Formed in 1972 as Directorate of Forces Intelligence under the command and jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense, it was organised as the principal intelligence arm of the nascent defense ministry of Bangladesh, limited to gathering critical information pertaining to the Armed Forces. The agency experienced dramatic reorganization and growth after the 1977 unrest and attempted coup, resulting from the hijacking of JAL flight 472 from Bombay, India to Dhaka International Airport, Tejgaon. In 1977, during reorganization of the DFI, it was transferred temporarily from the Minister of Defense to the Director of Martial Law Control Communication and Control Center under Wg. Cdr. M. Hamidullah Khan, TJ, SH, BP, then Provost Marshal (BAF), ZMLA, Dhaka and moved to Dhaka Cantonment. This objective was officiated under the control of the Chief Executive, the President. The directorate was elevated to Directorate General with major increase in budget and logistics, with its headquarters relocated to Dhaka Cantonment. The agency transformed into the principal intelligence arm of the defense forces specializing in gathering of foreign military intelligence.[4] The agency officially adopted its current name in the same year. The DGFI officially consists primarily of military officers from the three service branches of the Bangladesh Armed Forces, while with an evolving role in the country's intelligence community, DGFI is also reported to have classified civilian employees. The stated priority mission of the DGFI is to provide timely, and accurate intelligence, and tactical support to Bangladesh Armed Forces commands. While the budget of DGFI is classified, it is reported to have the largest budget of the intelligence agencies.[5]
The DGFI has increasingly expanded its role throughout the years, including foreign intelligence gathering, counter-intelligence, covert operations, counter-proliferation, signals intelligence, cyber intelligence, and anti-terrorism.[6][7] The agency's elite counter-terrorism unit formed in 2006,CTIB, is responsible for gathering intelligence, infiltrating and neutralizing terrorist organizations that may pose a threat to national security.[8]
The DGFI was originally formed as Directorate of Forces Intelligence (DFI) in 1972. A major impetus for the creation of the agency was to monitor unforeseen threats from neighboring and foreign armed forces, especially India and Pakistan. DFI was headquartered inSegunbagicha,Bailey Road, Dhaka. Upon its creation, the role of DFI was strictly limited to sharing intelligence it gathered with the armed forces. The nascent DFI achieved very little and was overshadowed byNational Security Intelligence (NSI), Bangladesh's principal intelligence agency.[3]
In May 2014, a New Monogram of the DGFI was unveiled at its Headquarter. The Lily placed on the center of the monogram, The National Flower Lily expressing the ethnicity of independent sovereign Bangladesh. The eight light emission around the lotus expressing Patriotism, Loyalty, Discipline, Concentration, Alertness, Prudence, and Efficiency of the activities of the agency. At the bottom "Bangladesh" there are two stars at each side and a total of four stars representing the four fundamental principles of the constitution of Bangladesh, Nationalism, Secularism, Socialism and Democracy.[citation needed]
The DGFI is headed by a Director-General, who is traditionally a serving Major-General (Two-star general) with the status of Lt. General in the Bangladesh Army. One Deputy Director General and Nine Directors report directly to the Director-General with each deputy heading their assigned wings respectively:
Directorate of Operations (MI, AI, NI)
Provides foreign intelligence on other nations' armed forces to Bangladeshi military
Elite covert intelligence unit of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence, tasked with resisting terrorism, gathering intelligence on internal or external threat to Bangladesh and counter-attack
Bureau X
Reported to be involved in foreign intelligence and espionage unit consisting of highly-specialized spies[9]
Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB)
Monitors national political and strategic affairs
External Affairs and Liaison Bureau (EALB)
Monitors international political and strategic affairs
Research and Development Bureau (RDB)
Conducting research activities in relevant fields and advice it to the Director General
Cyber Intelligence Bureau
Provide national cyber security and monitor online platforms
Signals Intelligence Bureau (SIB)
Monitors national telecommunication
Press and Public Media Bureau (PPMB)
Monitors press/publications and media. Also acts as liaison to public
Public Relations Monitoring Cell (PRMC)
Monitoring the public news papers, electronic media and social media activities
Administrative Bureau
Ensuring the Logistics and administrative activities as well as human resources management within DGFI
Forces Foreign Liaison Bureau(FFLB)
Conducting liaison with foreign dignitaries, diplomats and Defence Attaché's
Twelve bureaus and nineteen detachments make up the primary structure of the organisation. The total manpower for DGFI is estimated to be around 12,000. The commanding post for DGFI is the DG followed by the DDG, director, senior additional director, additional director, deputy director and assistant director. Officers from armed forces posted here on deputation. Some civilian officer also works for DGFI recruited by Chief Administrative Officer, Ministry of Defence, Bangladesh.[citation needed]
Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau (CTIB), is an elite counter terrorism intelligence unit of DGFI.[11] The Bureau was established in 2006 from the counterterrorism wing of DGFI which was established in 2002.[12] The bureau was established along with theRapid Action Battalion (RAB), and the counter terrorism cell ofNational Security Intelligence (NSI). CTIB is responsible for collecting and analysing intelligence on internal threats and counterattacks. CTIB agents are recruited from the Armed Forces and are responsible for gathering intelligence and executingspecial operations.
