Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attendedPrinceton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree inpolitical science. After serving in theNavy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois's 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. Rumsfeld accepted an appointment by PresidentRichard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed counsellor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he also headed up theEconomic Stabilization Program before being appointed ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed chief of staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his,Dick Cheney, to succeed him when Ford nominated him to be secretary of defense in 1975. When Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business and financial life, and was named president and CEO of thepharmaceutical corporationG. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO ofGeneral Instrument from 1990 to 1993 and chairman ofGilead Sciences from 1997 to 2001.
Rumsfeld was appointed secretary of defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. As secretary of defense, Rumsfeld played a central role in the 2001United States invasion of Afghanistan and2003 invasion of Iraq. Before and during the Iraq War, he claimed that Iraq had an activeweapons of mass destruction program; no stockpiles were ever found.[4][5] A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq andal-Qaedarelationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of theIntelligence Community, to senior decision-makers".[6] Rumsfeld's tenure was controversial forits use of torture and theAbu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal.[7] Rumsfeld gradually lost political support and resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography,Known and Unknown: A Memoir, as well asRumsfeld's Rules: Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life.
Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School,[16] and later graduated[17] fromNew Trier High School where he excelled academically as well as in sports. In the band, the young Rumsfeld playeddrums and also excelled atsaxophone. He attended Princeton University on academic andNROTC partial scholarships. He graduated in 1954 with anA.B. inpolitics after completing a senior thesis titled "The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers".[18][19] During his time at Princeton, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team, and captain of theLightweight Football team playingdefensive back. While at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense,Frank Carlucci.[20]
In 1957, during theDwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as administrative assistant toDavid S. Dennison Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to CongressmanRobert P. Griffin ofMichigan.[24] Engaging in a two-year stint with an investment banking firm,A. G. Becker & Co., from 1960 to 1962,[25] Rumsfeld then set his sights on becoming a member ofCongress.
He was elected to theUnited States House of Representatives forIllinois's 13th congressional district in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968.[26] While in Congress, he served on theJoint Economic Committee, the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as on the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. He was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council[27] in addition to being a leading cosponsor of theFreedom of Information Act.[28]
In 1965, following the defeat ofBarry Goldwater byLyndon B. Johnson in the1964 presidential election, which also led to the Republicans losing many seats in the House of Representatives, Rumsfeld proposed new leadership for the Republicans in the House, suggesting that representative Gerald Ford from Michigan's 5th congressional district was the most suited candidate to replaceCharles A. Halleck as Republican leader.[29] Rumsfeld, along with other members of the Republican caucus, then urged Ford to run for Republican leader. Ford eventually defeated Halleck and became House Minority Leader in 1965. The group of Republicans that encouraged Ford to run for the Republican leadership became known as the "Young Turks". Rumsfeld later served during Ford's presidency as his chief of staff in 1974, and was chosen by Ford to succeedJames Schlesinger as United States Secretary of Defense in 1975.[29]
During Rumsfeld's tenure as member of the U.S. House of Representatives, he voiced concerns aboutU.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, saying that President Johnson and his national security team were overconfident about how the war was being conducted. On one occasion, Rumsfeld joined with other members of the House and traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission to see for themselves how the war was going. The trip led to Rumsfeld believing that theSouth Vietnamese government was much too dependent on the United States. Rumsfeld was also unsatisfied when he received a briefing about war planning from the commander of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, GeneralWilliam Westmoreland.[29] The trip led Rumsfeld to cosponsor a resolution to bring the conduct of the war to the House floor for further debate and discussion about U.S. mismanagement of the war. However, under constant pressure from theJohnson administration, theDemocrats, who at that time held the majority at the House of Representatives, blocked the resolution from consideration.[29]
Rumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 — his fourth term — to serve in the Nixon administration in a variety of executive branch positions. Nixon appointed Rumsfeld director of theUnited States Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), a position withCabinet rank. Rumsfeld had voted against the creation of OEO when he was in Congress,[38] and, according to his 2011 memoirs, he initially rejected Nixon's offer, citing his own inherent belief that the OEO did more harm than good, and he felt that he was not the right person for the job.[39]: 119–121 After much negotiation, he accepted the OEO appointment with Nixon's "assurances that he would be ... also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House,"[38] which "sweetened (the OEO position) with status and responsibility".[40]
As director, Rumsfeld sought to reorganize the Office to serve what he later described in his 2011 memoir as "a laboratory for experimental programs".[39]: 125 Several beneficialanti-poverty programs were saved by allocating funds to them from other less-successful government programs. During this time, he hired Frank Carlucci[41] and Dick Cheney[42][43] to serve under him.
Rumsfeld with his son, Nick, in the Oval Office with President Nixon, 1973
He was the subject of one of writerJack Anderson's columns, alleging that "anti-poverty czar" Rumsfeld had cut programs to aid the poor while spending thousands to redecorate his office. Rumsfeld dictated a four-page response to Anderson, labeling the accusations as falsehoods, and invited Anderson to tour his office. Despite the tour, Anderson did not retract his claims, and only much later admitted that his column was a mistake.[39]: 125 [44][45]
When Rumsfeld left OEO in December 1970, Nixon named him Counselor to the President, a general advisory position; in this role, he retained Cabinet status.[11]: 75 He was given an office in theWest Wing in 1969 and regularly interacted with theNixon administration hierarchy. He was named director of theEconomic Stabilization Program in 1970 as well, and later headed up theCost of Living Council. In March 1971 Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld "at least Rummy is tough enough" and "He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that."[46][47][48][49][50]
Chief of Staff Rumsfeld (left) and Deputy-Chief of StaffDick Cheney (right) meet with President Ford, April 1975.
