Thedjed, alsodjt (Ancient Egyptian:ḏd𓊽,Copticϫⲱⲧjōt "pillar", anglicized /dʒɛd/)[1] is one of the more ancient and commonly found symbols inancient Egyptian religion. It is apillar-like symbol inEgyptian hieroglyphs representing stability. It is associated with thecreator godPtah andOsiris, the Egyptian god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead. It is commonly understood to represent hisspine.
In theOsiris myth, Osiris was killed bySet by being tricked into a coffin made to fit Osiris exactly. Set then had the coffin with the now deceased Osiris flung into theNile. The coffin was carried by the Nile to the ocean and on to the city ofByblos inLebanon. It ran aground and a sacred tree took root and rapidly grew around the coffin, enclosing the coffin within its trunk. The king of the land, intrigued by the tree's quick growth, ordered the tree cut down and installed as a pillar in his palace, unaware that the tree contained Osiris's body.
Meanwhile,Isis searched for Osiris aided byAnubis, and discovered Osiris's location in Byblos. Isis maneuvered herself into the favor of the king and queen and was granted a boon. She asked for the pillar in the palace hall, and upon being granted it, extracted the coffin from the pillar. She then consecrated the pillar, anointing it withmyrrh and wrapping it inlinen. This pillar came to be known as the pillar ofdjed.[2]
Thedjed may originally have been a fertility cult-related pillar made from reeds or sheaves[3] or atotem from which sheaves of grain were suspended[4] or grain was piled around.[5]Erich Neumann remarks that thedjed pillar is a treefetish, which is significant considering that Egypt was primarily treeless. He indicates that the myth may represent the importance of the importation of trees by Egypt from Syria.[6] Thedjed came to be associated withSeker, the falcon god of theMemphite Necropolis, then with Ptah, theMemphite patron god of craftsmen.[7] Ptah was often referred to as "the nobledjed", and carried a scepter that was a combination of thedjed symbol and theankh, the symbol of life.[3] Ptah gradually came to be assimilated into Osiris. By the time of theNew Kingdom, thedjed was firmly associated with Osiris.[3]
In their 2004 bookThe Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt,[8] Andrew Hunt Gordon and Calvin W. Schwabe speculated that the ankh, djed, andwas symbols have a biological basis derived from ancient cattle culture (linked to the Egyptian belief thatsemen was created in the spine), thus:
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| Gardiner: R11 | ||
Thedjed hieroglyph was a pillar-like symbol that represented stability. It was also sometimes used to represent Osiris himself, often combined "with a pair of eyes between the crossbars and holding the crook and flail."[9] Thedjed hieroglyph is often found together with thetyet (also known as Isis knot) hieroglyph, which is translated as life or welfare. Thedjed and the tyet used together may depict the duality of life. The tyet hieroglyph may have become associated with Isis because of its frequent pairing with thedjed.[10]
Thedjed was an important part of the ceremony called "raising thedjed", which was a part of the celebrations of theSed festival, the Egyptianjubilee celebration. The act of raising thedjed has been explained as representing Osiris's triumph over Seth.[11] Ceremonies in Memphis are described where the pharaoh, with the help of the priests, raised a woodendjed column using ropes. The ceremony took place during the period when fields were sown and the year's agricultural season would begin, corresponding to the month ofKoiak, the fourth month of theSeason of the Inundation. This ceremony was a part of one of the more popular holidays and celebrations of the time, a larger festival dedicated to Osiris conducted from the 13th to 30th day of the Koiak. Celebrated as it was at that time of the year when the soil and climate were most suitable for agriculture, the festival and its ceremonies can be seen as an appeal to Osiris, who was the God of vegetation, to favor the growth of the seeds sown, paralleling his own resurrection and renewal after his murder by Seth.[7]
Further celebrations surrounding the raising of thedjed are described in a relief inAmenhotep III'sLuxor Temple. In the tomb in the temple, the scene shows the raising of thedjed pillar taking place in the morning of Amenhotep III's third Sed festival, which took place in his thirty-seventh regnal year. The scene is described by Sigrid Hodel-Hoenes:
The anthropomorphized pillar stands at the middle left, in a shrine. It has taken the shape of a human body with the djed-pillar as its head; the eyes are udjat-eyes. The hands hold the crook and flail, the usual insignia of Osiris, the god of the dead. On its head is the tall feather crown with the solar disk. The pillar is on a high base reminiscent of the platforms visible today in many temples, on which the cult barks once stood. In front of and behind it are lotus and papyrus blossoms. Beneath the large slab of the base are two tall offering stands – one bears a libation vessel, while flowers have been laid on the other. To the right is the king himself, presenting a generously laid table. Fowl, cucumbers, blossoms, breads, and heads and ribs of beef are all lying on the upper mat, while a cow and an antelope can be seen on the lower one. Beneath these mats are four tall vessels containing unguents and oil, with bundles of lettuce sticking out among them. The vulture goddess, Wadjyt, the Mistress of the Per-nu shrine, has spread her protective wings above the sovereign, with the blue crown on his head.[11]