The DGFI and its activities are highly classified and confidential to both the mass media and civilians. The functions and priorities of DGFI have changed throughout the years and vary with the country's political situations and foreign affairs. The primary function of the DGFI is the collection of foreign military intelligence, however during recent times, the agency has extended its role to economic, political andforeign intelligence. DGFI maintains active collaborations with very few other secret services around the world.
Military experts have termed the subcontinent as a beehive of intelligence and counterintelligence activity and labelled theNSI,DGFI,ISI,CIA,FSB,R&AW,MSS,Mossad, andMI6 as the big players in the Asian intelligence Scene.
DGFI, like any other intelligence agency, collects information throughhuman espionage. They have conducted numerous operations over the course of decades.
A Bangladeshi DGFI agent concealed his nationality and joinedR&AW where he was known as Diwan Chand Mallik. He was known to have obtained important intelligence which was damaging for India's national security. He joined the agency in 1999 and used to live inEast Delhi. A case of cheating and forgery was filed against him at theLodhi Colony police station on the basis of a complaint by a senior RAW official but no trace of him was found afterwards.[6]
Indian leading newspaper;DNA, published a report in 2008 claiming the presence of around one hundred DGFI operatives inEast India. The newspaper further claimed that the agency had set up groups across India consisting seven to ten people, each headed by DGFI's highly sophisticated Bureau X. According to intelligence branch ofWest Bengal police, around fifteen Bureau X agents are active inWest Bengal, each highly trained in handling sophisticated weapons and can effortlessly speak multiple languages and all the various dialects in theIndo-Bangladesh border districts.[9]
According to Indian Intelligence analysis,Operation Pin Code was launched by DGFI in 2004. The operation was intended to extend DGFI influence overWest Bengal andAssam state governments. Several sources claimed that by 2008, DGFI successfully gained 70% control over West Bengal assembly, however, no evidence were presented by Indian agencies.[13]
Although some Indian politicians and the news media made a number of allegations and conspiracy theories against the DGFI. There were some positive roles for which they were also praised by the Indian government officials. One of the most significant recent accomplishments was DGFI's direct role in preventing a terror attack in Kolkata scheduled to coincide with India's elections. The DGFI has carried out a number of successful operations targeting Lashkar-e-Taiba and other individuals associated with transnational terrorist organization on a priority basis as it poses a security risk not only for India's national security but also for Bangladesh. Indian government officials have praised DGFI for their successful operation which led to the arrest of three cell members involved in planning the attack.
According to several sources, Bureau 3 of the DGFI is tasked with handling affairs inNepal,Sri Lanka andBhutan.