In August 1974, after Nixon resigned as president in the aftermath of theWatergate scandal, Rumsfeld was called back to Washington to serve as the transition chairman for the new president, Gerald Ford. He had been Ford's confidante since their days in the House, before Ford was House minority leader and was one of the members of the "Young Turks" who played a major role in bringing Ford to Republican leadership in the House of Representatives.[16] As the new president became settled in, Ford appointed RumsfeldWhite House Chief of Staff, following Ford's appointment of GeneralAlexander Haig to be the newSupreme Allied Commander Europe. Rumsfeld served from 1974 to 1975.[52][16]
In October 1975, Ford reshuffled his cabinet in theHalloween Massacre. Various newspaper and magazine articles at the time identified Rumsfeld as having orchestrated these events.[53] Ford named Rumsfeld to succeed Schlesinger as the 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense andGeorge H. W. Bush to becomeDirector of Central Intelligence. According toBob Woodward's 2002 bookBush at War, a rivalry developed between the two men and "Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to theCIA to end his political career."[54]
Rumsfeld's confirmation hearing as Secretary of Defense began on November 12, 1975. During the hearing, Rumsfeld was mostly asked about the administration's defense policy on the Cold War. Rumsfeld stated that the Soviet Union was a "clear and present danger," especially following the end of the Vietnam War, which Rumsfeld described as the USSR's chance to build up its domination.[16] On November 17, 1975, Rumsfeld was confirmed asSecretary of Defense by a vote of 97–2.[16] At the age of 43, Rumsfeld became the youngest person to serve asUnited States Secretary of Defense as of 2025.[55]
During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, undermining Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger at theSALT talks.[56] He asserted, along withTeam B (which he helped to set up),[57] that trends in comparative U.S.-Soviet military strength had not favored the United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they "would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world".[23] For this reason, he oversaw the development ofcruise missiles, theB-1 bomber, and a major naval shipbuilding program.[56]
Rumsfeld made some changes at thePentagon, including appointing a seconddeputy secretary of defense (a position created in 1972 but, beforeRobert Ellsworth, never filled before[58]) and combining certain offices. More than his predecessors, Rumsfeld frequently traveled both within the U.S. and internationally, acting as a key representative for theDefense Department, focusing on the politics of his defense role, to fulfill an imperative goal of budget increase, in order to maintain strategic parity with the Soviet Union.[59]
Rumsfeld, who previously was assigned to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, emphasized the importance of the next stage of the space program following the successful Moon landing in 1969. While serving as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld organized a joint-cooperation between theDepartment of Defense andNASA to developSkylab.[16] Another result of the cooperation was theSpace Shuttle program.[16]
During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld worked to finish the SALT II Treaty.[16] Rumsfeld, together withChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff GeneralGeorge S. Brown drafted the treaty.[16] However, an agreement was not made before the 1976 election. SALT II was finished and signed during the Carter administration.[60][16]
In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, thePresidential Medal of Freedom.[1] Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, later paid him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him "a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled full-time politician-bureaucrat in whom ambition, ability, and substance fuse seamlessly".[61]
In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton'sWoodrow Wilson School and Northwestern'sKellogg School of Management. His sights instead turned to business, and from 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as chief executive officer, president, and then chairman ofG. D. Searle & Company, a worldwide pharmaceutical company based inSkokie, Illinois. During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led the company's financial turnaround, thereby earning awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from theWall Street Transcript (1980) andFinancial World (1981). JournalistAndrew Cockburn ofHarper's Magazine claimed that Rumsfeld suppressed news that Searle's key product,aspartame, was shown to havepotentially dangerous effects by leveraging old government contacts atthe Food and Drug Administration.[62] In 1985, Searle was sold to theMonsanto Company.[63]
Rumsfeld served as chairman and chief executive officer ofGeneral Instrument from 1990 to 1993.[64] A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digitalhigh-definition television (HDTV) technology. After taking the company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993.[65]
From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as chairman ofGilead Sciences, Inc. Gilead is the developer of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir), which is used in the treatment ofbird flu[66] as well asinfluenza A andinfluenza B in humans.[67] As a result, Rumsfeld's holdings in the company grew significantly when avian flu became a subject of popular anxiety during his later term as Secretary of Defense. Following standard practice, Rumsfeldrecused himself from any decisions involving Gilead, and he directed the Pentagon's general counsel to issue instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and the Pentagon had to respond.[68][69]
During his business career, Rumsfeld continued part-time public service in various posts. In November 1983, Rumsfeld was appointed special envoy to the Middle East by President Ronald Reagan,[70] at a turbulent time in modern Middle Eastern history when Iraq was fighting Iran in theIran–Iraq War. The United States wished for Iraq to win the conflict, and Rumsfeld was sent to the Middle East to serve as a mediator on behalf of the president.
As President Reagan's Special Envoy to the Middle East, Rumsfeld met withSaddam Hussein during a visit toBaghdad in December 1983, during theIran–Iraq War.
