doncaster,Sheffield andNottingham to London. In the United Kingdom, European route designators are not displayed on road signs. The intended motorway design is evidenced in road maps. The M1 was extended northward toLeeds, which is why the E13 starts at Doncaster and follows the path of the M18 and the M1.

Doncaster is situated on theA1(M) andM18 motorways, within 20 minutes of the keyM1 andM62 motorways.The 15 mi (24 km) A1(M) motorway bypass cost £6 million and was opened byErnest Marples in 1961. The former route is now theA638 and partly theA614 toBlyth.

Buses

[edit]

Bus services in the area are operated predominantly byFirst South Yorkshire andStagecoach East Midlands. Routes connect the city withBarnsley,Gainsborough,Retford,Scunthorpe andWorksop. Long-distanceNational Express coach routes travel toBirmingham,Hull,London andNewcastle.[97]

New developments include campus facilities forDoncaster College and theFrenchgate Interchange, a unification of bus and railway stations with theFrenchgate Centre. The extension to the shopping centre and the new bus station opened on 8 June 2006, when all Doncaster bus routes started to use the station.

Air

[edit]

Until 2022, Doncaster had an international airport.Doncaster Sheffield Airport opened in 2005, handling its last passenger flight in November 2022 after thePeel Group cited it was unlikely to return to profitability.[98] The airport was closed in 2023, it was largely confirmed before the announcement as a result of theCivil Aviation Authority downgrading the surrounding airspace.[99]

Cycling

[edit]

Cycling in Doncaster is increasingly popular. Its situation on theTrans Pennine Trail means it is connected to other surrounding towns. Additionally, cycle lanes are being installed across the borough allowing for safer road commuter cycling.

Media

[edit]

Television

[edit]

Doncaster is served byBBC Yorkshire from Leeds which broadcasts the flagship nightly news programmeLook North.ITV Yorkshire is the localITV franchise.

Radio

[edit]
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Doncaster is served by several commercial and community radio stations. For 22 years,Trax FM was arguably the most popular station based in the city. It was rebranded asGreatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire in 2020, along with numerous other stations in the region.TX1 Radio was set up following the closure of Trax FM and broadcasts exclusively onDAB radio to Doncaster and Bassetlaw.

BBC Radio Sheffield andHits Radio South Yorkshire (formerly Hallam FM) also broadcast to the city.

Sine FM is a community radio station broadcasting to Doncaster'scentral business district and inner suburbs on FM.TMCR 95.3 is a community radio station based in Thorne serving North East Doncaster on FM.

Print media

[edit]

TheDoncaster Free Press is a weekly newspaper distributed across the greater Doncaster region. Doncaster has its own edition of theSheffield Star printed daily.The Yorkshire Post is the local daily broadsheet newspaper from Leeds. TheDearne Valley Weekender is a weekly newspaper targeted towards theDearne Valley, which includes some parts of South West Doncaster, although it is widely available across the town.

Sport

[edit]

Racecourse

[edit]
Main article:Doncaster Racecourse
Doncaster Racecourse

From around the 16th century, Doncaster embraced the wealthystagecoach trade. This led to horse breeding in Doncaster, which in turn led to the start ofhorseraces there. The earliest important race in Doncaster's history was the Doncaster Gold Cup, first run over Cantley Common in 1766. The Doncaster Cup is the oldest continuing regulated horserace in the world.

Rugby football

[edit]
Doncaster Community Stadium

Founded in 1951,Doncaster (formerly known as Doncaster Dragons RLFC and Doncaster Lakers) have played consistently in rugby league'sNational League One and its successor theRFL Championship, with its home at theEco-Power Stadium.

Doncaster Knights currently play in rugby union'sRFU Championship, with their home atCastle Park.

Football

[edit]
Doncaster Rovers vs Bristol Rovers in the2007 Football League Trophy Final

Doncaster's only fully professional football club,Doncaster Rovers, play at theEco-Power Stadium. The city is also home to a number of non-league clubs, playing at smaller grounds based in the various suburbs. Clubs in the city are usually affiliated to theSheffield and Hallamshire FA.

Doncaster is also home to one of England's most successful and historicwomen's clubs,Doncaster Rovers Belles, who play fixtures between theEco-Power Stadium andChesterfield Poultry Stadium.[100] The club had, until recent years, a long tradition of providingEngland internationals and was a founder member of theFA WSL.[101]

Doncaster also played host to England's women for their multi-record breaking20–0 win over Latvia in aEuropean qualifier for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.[102]

Others

[edit]

Speedway racing was staged atDoncaster Greyhound Stadium in 1969 and 1970. The team was known as theStallions and then the Dragons. The team raced in the British League Second Division.

Doncaster has a men's basketball team called the Doncaster Danum Eagles who compete in National League Division 2. Doncaster additionally has an American football team called the Doncaster Mustangs, who are in Division 1 of the British American Football League.

The town also has regular involvement in theTour de Yorkshire cycling event, having the finish line of stage two, of the2016 Tour de Yorkshire hosted in Doncaster, as well as the finish line of stage one of the2018 Tour de Yorkshire hosted in the town as well.

International links

[edit]

Doncaster istwinned with:

Several roads in the Lakeside area are named after Doncaster's twin towns, such as Gliwice Way, Herten Way, Wilmington Drive and Carolina Way, named after the state where Wilmington lies.

Doncaster was formerly twinned withOzyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. This ceased following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[106]

Notable people

[edit]
John McLaughlin
Main article:List of people from Doncaster
SeeCategory:People from Doncaster

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^319,765 (Borough, 2024)[2]
  2. ^Weather station is located 6 miles (10 km) from the Doncaster town centre.

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