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Dobrzyń Land Ziemia dobrzyńska | |
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 Coat of arms | |
 Dobrzyń Land on the map of Poland | |
| Coordinates:52°58′01″N19°19′59″E / 52.96694°N 19.33306°E /52.96694; 19.33306 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Historical capital | Dobrzyń nad Wisłą |
| Largest town | Rypin |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Dobrzyń Land (Polish:ziemia dobrzyńska) is a historical region in central-northernPoland. It lies northeast of theVistula River, south of theDrwęca, and west of theSkrwa. The territory approximately corresponds with the present-daypowiats ofLipno,Rypin, and half ofGolub-Dobrzyń within theKuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, although it encompasses parts of other counties as well. Totally, it has about 3,000 km2 and 200,000 inhabitants. Its historic capital isDobrzyń nad Wisłą, which gave its name to the entire region. Its largest town isRypin.
The region became part of the emerging Polish state under dukeMieszko I of Poland (960–992). Upon the death of his descendant DukeBolesław III Wrymouth in 1138, it was allocated to the newly establishedDuchy of Masovia, a provincial duchy of Poland. In hisPrussian Crusade, DukeKonrad I of Masovia in 1228 established theOrder of Dobrzyń ofGerman knights (fratribus militiae Christi in Prussia), whom he vested with the Dobrzyń estates. Soon after however, this order was absorbed by theTeutonic Knights, who had established theOrder's State in the adjacentChełmno Land. During the whole second half of 13th century it belonged toKuyavianPiasts, the new branch of Mazovian dynasty. Finally, along with their other states, it became a part of reunitedKingdom of Poland.
During thePolish–Teutonic War of 1326–1332, the forces of the Order's State occupied Dobrzyń Land, which however was relinquished to theKingdom of Poland in the 1343Treaty of Kalisz. The Knights temporarily regained control in thePolish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War of 1409–1411, but after their defeat at theBattle of Grunwald had to return it again according to thePeace of Thorn. It was incorporated into theInowrocław Voivodeship of theGreater Poland Province of thePolish Crown and thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Nevertheless, it has been still in theMazovianDiocese of Płock (and not in theGreater PolishDiocese of Włocławek).
Dobrzyń Land was annexed byPrussia during theSecond Partition in 1793, and included within the newly formed province ofSouth Prussia. It was administered withNew East Prussia from 1795 onwards, until in 1807 it became part of the NapoleonicDuchy of Warsaw according to theTreaties of Tilsit. In 1815 however, following the duchy's dissolution, it was attached to so-calledCongress Poland under theRussian Empire. AfterWorld War I, in 1918, Dobrzyń Land passed to the re-established independentSecond Polish Republic. In 1920, Poland repulsed aSoviet invasion of the region.
Following the joint German-Sovietinvasion of Poland, which startedWorld War II in September 1939, it was occupied byNazi Germany. During theoccupation, thePolish population was subjected tovarious crimes, such as mass arrests, imprisonment,slave labor,kidnapping of children, deportations toNazi concentration camps and extermination, incl. theIntelligenzaktion. Major sites of massacres of Poles in the region includedSkrwilno,Rusinowo,Karnkowo andRypin.[1] In 1945, the German occupation ended and the region was restored to Poland.
The region has numerous lakes and descendants ofyeomanry (drobnaszlachta, similar asMazovia), thus there are multiple palaces and historic manor houses in the region. There are eight towns in the region:Bobrowniki,Golub-Dobrzyń,Górzno,Kikół,Lipno,Skępe,Rypin and the historic capitalDobrzyń nad Wisłą. Cities ofToruń andWłocławek, as well as towns ofCiechocinek andSierpc, lie just besides its border. Its oldest officially crowned sanctuary ofOur Lady isSkępe; another isObory. Ecclesiastically, it is divided between thedioceses of Włocławek and Płock. After 1793, it has been part of administrative units with the capital in Płock and Warsaw; since 1938 it belonged to Toruń and Włocławek.Dialectologically, it is usually adjoined toChełmno Land. Therefore, it is considered as the transitory subregion between three neighbouring regions ofKuyavia,Mazovia and Chełmno Land, with which it had close historical ties at various times.
InSzafarnia, there is a historic manor house, place of stay ofFryderyk Chopin during his 1824 and 1825 summer vacations, which now hosts a museum dedicated to the composer. There are ruins of medieval castles inZłotoria andBobrowniki.
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