When Rumsfeld visitedBaghdad on December 20, 1983, he met Saddam Hussein at Saddam's palace and engaged a 90-minute discussion with him. They largely agreed on opposingSyria's occupation ofLebanon; preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion; and preventing arms sales to Iran. Rumsfeld suggested that if U.S.-Iraq relations could improve the U.S. might support a newoil pipeline acrossJordan, which Iraq had opposed but was now willing to reconsider. Rumsfeld also informed Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign MinisterTariq Aziz that "Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us ... citing the use ofchemical weapons."[11]: 159–60
Rumsfeld wrote in his memoirKnown and Unknown that his meeting with Hussein "has been the subject of gossip, rumors, and crackpot conspiracy theories for more than a quarter of a century ... Supposedly I had been sent to see Saddam by President Reagan either to negotiate a secret oil deal, to help arm Iraq, or to make Iraq an Americanclient state. The truth is that our encounter was more straightforward and less dramatic."[39]: 6 The Washington Post reported that "Although former U.S. officials agree that Rumsfeld was not one of the architects of the Reagan administration'stilt toward Iraq—he was a private citizen when he was appointed Middle East envoy—the documents show that his visits to Baghdad led to closer U.S.–Iraqi cooperation on a wide variety of fronts."[71]
In addition to taking the position of Middle East envoy, Rumsfeld served as a member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control (1982–1986); President Reagan's special envoy on theLaw of the Sea Treaty (1982–1983); a senior adviser to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984); a member of the Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations (1983–1984); a member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990); a member of theNational Economic Commission (1988–1989); a member of the board of visitors of theNational Defense University (1988–1992); a member of theFCC's High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993); a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000); a member of theCouncil on Foreign Relations; and chairman of the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000). Among his most noteworthy positions was chairman of the nine-memberCommission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States from January to July 1998. In its findings, the commission concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U.S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed.[72]
During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of theNational Academy of Public Administration, and was named a member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, theEisenhower Exchange Fellowships, theHoover Institution atStanford University, and theNational Park Foundation. He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group.[73] Rumsfeld was a member of theProject for the New American Century, a think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he was asked to serve theU.S. State Department as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. Though considered one of the Bush administration's staunchest hard-liners against North Korea, Rumsfeld sat on European engineering giantAsea Brown Boveri's board from 1990 to 2001, a company that sold two light-water nuclear reactors to theKorean Peninsula Energy Development Organization for installation inNorth Korea, as part of the1994 agreed framework reached under PresidentBill Clinton. Rumsfeld's office said that he did not "recall it being brought before the board at any time" thoughFortune magazine reported that "board members were informed about this project".[74][75] The Bush administration repeatedly criticized the 1994 agreement and the former Clinton presidency for its softness towards North Korea, regarding the country as astate sponsor of terrorism, and later designated North Korea as part of theAxis-of-Evil.[76]
Rumsfeld briefly sought the presidential nominationin 1988, but withdrew from the race beforeprimaries began.[79] During the1996 election season, he initially formed apresidential exploratory committee, but declined to formally enter the race. He was instead named national chairman for Republican nomineeBob Dole's campaign.[80]
Rumsfeld was named Secretary of Defense soon after President George W. Bush took office in 2001 despite Rumsfeld's past rivalry with the previous President Bush. Bush's first choice,FedEx founderFred Smith, was unavailable and Vice President-elect Cheney recommended Rumsfeld for the job.[81] Rumsfeld's second tenure as Secretary of Defense cemented him as the most powerful Pentagon chief sinceRobert McNamara and one of the most influential Cabinet members in the Bush administration.[82] His tenure proved to be a pivotal and rocky one that led the United States military into the 21st century. Following theSeptember 11 attacks, Rumsfeld led the military planning and execution of the 2001United States invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent2003 invasion of Iraq. He pushed hard to send as small a force as soon as possible to both conflicts, a concept codified as theRumsfeld Doctrine.[83]
Throughout his time as defense secretary, Rumsfeld was noted for his candor and quick wit when giving weekly press conferences or speaking with the press.[84]U.S. News & World Report called him "a straight-talking Midwesterner" who "routinely has the press corps doubled over in fits of laughter".[84] By the same token, his leadership was exposed to much criticism through books covering the Iraq conflict, likeBob Woodward'sState of Denial,Thomas E. Ricks'Fiasco, andSeymour Hersh'sChain of Command.[85]
Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon, just eight hours after the attacks and stated, "It's an indication that the United States government is functioning in the face of this terrible act against our country. I should add that the briefing here is taking place in the Pentagon. The Pentagon's functioning. It will be in business tomorrow."[88]
Rumsfeld and New York City MayorRudy Giuliani speak at the site of the World Trade Center attacks inLower Manhattan on November 14, 2001.
On the afternoon of September 11, Rumsfeld issued rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of possible Iraqi involvement in regard to what had just occurred, according to notes taken by senior policy officialStephen Cambone. "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H." – meaning Saddam Hussein – "at same time. Not only UBL" (Osama bin Laden), Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying. "Need to move swiftly – Near term target needs – go massive – sweep it all up. Things related and not."[89][90]
In the first emergency meeting of theNational Security Council on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, "Why shouldn't we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?" with his deputyPaul Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a "brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable," and, according toJohn Kampfner, "from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case."[91] President George W. Bush reacted to Rumsfeld's suggestion, "Wait a minute, I didn't hear a word said about him (Saddam Hussein) being responsible for the attack"[92] and the idea was initially rejected at the behest of Secretary of StateColin Powell, but, according to Kampfner, "Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded." In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed theBush Doctrine, centering on "pre-emption" and the war on Iraq, which thePNAC had advocated in their earlier letters.[93]
Richard A. Clarke, the White House counter-terrorism coordinator at the time, has revealed details of another National Security Council meeting the day after the attacks, during which officials considered the U.S. response. Already, he said, they were certain al-Qa'ida was to blame and there was no hint of Iraqi involvement. "Rumsfeld was saying we needed to bomb Iraq," according to Clarke. Clarke then stated, "We all said, 'No, no, al-Qa'ida is in Afghanistan.'" Clarke also revealed that Rumsfeld complained in the meeting, "there aren't any good targets in Afghanistan and there are lots of good targets in Iraq."[94] Rumsfeld even suggested to attack other countries like Libya and Sudan, arguing that if this was to be a truly "global war on terror" then all state sponsors of terrorism should be dealt with.[95]
Rumsfeld wrote inKnown and Unknown, "Much has been written about the Bush administration's focus on Iraq after 9/11. Commentators have suggested that it was strange or obsessive for the President and his advisers to have raised questions about whether Saddam Hussein was somehow behind the attack. I have never understood the controversy. I had no idea if Iraq was or was not involved, but it would have been irresponsible for any administration not to have asked the question."[39]: 347
A memo written by Rumsfeld dated November 27, 2001, considers an Iraq war. One section of the memo questions "How start?", listing multiple possible justifications for a U.S.-Iraq War.[96]
Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated November 27, 2001[96]
