Albenia Boole (married 1833–1848, until her death) and Mary Cressy Litchfield (m.1850)
Donald McKay (September 4, 1810 – September 20, 1880) was a Nova Scotian-born American designer andbuilder ofsailing ships, famed for his record-settingextreme clippers.
McKay was born in Jordan Falls,Shelburne County, on Nova Scotia's South Shore, the oldest son and one of eighteen children of Hugh McKay, a fisherman and a farmer, and Ann McPherson McKay. Both of his parents were of Scottish descent. He was named after his grandfather, Captain Donald McKay, a British officer, who after theRevolutionary war moved to Nova Scotia from theScottish Highlands.[1]
In 1826 McKay moved to New York, where he served his apprenticeship underIsaac Webb in the Webb & Allen shipyard from 1827 to 1831.[1][2] He then returned briefly to Nova Scotia and built a boat with his uncle, but after they were swindled from the proceeds he returned to New York and took a job in the Brown & Bell shipyard, working forJacob Bell.[3] In 1840, following a recommendation from Bell, he was taken on as a supervisor at theBrooklyn Navy Yard, but stayed only briefly because of the anti-immigrant sentiment towards him (as a Canadian) from the men he was supervising.[3] Bell came to the rescue and found him an assignment to work on a packet ship in a shipyard inWiscasset, Maine. Returning south when that assignment was complete, he stopped inNewburyport and took a job as a foreman in the yard of John Currier, Jr.,[4] where he supervised the construction of the 427-tonDelia Walker. Currier was very impressed with McKay and offered him a five-year contract, which McKay refused driven by desire to own his own business.[5]
In 1841, William Currier (no relation to John) offered McKay the chance to become a partner in what would become the Currier & McKay shipyard in Newburyport. Two years later, with McKay now designing ships on his own, he and Currier parted ways and McKay went into business with a man named William Picket, building the packet shipsSt. George andJohn R. Skiddy. The partnership with Picket was "pleasant and profitable", but after McKay built theJoshua Bates forEnoch Train's new packet line to Liverpool in 1844, Train persuaded him to move to East Boston and start his own shipyard there.[3][5] Train not only provided the financing for McKay to do this but then became his biggest customer, commissioning seven more packet ships and fourclipper ships between 1845 and 1853—including the legendaryextreme clipperFlying Cloud.[3]
1840Delia Walker, 427 tons, McKay finished her for John Currier, Jr.
1841Mary Broughton, 323 tons, barque, built by Currier & McKay.
1842Ashburton, 449 tons, ship, build by Currier & McKay.
1842 Rio TraderCourier, early clipper trading ship, 380tons OM was the first ship fully designed and built by Donald McKay himself, as a partner in the firm of Currier & McKay, on a commission from Andrew Foster & Son, New York. She was built atNewburyport, Massachusetts. At the time it was rather unusual for a such advanced vessel to be built outside of New York or Baltimore. She was employed in the Rio coffee trade and made a big deal of money to her owners, but most importantly brought a much needed fame to McKay.[7]
1843St. George, 845 tons, pioneer packet of Red Cross Line, built by McKay & Picket.
1844John R. Skiddy, 930 tons, packet, built by McKay & Picket.
1844Joshua Bates, 620 tons, pioneer packet ofEnoch Train'sWhite Diamond Line. The White Diamond Line was one of the most important Atlantic emigrant routes from Europe to North America at the time. Built by McKay & Pickett.
In 1845 McKay, as a sole owner, established his own shipyard on Border Street,East Boston, where he built some of the finest American ships over a career of almost 25 years.
One of his first large orders was building five large packet ships for Enoch Train's White Diamond line between 1845 and 1850:Washington Irving,Anglo Saxon,Anglo American,Daniel Webster, andOcean Monarch.[8] TheOcean Monarch was lost to fire on August 28, 1848, soon after leaving Liverpool and within sight of Wales; over 170 of the passengers and crew perished.[9] TheWashington Irving carried Patrick Kennedy, grandfather ofKennedy family patriarchJoseph P. Kennedy Sr., to Boston in 1849.
1845Washington Irving, 751 tons, Boston-Liverpool packet ship, built forEnoch Train's White Diamond Line. Launched 15 September 1845. Sold to England in 1852.
1846Anglo-Saxon, 894 tons, 147 ft long, built for Enoch Train, Launched 5 September 1846.
1846New World, 1404 tons, packet ship, sold in 1882 to Austrians and renamedRudolph Kaiser. Her painting is available at Royal Museums Greenwich.[13][14]
1847Ocean Monarch, 1301 tons OM, built for Enoch Train.
1847A.Z., 700 tons, packet for Zerega&Co of New York.
1847Anglo-American, 704 tons, packet ship built for Enoch Train.[15]
1848Jenny Lind, 533 tons, packet ship.
1848L.Z., 897 tons, packet for Zerega&Co of New York.
1849Plymouth Rock, 960 tons, packet ship.
1849Helicon, extreme clipper barque, 400 tons OM
1849Reindeer, extreme clipper trading ship, 800 tons OM, built in East Boston
1849Parliament, 998 tons, packet ship.
1850Moses Wheeler, extreme clipper trading ship, 900 tons OM, built for Wheeler & King, Boston.
1850Sultana, extreme clipper barque, 400 tons OM
1850Cornelius Grinell, 118 tons, packet ship
1850Antarctic, 1116 tons, packet for Zerega&Co of New York
1850Daniel Webster, 1187 tons, built for Enoch Train.
1851Staffordshire, extreme clipper, 1817 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Enoch Train & Co. She wrecked offCape Sable, Nova Scotia, in 1853.
