Dmitriy Manuilsky | |
|---|---|
Дмитро Мануїльський | |
 | |
| First Secretary of theCommunist Party of Ukraine | |
| In office 15 December 1921 – 10 April 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Feliks Kon (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Emanuel Kviring |
| Permanent Representatative of the Ukrainian SSR to the United Nations | |
| In office 1945–1952 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Anatoliy Baranovsky |
| Full member of the12th,13th,14th,15th,16th,17th,18th Central Committee | |
| In office 25 April 1923 – 16 October 1952 | |
| Candidate member of the11th Central Committee | |
| In office 2 April 1922 – 25 April 1923 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1883-10-03)3 October 1883 Sviatets,Russian Empire(now Ukraine) |
| Died | 22 February 1959(1959-02-22) (aged 75) |
| Resting place | Baikove Cemetery |
| Party | RSDLP (Bolsheviks)(1904–1918) Russian Communist Party (1918–1954) |
| Alma mater | University of Paris |
| Awards | (×3)  |
Dmitriy Zakharovich Manuilsky orDmitro Zakharovych Manuilsky (Russian:Дми́трий Заха́рович Мануи́льский;Ukrainian:Дмитро Захарович Мануїльський; 3 October 1883 – 22 February 1959) was an importantBolshevik revolutionary,Soviet politician and academic who was Secretary of theExecutive Committee of theCommunist International from December 1926 to its dissolution in May 1943.
Son of anOrthodox priest, Manuilsky was born to a peasant family in the village ofSviatets [uk],Kremenets County,Volhynian Governorate (now inTeofipol settlement hromada,Khmelnytsky Oblast,Ukraine).[1] After secondary school, he enrolled at theUniversity of St. Petersburg in 1903, and joined the Bolshevik faction of theRussian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1904.[2]
During the1905 revolution he was assigned by the Bolsheviks to the naval base inKronstadt where he took part in the naval revolt in July. Arrested, he was held in Kronstadt prison in 1905–06, then exiled, but escaped, arriving inKiev and then, in 1907, toParis, where he continued studies at theSorbonne University.[1] There he supposedly aligned with theultra-left group led byAlexander Bogdanov, who challengedLenin for the leadership of the Bolsheviks, and worked on the newspaperVpered (Forward).
After the outbreak ofwar in 1914, he worked on the newspaperNashe Slovo and acted as the main contact between the Bolsheviks and the smaller group associated withLeon Trotsky. Manuilsky's articles also appeared in the Ukrainiansocial democratic press.[1] After his return to Russia in May 1917, he supposedly joined Trotsky's group, theMezhraiontsy, who amalgamated with the Bolsheviks in August 1917.
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During theRussian Civil War, Manuilsky worked in thePeople's Commissariat for Food, before being sent to Ukraine, where Lenin assigned him the task of organising the peasant population aroundKharkov to defeat theWhite Army ofAnton Denikin. He also took part in the Soviet Russian delegation at thepeace negotiations with Ukraine.[1]
Starting from 1919, Manuilsky became an active member of theCommunist Party of Ukraine, and participated in a Moscow-critical conference of the organization inGomel. However, soon thereafter he abandoned his oppositional views and denounced the "federalist" group of the party before Lenin.[1] In January 1919, Manuilsky andInessa Armand were sent to Paris, in the hope they could stoke a revolution in France, but he was arrested and deported.
In 1919-1920 Manuilsky was a member of theAll-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee. Between 1920 and 1921, during thefamine in Ukraine, he served as the People's Commissar for Food of theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. He then switched to journalism, editing the newspaperKommunist and serving assecretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party. From 1922 Manuilsky was working for the Comintern, serving as the organization's secretary in 1928-1943. On that position he was responsible for executingpurges in the Comintern's apparatus and in foreign Communist parties on the orders ofStalin.[1]
From 1923 to 1952 he was a member of theCentral Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as well as a member of the elite inner circle known as the "malaia comisiia", a five-member group that ruled the eleven-member Political Secretariat.[3] In 1926, he supplantedNikolai Bukharin as leader of the Soviet Union delegation on Comintern's executive, and the lead representative at congresses of the French, German, and Czechoslovak communist parties.[4]
From 1935 until the dissolution of Comintern in 1943, Manuilsky acted as deputy to its General Secretary,Georgi Dimitrov. During theGreat Purge, almost everyOld Bolshevik with a past link with Trotsky was killed or imprisoned, except Manuilsky, whomStalin despised but by whom he did not feel in any way threatened. In 1939, he told Dimitrov: "Manuilsky is a toady! He was a Trotskyite! We criticised him for keeping quiet and not speaking out when the purges of Trotskyite bandits were going on, and now he has started toadying!"[5]
The Montenegrin anti-communistMilovan Djilas, who met Manuilsky in 1944, admired his learning and writing talent, but remembered him as "a slight and already hunched veteran, dark-haired, with a clipped moustache [who] spoke with a lisp, almost gently and – what astonished me at the time – without much energy." Seeing him again five years later, Djilas thought him an "almost senile, little old man who was rapidly disappearing as he slid down the steep ladder of the Soviet hierarchy."[6]
Between 1944 and 1952, Manuilsky held a post ofForeign Minister of Ukraine. Having fallen out of Stalin's favour after 1950, from 1952 to 1953 he served the Ukrainian ambassador to the United Nations. On the latter position he was known for his speeches denouncingUkrainian emigration. After Stalin's death Manuilsky left politics. He died in 1959 in Kiev.[1]
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| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | President of the United Nations Security Council July 1949 July 1948 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR 1944–1952 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by ? | People's Commissar of Land Cultivation (Ukraine) 1920–1921 | Succeeded by ? |
| Preceded by ? | All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee 1919–1920 | Succeeded by ? |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Feliks Kon(acting) | 1st Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine 1921–1923 | Succeeded by |