Rumsfeld directed the planning for theWar in Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks.[83] On September 21, 2001,USCENTCOM Commander GeneralTommy Franks, briefed the President on a plan to destroy al Qaeda in Afghanistan and remove theTaliban government. General Franks also initially proposed to Rumsfeld that the U.S. invade Afghanistan using a conventional force of 60,000 troops, preceded by six months of preparation. Rumsfeld, however feared that a conventional invasion of Afghanistan could bog down as had happened to the Soviets in theSoviet–Afghan War and the1842 retreat from Kabul by the British.[97] Rumsfeld rejected Franks's plan, saying "I want men on the ground now!" Franks returned the next day with a plan utilizingU.S. Special Forces.[98][83] Despite air and missile attacks against al Qaeda in Afghanistan,USCENTCOM had no pre-existing plans for conducting ground operations there.[83]
The September 21, 2001 plan emerged after extensive dialogue, but Secretary Rumsfeld also asked for broader plans that looked beyond Afghanistan.[83]
On October 7, 2001, just hours after the2001 invasion of Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon stating "While our raids today focus on the Taliban and the foreign terrorists in Afghanistan, our aim remains much broader. Our objective is to defeat those who use terrorism and those who house or support them. The world stands united in this effort".[99]
Rumsfeld also stated "the only way to deal with these terrorist threats is to go at them where they exist. You cannot defend at every place at every time against every conceivable, imaginable, even unimaginable terrorist attack. And the only way to deal with it is to take the battle to where they are and to root them out and to starve them out by seeing that those countries and those organizations and those non-governmental organizations and those individuals that are supporting and harboring and facilitating these networks stop doing it and find that there's a penalty for doing it".[99]
Rumsfeld in another press conference at the Pentagon on October 29, 2001, stated "As the first weeks of this effort proceed, it bears repeating that our goal is not to reduce or simply contain terrorist acts, but our goal is to deal with it comprehensively. And we do not intend to stop until we've rooted out terrorist networks and put them out of business, not just in the case of the Taliban and the Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, but other networks as well. And as I've mentioned, the Al Qaeda network crosses some 40, 50-plus countries."[100]
Rumsfeld announced in November 2001, that he received "authoritative reports" that Al-Qaeda's number threeMohammed Atef, bin Laden's primary military chief and a planner of the September 11 attacks on America, was killed by a U.S. airstrike.[101][102][103] "He was very, very senior," Rumsfeld said. "We obviously have been seeking [him] out."[101]
In a press conference at the Pentagon on November 19, 2001, Rumsfeld described the role of U.S. ground forces in Afghanistan as firstly in the north, American troops are "embedded inNorthern Alliance" elements, helping arrange food and medical supplies and pinpointing airstrikes and in the south, commandos and other troops are operating more independently, raiding compounds, monitoring roadblocks and searching vehicles in the hope of developing more information about al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders.[103][101] On December 16, 2001, Rumsfeld visited U.S. troops in Afghanistan atBagram Air Base.[104]
On March 15, 2002, in another press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the mission ofOperation Anaconda by stating "Operation Anaconda continues in the area south of Gardez in eastern Afghanistan. The fighting is winding down as you know. Coalition forces are for the most part in an exploitation phase, doing the difficult work of searching caves and clearing areas where the battles and fighting has taken place. Our forces are finding weapons, ammunition, some intelligence information. In the top 25 al Qaeda, we know some are dead and we know some may be dead; we know some are captured and there are a larger number that we don't know. And roughly the same proportions with respect to Taliban".[105]
On May 1, 2003, Rumsfeld during a visit to Afghanistan meeting with U.S. troops stationed in Kabul told the press "General Franks and I have been looking at the progress that's being made in this country and have concluded that we are at a point where we clearly have moved from major combat activity to a period of stability and stabilization and reconstruction and activities." "I should underline however, that there are still dangers, there are still pockets of resistance in certain parts of the country and General McNeal and General Franks and their, the cooperation they have with thePresident Karzai's government and leadership and Marshall Fayheems assistance. We will be continuing as a country to work with the Afghan government and the new Afghan National Army to see that the any areas where there is resistance to this government and to the coalition forces will be dealt with promptly and efficiently."[106]
There was also controversy between the Pentagon and the CIA over who had the authority to fireHellfire missiles fromPredator drones.[107] Even though the drones were not ready for deployment until 2002,[107]Daniel Benjamin andSteven Simon have argued that "these quarrels kept the Predator from being used against al Qaeda ... One anonymous individual who was at the center of the action called this episode 'typical' and complained that 'Rumsfeld never missed an opportunity to fail to cooperate. The fact is, the Secretary of Defense is an obstacle. He has helped the terrorists.'[108]
In December 2005, Rumsfeld again visited Kabul and met with the Afghan defense minister,Rahim Wardak. During the meeting, Rumsfeld expressed doubts about the effectiveness of theAfghan army and attributed the worsening situation in Afghanistan to ineffective governance. He criticized the longstanding plan to expand the Afghan army to 70,000 troops and requested a reduction in the size of the Afghan army to 52,000 at most, claiming that this was necessary to "suit Afghanistan's limited revenues." Shortly after the trip, Rumsfeld also withdrew 3,000 U.S. troops from Afghanistan and canceled the planned deployment of one army brigade headed there.[109]
In 2009, three years after Rumsfeld's tenure as Defense secretary ended, theUnited States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations led an investigation into theBattle of Tora Bora in December 2001, during the early phase of the U.S-led coalition war in Afghanistan. They concluded that Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld and General Franks had not committed enough troops during the battle to secure the area around Tora Bora. They believed that Al-Qaeda's number one leaderOsama bin Laden had likely been at Tora Bora and his escape prolonged the war in Afghanistan.[110] Rumsfeld and Franks were apparently motivated by fear that a substantial American presence near Tora Bora could incite a rebellion by localPashtuns, despite the latter's lack of organizational capability at the time and the fierce dissent voiced by many CIA analysts includingCharles E. Allen (who warned Franks that "the back door [toPakistan] was open") andGary Berntsen (who called forarmy rangers to "kill this baby in the crib"). Instead of rangers ormarines, the U.S. assault on Tora Bora relied on the CIA-backed Afghan militias ofHazrat Ali andZahir Qadeer, supplemented withB-52 bombardment. The resulting influx of hundreds of al-Qaeda fighters into Pakistan destabilized the country and damagedPakistan–United States relations.[111] The follow-upOperation Anaconda "witnessed failures of planning and execution, the product of the fractured lines of command," as recounted bySteve Coll.[112] In mid-2002, Rumsfeld announced that "The war is over in Afghanistan," to the disbelief of State Department, CIA, and military officials in the country. As a result, Rumsfeld downplayed the need for an Afghan army of even 70,000 troops, far fewer than the 250,000 envisaged by Karzai.[113]
Before and during theIraq War, Rumsfeld claimed that Iraq had an activeweapons of mass destruction program; in particular during his famous phrase "there are known knowns" in a press conference at the Pentagon on February 12, 2002,[114]no stockpiles were ever found.[4][5] Bush administration officials also claimed that there was an operational relationship between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein. A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide,Douglas J. Feith, "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community, to senior decision-makers".[6]
The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack fell to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, "Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking." As a result, "they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a newOffice of Special Plans (OSP) based in the U.S. Defense Department." According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP "was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties toAl Qaeda, and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States".[93]
On January 22, 2003, after the German and French governments voiced opposition to invading Iraq, Rumsfeld labeled these countries as part of "Old Europe", implying that countries that supported the war were part of a newer, modern Europe.[115]
Romanian PresidentIon Iliescu (right) awards the"Star of Romania" decoration to Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld.