— Sigrid Hodel-Hoenes,Life and death in ancient Egypt : scenes from private tombs in new kingdom Thebes, p. 222
There is also a scene depicted in the tomb to the right of the above scene which has not been well preserved. Hodel-Hoenes explains that it once showed the pharaoh, accompanied by his queen, using a rope to raise thedjed pillar. Three men, probably priests of the temple of Memphis, help him in the process. A fourth priest was seen supporting the pillar. Various offerings were presented before the pillar below the ropes. The pharaoh and his queen are each accompanied by four pairs of young women resembling those of the sed-festival. Each of these women is rattling aHathorsistrum, a musical instrument for percussion with a U-shaped handle and frame seen as resembling the face and horns of the cow goddess Hathor, while holding amenat, a protective amulet associated with Hathor, in the other hand. A line of hieroglyphs running just above the girls' heads in each row of women says, "Children of the king praising (or charming) the nobledjed pillar." Hodel-Hoenes interprets this as identifying the girls as the daughters of Amenhotep III.[11]
There are three additional reliefs below these two reliefs. They depict further ceremonies that accompany the erection of thedjed pillar, especially games and dances. In one, food-bearers carrying edibles weave between men dancing with heavy steps. A line of singers on the far left seems to sing a short hymn to Ptah, the text of which is written alongside the line. Singing and dancing girls can be seen in the next relief, though Hodel-Hoenes comments on their seeming lack of grace, saying, "only the raised hands and the foot swinging in the air hint at the movements of a dance." The relief also depicts men involved in aboxing match and astick dance, sports and dances which can still be seen in Egypt today.[11]
The festival of the raising of thedjed also involved reenactments conducted atDenderah,Edfu,Busiris, Memphis, andPhilae. But the most elaborate and grand celebration occurred at Abydos, the cult center of Osiris. From around the end of the third millennium BC during the beginning of theDynasty XII and perhaps as early as theDynasty VI three hundred years earlier, reenactments of the Osiris myth – the deception and murder of Osiris by Seth, the search for Osiris by Isis and Osiris' mummification, funeral and his resurrection were performed. From the late fourth century BC, a recitation of theLamentations of Isis andNephthys, a poem describing Isis and Nephthys' search for Osiris, was added to the ceremony on the 25th day of Koiak. At the Osiris Temple in Abydos, these re-enactments are described as involving hundreds of priests and priestesses in the roles of the gods and goddesses, with 34reed boats carrying the gods, a sculpture of Osiris inside an elaborate chest, 365 ornamental lamps, incense, and dozens ofdjed amulets.[7]
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Thedjed was often used asamulets for the living and the dead. It was placed as an amulet near the spines of mummified bodies, which was supposed to ensure the resurrection of the dead, allowing the deceased to live eternally.[5] TheBook of the Dead lists a spell which, when spoken over a gold amulet hung around the mummy's neck, ensures that the mummy would regain use of its spine and be able to sit up. It was also painted onto coffins.[3]
Parallels have also been drawn between thedjed pillar and various items in other cultures. Sidney Smith in 1922, first suggested a parallel with the Assyrian "sacred tree" when he drew attention to the presence of the upper four bands of the djed pillar and the bands that are present in the center of the vertical portion of the tree. He also proposed a common origin between Osiris and the Assyrian godAssur with whom he said, the sacred tree might be associated. Cohen and Kangas suggest that the tree is probably associated with the Sumerian god of male fertility,Enki and that for both Osiris and Enki, an erect pole or polelike symbol stands beneath a celestial symbol. They also point out that the Assyrian king is depicted in proximity to the sacred tree, which is similar to the depiction of the pharaoh in the raising of thedjed ceremony. Additionally, the sacred tree and the Assyrian winged disk, which are generally depicted separately, are combined in certain designs, similar to thedjed pillar which is sometimes surmounted with a solar disk.[13] Katherine Harper and Robert Brown also discuss a possible strong link between thedjed column and the concept ofkundalini inyoga.[14]
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