1851Flying Fish, extreme clipper, 1505 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Messrs. Sampson & Tappan, Boston. She wrecked on the 23rd of November 1958 offFuzhou, China en route to New York with a cargo of tea. The wreck was sold to a Manilla merchant. After she was rebuilt atWhampoa, China she was renamed theEl Bueno Suceso.[16]
1852Sovereign of the Seas, extreme clipper, 2421 tons OM. Known as theEnoch Train until the time she was launched, at which point she was purchased and renamed by Grinnell & Minturn.[3] At the time she was fastest sailing ship ever built.[17][18] She was wrecked in theMalacca Straits in 1859.
1852Westward Ho!, extreme clipper, 1650 tons OM, burned in Callao in 1864.
1853Empress of the Seas, extreme clipper, 2200 tons OM, burned in Australia in 1881.
1853Star of Empire, extreme clipper, 2050 tons OM, built for the Boston and Liverpool packet line of Enoch Train & Co. In 1857, laden with guano, she broke to pieces onCurrituck Beach, N. C.[19][20]
1853Chariot of Fame, extreme clipper, 2050 tons OM, 220 ft. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Enoch Train & Co. Per Richard McKay sources, sold in 1862 and came to her end in January, 1876, being abandoned or lost at sea en route fromChincha Islands toCork.[21]Great Republic (1853)
1853Great Republic, extreme clipper barque, 4555 tons OM – largest clipper ship ever built
1853Romance of the Sea, extreme clipper, 1782 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, forGeorge B. Upton and employed in the California Trade. She disappeared en route to San Francisco after having left Hong Kong 31 December 1862.[22]
1854Lightning, extreme clipper, 2083 tons OM, built for Messrs,Baines & Co. She burned while loading wool at Geelong, Australia on the 31st of October 1869.
1854Champion of the Seas, extreme clipper, 2447 tons OM, built for Messrs, Baines & Co.
1854James Baines, extreme clipper, 2525 tons OM, built for Messrs, Baines & Co.
1854Commodore Perry, medium clipper, 1964 tons OM, built forBlack Ball Line, burned near Bombay on 27 August 1869.[23]
1854Japan, medium clipper, 1964 tons OM, built for Messrs, Baines & Co.
1855Donald McKay, extreme clipper, 2594 tons OM, 266 ft, built for Messrs,Baines & Co., last extreme clipper ship built by Donald McKay, burned and broken up in 1888.[24]
1855Zephyr, medium clipper, 1184 tons OM
1855Defender, medium clipper, 1413 tons OM
1856Henry Hill, medium clipper barque, 568 tons OM
1856Mastiff, medium clipper, 1030 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, forGeorge B. Upton for the California and China trade. She was lost to a fire en route for the Sandwich Islands in the South Pacific on the 15th of September 1859. The entire crew and all passengers were rescued by the British shipHMS Achilles and brought to Honolulu.
1856Baltic, medium clipper, 1372 tons OM, 188 feet, built for Zerega&Co of New York.
1856Adriatic, medium clipper, 1327 tons OM, built for Zerega&Co of New York. She ran aground, off Whale Cove, on Digby Neck Peninsula, Nova Scotia, Canada on the 24th December 1859.
1864–1865Ashuelot, iron side-wheel double ended ship, 1030 tons.
1866Geo. B. Upton, wooden screw propeller ship, 604 tons.
1866Theodore D. Wagner, wooden screw propeller ship, 607 tons.
1867North Star, brig, 410 tons.
1867Helen Morris, medium clipper, 1285 tons OM
1868Sovereign of the Seas, 1502 tons
1868R.R. Higgins, schooner, 96 tons.
1869Glory of the Seas, medium clipper, 2102 tons OM. Last clipper designed by McKay. Scrapped for her metal at Brace Point, West Seattle on the 13th of May 1923. Her figurehead is preserved at the India House, New York.
1875America, schooner yacht, originally built by William H. Brown in 1851, rebuilt by McKay in 1875. Namesake, and original champion, of theAmerica's Cup.
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In 1869, under financial pressure from previous losses, McKay sold his shipyard and worked for some time in other shipyards. He retired to his farm near Hamilton, Massachusetts, spending the rest of his life there. He died in 1880 in relative poverty and was buried inNewburyport.[1]
McKay's designs were characterized by a long fine bow with increasing hollow and waterlines. He was perhaps influenced by the writings ofJohn W. Griffiths, designer of the China clipperRainbow in 1845. The long hollow bow helped to penetrate rather than ride over the wave produced by the hull at high speeds, reducing resistance ashull speed is approached. Hull speed is the natural speed of a wave the same length as the ship, in knots,, where LWL = Length of Water Line in feet. His hulls had a shorter afterbody, putting the center of buoyancy farther aft than was typical of the period, as well as a full midsection with rather flat bottom. These characteristics led to lower drag at high speed compared to other ships of similar length, as well as great stability which translated into the ability to carry sail in high winds (more power in extreme conditions). His fishing schooner design was even more radical than his clippers, being a huge flat-bottomed dinghy similar in form to 20th centuryplaning boats. These design changes were not favorable for light wind conditions such as were expected on the China trade, but were profitable in the California and Australian trades.
Pan Am named one of their Boeing 747sClipper Donald McKay in his honor.
There is a monument to McKay inSouth Boston, near Fort Independence, overlooking the channel, that lists all his ships. There were more than thirty ships listed.
^Arthur H. Clark (1910).The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British, Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews. New York and London: The Knickerbocker Press.
^Laxton, EdwardThe Famine Ships The Irish Exodus to America 1846–51 London Bloomsbury 1997 pp144–5ISBN0-7475-3500-0