After the war in Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld participated in a meeting in regard to the review of the Department of Defense's Contingency Plan in the event of a war with Iraq. The plan, as it was then conceived, contemplated troop levels of up to 500,000, which Rumsfeld felt was far too many. Gordon and Trainor wrote:
As [General] Newbold outlined the plan ... it was clear that Rumsfeld was growing increasingly irritated. For Rumsfeld, the plan required too many troops and supplies and took far too long to execute. It was, Rumsfeld declared, the "product of old thinking and the embodiment of everything that was wrong with the military".[116]
In a press conference at the Pentagon on February 27, 2003, Rumsfeld told reporters after being asked a question that Army Chief of Staff GeneralEric Shinseki suggested it would take several hundred thousand troops on the ground to secure Iraq and provide stability. Is he wrong?. Rumsfeld replied "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand U.S. forces I think is far from the mark. The reality is that we already have a number of countries that have offered to participate with their forces in stabilization activities, in the event force has to be used."[117]
Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon on March 20, 2003, just hours after the launch of the2003 Invasion of Iraq, where he announced the first strike of the war to liberate Iraq and that "The days of the Saddam Hussein regime are numbered," and "We continue to feel there is no need for a broader conflict if the Iraqi leaders act to save themselves and act to prevent such a conflict."[118]
Rumsfeld's role in directing theIraq War included a plan that was theShock and Awe campaign,[119] which resulted ina lightning invasion with 145,000 soldiers on the ground[120] that took Baghdad within three weeks.[121] Many government buildings, plus major museums, electrical generation infrastructure, and even oil equipment were looted and vandalized during the transition from the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime to the establishment of theCoalition Provisional Authority. A violentinsurrection began shortly after the military operation started.
On March 30, 2003, in an interview withGeorge Stephanopoulos onABC'sThis Week program, Rumsfeld answered a question by Stephanopoulos about finding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated "We know where they are. They're in the area aroundTikrit and Baghdad and east, west, south and north somewhat."[122]
On April 9, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld addressed reporters during theFall of Baghdad, and stated "The scenes of free Iraqis celebrating in the streets, riding American tanks, tearing down the statues of Saddam Hussein in the center of Baghdad are breathtaking."[123]
After the Iraq invasion, U.S. troops were criticized for not protecting the historical artifacts and treasures located at theNational Museum of Iraq. On April 11, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, when asked at the time why U.S. troops did not actively seek to stop the lawlessness, Rumsfeld replied, "Stuff happens ... and it's untidy and freedom's untidy, and free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things. They're also free to live their lives and do wonderful things. And that's what's going to happen here."[124] He further commented that, "The images you are seeing on television you are seeing over, and over, and over, and it's the same picture of some person walking out of some building with a vase, and you see it 20 times, and you think, "My goodness, were there that many vases?"[124]
On July 24, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the release of photographs of the deceased sons of Saddam Hussein,Uday Hussein andQusay Hussein. "It is not a practice that the United States engages in on a normal basis," Rumsfeld said. "I honestly believe that these two are particularly bad characters and that it's important for the Iraqi people to see them, to know they're gone, to know they're dead, and to know they're not coming back." Rumsfeld also said, "I feel it was the right decision, and I'm glad I made it."[125][126][127]
In October 2003, Rumsfeld approved a secret Pentagon "roadmap" on public relations, calling for "boundaries" between information operations abroad and the news media at home. The Roadmap advances a policy according to which as long as the U.S. government does not intentionally target the American public, it does not matter thatpsychological operations reach the American public.[128]
On December 14, 2003, Rumsfeld in an interview with journalistLesley Stahl on60 Minutes after U.S. forces capturedSaddam Hussein inOperation Red Dawn, stated, "Here was a man who was photographed hundreds of times shooting off rifles and showing how tough he was, and in fact, he wasn't very tough, he was cowering in a hole in the ground, and had a pistol and didn't use it, and certainly did not put up any fight at all. I think that ... he resulted in the death of an awful lot of Iraqi people, in the last analysis, he seemed not terribly brave."[129]
As Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld was deliberate in crafting the public message from the Department of Defense. People will "rally" to the word "sacrifice", Rumsfeld noted after a meeting. "They are looking for leadership. Sacrifice = Victory." In May 2004, Rumsfeld considered whether to redefine the war on terrorism as a fight against "worldwide insurgency". He advised aides "to test what the results could be" if the war on terrorism were renamed.[130] Rumsfeld also ordered specific public Pentagon attacks on and responses to U.S. newspaper columns that reported the negative aspects of the war.
During Rumsfeld's tenure, he regularly visited U.S. troops stationed in Iraq.[131]
TheAustralian Broadcasting Corporation reported that though Rumsfeld didn't specify a withdrawal date for troops in Iraq, "He says it would be unrealistic to wait for Iraq to be peaceful before removing U.S. led forces from the country, adding that Iraq had never been peaceful and perfect."[132]
On August 2, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on thesectarian violence in Iraq where he stated "there's sectarian violence; people are being killed.Sunnis are killingShi'a and Shi'a are killing Sunnis.Kurds seem not to be involved. It's unfortunate, and they need a reconciliation process."[133]
On October 26, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon after the failure ofOperation Together Forward in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated "Would defeat in Iraq be so bad?" Well, the answer is: Yes, it would be. Those who are fighting against the Iraqi government want to seize power so that they can establish a new sanctuary and a base of operations for terrorists and any idea that U.S. military leaders are rigidly refusing to make adjustments in their approaches is just flat wrong. The military is continuing to adapt and to adjust as required. Yes, there are difficulties and problems to be sure."[134]
As a result, Rumsfeld stirred controversy as to whether the forces that did invade Iraq were enough in size.[116] In 2006, Rumsfeld responded to a question byBrit Hume ofFox News as to whether he pressed GeneralTommy Franks to lower his request for 400,000 troops for the war:
Absolutely not. That's a mythology. This town [Washington, D.C.] is filled with this kind of nonsense. The people who decide the levels of forces on the ground are not the Secretary of Defense or the President. We hear recommendations, but the recommendations are made by the combatant commanders and by members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff and there hasn't been a minute in the last six years when we have not had the number of troops that the combatant commanders have requested.[135]
Rumsfeld told Hume that Franks ultimately decided against such a troop level.[136]
Throughout his tenure, Rumsfeld sought to remind the American people of the 9/11 attacks and threats against Americans, noting at one time in a 2006 memo to "[m]ake the American people realize they are surrounded in the world by violent extremists".[137][130] According to a report byThe Guardian, Rumsfeld was allegedly includingbiblical quotes in top secret briefing papers to appeal George W Bush, known for his devout religious beliefs, to invade Iraq as more like "holy war" or "a religious crusade" against Muslims.[138]
In a September 2007 interview withThe Daily Telegraph, GeneralMike Jackson, the head of theBritish army during the invasion, criticized Rumsfeld's plans for the invasion of Iraq as "intellectually bankrupt", adding that Rumsfeld is "one of those most responsible for the current situation in Iraq", and that he felt that "the US approach to combating global terrorism is 'inadequate' and too focused on military might rather thannation building and diplomacy."[139]
In December 2004, Rumsfeld was heavily criticized for using asigning machine instead of personally signing over 1000 letters of condolence to the families of soldiers killed in action in Iraq and Afghanistan. He promised to personally sign all letters in the future.[140]
Comment from Rumsfeld: "I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to 4 hours?"
The Department of Defense's preliminary concerns for holding, housing, and interrogating captured prisoners on the battlefield were raised during the military build-up prior to the Iraq War. Because Saddam Hussein's military forces surrendered when faced with military action, many within the DOD, including Rumsfeld and United States Central Command General Tommy Franks, decided it was in the best interest of all to hand these prisoners over to their respective countries. Additionally, it was determined that maintaining a large holding facility was, at the time, unrealistic. Instead, the use of many facilities such asAbu Ghraib to house prisoners of interest prior to handing them over, and Rumsfeld defended the Bush administration's decision to detainenemy combatants. Because of this, critics, including members of theU.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, held Rumsfeld responsible for the ensuingAbu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Rumsfeld himself said: "These events occurred on my watch as Secretary of Defense. I am accountable for them."[141] He offered his resignation to President Bush in the wake of the scandal, but it was not accepted.[142]
Rumsfeld poses with Marines during one of his trips toCamp Fallujah, Iraq, on Christmas Eve 2004.
In a memo read by Rumsfeld detailing howGuantanamo Bay detention camp interrogators induced stress in prisoners by forcing them to remain standing in one position for a maximum of four hours, Rumsfeld scrawled a handwritten note on the memo reading: "I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to 4 hours? D.R."[143]
Various organizations, such asHuman Rights Watch, called for investigations of Rumsfeld regarding his involvement in managing the Iraq War and his support of the Bush administration's policies of "enhanced interrogation techniques", which are widely regarded as torture.[144][145]
Legal scholars have argued that Rumsfeld "might be held criminally responsible if [he] would be prosecuted by theICC".[146] In 2005 theACLU and Human Rights First filed a lawsuit against Rumsfeld and other top government officials, "on behalf of eight men who they say were subjected to torture and abuse by U.S. forces under the command of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld".[147]
In 2005, a suit was filed against Rumsfeld by several human rights organizations for allegedly violating U.S. and international law that prohibits "torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment".[147]Donald Vance and Nathan Ertel filed suit against the U.S. government and Rumsfeld on similar grounds, alleging that they were tortured and their rights ofhabeas corpus were violated.[148][149][150][151] In 2007, U.S. District JudgeThomas F. Hogan ruled that Rumsfeld could not "be held personally responsible for actions taken in connection with his government job".[152] The ACLU tried to revive the case in 2011 with no success.[153]
In 2004, German prosecutorWolfgang Kaleck filed a criminal complaint charging Rumsfeld and 11 other U.S. officials as war criminals who either ordered the torture of prisoners or drafted laws that legitimated its use. The charges based on breaches of the UN Convention against Torture and the German Code of Crimes against International Law.[154]
Rumsfeld's disclosure of the whistleblower's identity during a Senate hearing, despite assurances toJoe Darby of his anonymity[155][156][157] led to shunning within the community, harassment and death threats against him and his family, resulting in them being taken into protective custody by the U.S. Army.[158] Darby would come to doubt the unintentionality of his public identification, though Rumsfeld sent him a letter stating there had been no malicious intent, the mention was meant as praise, that Rumsfeld was unaware of Darby's anonymity.[159]
Rumsfeld with former British Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher alongside the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff GeneralPeter Pace, 2006
Eight U.S. and otherNATO-member retired generals and admirals called for Rumsfeld to resign in early 2006 in what was called the "Generals Revolt", accusing him of "abysmal" military planning and lack of strategic competence.[160][161][162]
CommentatorPat Buchanan reported at the time thatWashington Post columnistDavid Ignatius, who traveled often to Iraq and supported the war, said the generals "mirror the views of 75 percent of the officers in the field, and probably more".[163] Rumsfeld rebuffed these criticisms, stating, "out of thousands and thousands of admirals and generals, if every time two or three people disagreed we changed the secretary of defense of the United States, it would be like a merry-go-round."[164] Bush defended Rumsfeld throughout and responded by stating that Rumsfeld is "exactly what is needed".[165]
Rumsfeld shakes President Bush's hand as he announces his resignation, November 8, 2006.
On November 1, 2006, Bush stated he would stand by Rumsfeld as defense secretary for the length of his term as president.[166] Rumsfeld wrote a resignation letter dated November 6, 2006, and, per the stamp on the letter, Bush saw it onElection Day, November 7, 2006.[167] In theelections, the House and the Senate shifted to Democratic control. After the elections on November 8, 2006, Bush announced Rumsfeld would resign his position as Secretary of Defense. Many Republicans were unhappy with the delay, believing they would have won more votes if voters had known Rumsfeld was resigning.[167]
Bush nominatedRobert Gates to succeed Rumsfeld.[168][169][170] On December 15, 2006, a farewell ceremony, with an armed forces full honor review and a19-gun salute, was held at the Pentagon Mall Terrace in honor of the departing Rumsfeld.[171]
Rumsfeld shares a laugh with his successor,Robert Gates, at a ceremony to unveil his official portrait as Secretary of Defense, June 25, 2010.Dedication ceremony of thePentagon Memorial in 2008Rumsfeld greeting former presidentGeorge W. Bush in 2019
In the months after his resignation, Rumsfeld toured the New York City publishing houses in preparation for a potential memoir.[172] After receiving what one industry source labeled "big bids",[173] he reached an agreement with thePenguin Group to publish the book under itsSentinel HC imprint.[174] Rumsfeld declined to accept anadvance for the publication of his memoir, and said he was donating all proceeds from the work to veterans groups.[175] His book, entitledKnown and Unknown: A Memoir, was released on February 8, 2011.[176]
In conjunction with the publication ofKnown and Unknown, Rumsfeld established "The Rumsfeld Papers", a website with documents "related to theendnotes" of the book and his service during the George W. Bush administration;[177] during the months that followed the book's publication, the website was expanded to include over 4,000 documents from his archive. As of June 2011,[needs update] the topics included his Congressional voting record, the Nixon administration, documents and memos of meetings while he was part of the Ford, Reagan, and George W. Bush administrations, private sector documents, and NATO documents, among other items.[177]
In 2007, Rumsfeld established The Rumsfeld Foundation, which focuses on encouraging public service in the United States and supporting the growth of free political and free economic systems abroad. The educational foundation provides fellowships to talented individuals from the private sector who want to serve for some time in government.[175] Rumsfeld personally financed the foundation.[178] As of January 2014, the foundation had sponsored over 90 fellows from Central Asia, provided over million in tuition and stipend support for graduate students, awarded over million inmicrofinance grants, and donated over million to charities for veterans' affairs.[clarification needed][179]
After his retirement from government, Rumsfeld criticized former fellow Cabinet memberCondoleezza Rice,Secretary of State, in his memoir, asserting that she was basically unfit for office. In 2011, she responded, saying that Rumsfeld "doesn't know what he's talking about. The reader may imagine what can be correct about the conflicted matter."[180]
In February 2011, Rumsfeld endorsed the repeal of the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, saying that allowing gays and lesbians to openly serve "is an idea whose time has come".[181]
In March 2011, Rumsfeld spoke out on the2011 military intervention in Libya, tellingABC News Senior White House CorrespondentJake Tapper that the Obama administration should "recognize the mission has to determine the coalition. The coalition ought not determine the mission." Rumsfeld also used the word "confusion" six times to describe the United Nations-backed military effort in Libya.[182]
In October 2011, Rumsfeld conducted an interview withAl Jazeera's Washington, D.C., bureau chiefAbderrahim Foukara. Foukara asked Rumsfeld whether, in hindsight, the Bush administration had sent enough troops into Iraq to secure the borders of the country, and whether that made the United States culpable in the death of innocent Iraqis. Foukara said people in the Pentagon told Rumsfeld the number of troops sent into Iraq was insufficient. Rumsfeld said, "You keep making assertions which are fundamentally false. No one in the Pentagon said they were not enough." Foukara pressed Rumsfeld repeatedly. Rumsfeld then asked, "Do you want to yell or do you want to have an interview?" Foukara then asked, "Do you think the numbers that you went to Iraq with did absolve you from the responsibility of tens, maybe hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqis killed by the Coalition and those criminals that you talked about?" Rumsfeld called the question "pejorative" and said Foukara was "not being respectful" (Foukara disagreed) and was "just talking over, and over, and over again".[183][184]
In January 2016, in partnership with the literary and creative agency Javelin, which handled design and development,[186] Rumsfeld released amobile app game ofsolitaire calledChurchill Solitaire, emulating a variant of the card game as played byWinston Churchill.[187] Rumsfeld and the Churchill family said that profits from the game would be donated to charity.[188][189]
On January 5, 2021, Rumsfeld was one of the ten living formerSecretaries of Defense that sent a warning letter in order to warn President Trump not to involve the military in a 2020 presidential election dispute.[191]
Rumsfeld gives the command at the2005 Pepsi 400, where he served as the grand marshal.[196]
During the four elections during which he ran to representIllinois's 13th congressional district, Rumsfeld received shares of the popular vote that ranged from 58% (in 1964) to 76% (in 1966). In 1975 and 2001, Rumsfeld was overwhelminglyconfirmed by the U.S. Senate after presidents Gerald Ford and George W. Bush, respectively, appointed him as U.S. Secretary of Defense.
Rumsfeld in the Pentagon auditorium for his final meeting with Pentagon employees, December 8, 2006
Rumsfeld was awarded 11 honorary degrees.[197] Following his years as CEO, president, and later chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, he was recognized as Outstanding CEO in the pharmaceutical industry byThe Wall Street Transcript (1980) andFinancial World (1981).[198]
Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger described Rumsfeld as "the most ruthless man" he knew.[210]George Packer ofThe Atlantic named Rumsfeld "the worst secretary of defense in American history" who "lacked the wisdom to change his mind."[211] Bradley Graham, aWashington Post reporter and author of the book titledBy His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld released on June 23, 2009, stated "Rumsfeld left office as one of the most controversial Defense Secretaries since Robert McNamara and widely criticized for his management of the Iraq war and for his difficult relationships with Congress, administration colleagues, and military officers."[212]Neoconservative commentatorBill Kristol was also critical of Rumsfeld, stating he "breezily dodged responsibility" for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including insufficient troop levels.[213] InJon Meacham's bookDestiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush, published in November 2015, the 41st presidentGeorge H.W. Bush was critical of Rumsfeld and called Rumsfeld "an arrogant fellow" and "I think he served the president badly," and "I don't like what he did, and I think it hurt the president having his iron-ass view of everything."[214]
Eastern Air Lines: former director – The annual reports of Eastern Air Lines disclose that Donald Rumsfeld was a member of Eastern Air Lines board of directors.
Gilead Sciences: Joined Gilead as a director in 1988, chairman (1997–2001)
Kellogg's: director 1985–1999 whileCarlos Gutierrez (ex Cuba 1960) was president, CEO and chairman of Kellogg until named Secretary of Commerce under Bush from 2005.
RAND Corporation: chairman of the board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld withPresident George W. Bush, following President Bush's visit toThe Pentagon to address military and Department of Defense personnel and sign the Defense Appropriations Bill, January 10, 2002
^Shenon, Philip (December 30, 2018)."Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary".Politico.Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. RetrievedJune 30, 2021....Carlucci came to Washington and found himself in the company of old friends, including former Princeton roommate Donald Rumsfeld, Ford's White House chief of staff and later his defense secretary.
^abMann, James (November 1, 2003)."Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld".The Atlantic.Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. RetrievedJuly 4, 2021.Two Republican governors had turned down Nixon's invitations to head the Office of Economic Opportunity, an agency established during the Johnson Administration to run new programs aimed at eliminating poverty. Nixon offered the job to Rumsfeld, who had voted in Congress against many of those programs. ... Before taking the job Rumsfeld bargained hard. At a meeting with Nixon in Key Biscayne, he won assurances that he would be named not only head of the anti-poverty agency but also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House.
^"The Administration: The New OEO Fan".Time. May 2, 1969.ISSN0040-781X.Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. RetrievedJuly 4, 2021.Rumsfeld had refused an administration post at first but changed his mind when Nixon sweetened the OEO job with status and responsibility.
^"Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)".www.senate.gov. U.S. Senate.Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. RetrievedJuly 4, 2021....the inauguration of Richard Nixon as president in 1969 set in motion a chain of events that would propel Cheney from a congressional fellow to White House chief of staff in seven fast years. His rapid ascent began when Nixon appointed Rumsfeld to head the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). Cheney sent Rumsfeld an unsolicited memo suggesting ways to handle his confirmation hearings, which prompted Rumsfeld to hire him. ...
^O’Gara, Geoffrey (October 31, 2015)."Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics".WyoHistory.org. The Wyoming State Historical Society.Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. RetrievedJuly 4, 2021....It was during Rumsfeld's first stint in the executive branch, under Nixon, that he signed up Cheney as his chief lieutenant. This incongruously put two conservative Republicans in charge first of an anti-poverty program originated during President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society (the OEO), and ...
^Sullivan, Patricia (December 18, 2005)."Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies".The Washington Post.Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. RetrievedJuly 4, 2021....Mr. Anderson was considered significantly more accurate than his predecessor, although he was not error-free. He admitted he wrongly charged Donald H. Rumsfeld with lavishly decorating his office while cutting expenses on programs of the Office of Economic Opportunity....
^Andrew Cockburn (2007).Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Simon and Schuster. p. 20.
^Craig Unger (2007).The Fall of the House of Bush: The Untold Story of how a Band of True Believers Seized the Executive Branch, Started the Iraq War, and Still Imperils America's Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50.
^Craig Unger (2008).American Armageddon: How the Delusions of the Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America – and Still Imperil Our Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50.
^Rearden, Steven L. (2012).Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991. Washington, D.C.: NDU Press for the Joint History Office, Office of the Director, Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff.ISBN978-1-78039-886-0.OCLC867144095.
^Mann, James (October 8, 2003)."Rumsfeld's Roots".The Atlantic.Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. RetrievedAugust 18, 2008.
^"MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK".The New York Times. November 20, 1983.Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. RetrievedJuly 4, 2021.President Reagan sent his new Middle East envoy, Donald Rumsfeld, to confer with the Turks and prepared to receive President Spyros Kyprianou of Cyprus tomorrow.
^"Rummy's North Korea Connection; What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it?".Fortune. May 12, 2003. p. 75.
^abId.Gordon, Michael R. and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, 2006. Book excerpt from the Denver Post
^Helene C. Stikkel (November 18, 2004)."People – Secretary of Defense". United States Department of Defense. Archived fromthe original on November 10, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2013.
Hoehn, Andrew R.; Albert A. Robbert; Margaret C. Harrell (2011).Succession management for senior military positions: the Rumsfeld model for Secretary of Defense involvement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.ISBN978-0-8330-5228-5.
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