Several Indian news outlets claimed to have found the trace of DGFI involvement in the2008 Assam bombings. According to reports, The blueprint was created at a three-day conclave held atDhulikhel, 30 km north ofKathmandu, between 15 and 17 October. The sources said Colonel Ahmed Sufi of DGFI constructed a detailed blueprint for targeting northeastern Indian states.ISI was represented at the meeting by a lieutenant general-level official responsible for overseeing affairs in South Asia. The ISI official took a circuitous route fromPakistan toDubai toDhaka before reaching Kathmandu viaBiman Bangladesh airlines in order to avoid any suspicion by Indian security agencies, the sources revealed.[14][15]
In 2014, DGFI tracked downIndian Mujahideen's top commander, Zia Ur Rehman in Nepal. The operation was executed after formal request from India'sR&AW and Nepal's law enforcement agencies.[16]
According to several leading British newspapers,United Kingdom's Home SecretaryJacqui Smith, several high-levelMI5 andMI6 officials flew to Dhaka for meeting with senior officials of Directorate General of Forces Intelligence. She urged that DGFI investigate a number of British nationals whom the British security agencies found to be suspicious. As a result, A number of British suspects were taken to DGFI's secret interrogation centre, known as the Task Force for Interrogation cell (TFI). TheBritish High Commission, Dhaka has rejected the allegations, stating thatour security cooperation with other countries is consistent with our laws and with our values. High CommissionerStephen Evans acknowledged that British and Bangladeshi intelligence agencies cooperated in certain areas,which includes sharing of information which may be relevant to the security of either country.[17]
DGFI boughtmass surveillance systems fromIsrael against civilians and critics, opposition activists and military personnel who were againstSheikh Hasina's regime.[18] This mass surveillance system was used to track Hasina's opponents and detain them in the infamous torture centre which is known asAyanaghar.[19]
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina used DGFI as a tool to silence dissidents who raised concerns about her autocratic policies and methods.[20][21] DGFI, during Hasina's reign, was accused of detaining tens of thousands of opposition activists,[22] killing hundreds in extrajudicial encounters, and journalists and bloggers became victims of forced disappearance due to government repression.[23][24][25]
In 2012, Defense Adviser Major General (retired) Tarique Ahmed Siddique was involved in bribery of 70 lakh Bangladeshi currency carried by a government vehicle.[26]Border Guard Bangladesh confiscated the car later on.[27]
In 2008,Tasneem Khalil, aCNN news representative accused DGFI of arresting, and torturing him for twenty-two hours for criticizing the military for using the interim government as a cover for de facto army rule.[28] Though Khalil is a controversial journalist and according to most of the influential journalists of Bangladesh, Khalil's allegations are questionable in terms of its credibility.[29]Human Rights Watch published a report and supporting evidence to show Bangladeshi activist Tasneem Khalil was tortured at detention cell controlled by Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI).[29][30][31]
In 2008, several Indian newspapers accused DGFI of operating in north-east India. Several Indian politicians accused DGFI of backingULFA with training and financing. No evidence was found to prove the allegations. JournalistBertil Lintner's book "Great Game East", recounts his meeting with ULFA military wing chiefParesh Barua in a DGFI safehouse in Dhaka on 29 April 1996.[14][32][33][34][35]
In 2009, in the aftermath ofBangladesh Rifles revolt, security forces of Bangladesh detained more than 6,000Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) members. At least 47 detained BDR members reportedly died in custody.[36] DGFI was accused of torturing them to death.[37] DGFI allegedly ran torture cells in many rooms of its headquarters building located in Kachukhet,Dhaka Cantonment.[38]
In 2011, British newspaperThe Guardian accused DGFI of torturing several British citizens in an unknown torture cell. Among the alleged victims, Jamil Rahman, a British national accused DGFI of repeatedly torturing him for over two years. He also accused British intelligence unitMI5 of working with DGFI. No evidences were found to support the allegations.[39][40]
In 2015, DGFI was accused of blocking major companies from advertising in two major newspapers in Bangladesh; the dailyProthom Alo and theDaily Star, causing a loss of $2 million during the first month.Telenor, which owns a 55% stake inGrameenphone admitted that top-level officers from DGFI forced them to stop advertising in these two newspapers. However, other large corporations refused to comment on the issue. "We were informed by our clients that due to unavoidable circumstances, we should stop all advertisements inProthom Alo and theDaily Star," Alam said. "We initially continued to advertise in the magazine supplements, but that was also stopped."[41]
In 2018,Bangladesh's Chief JusticeSurendra Kumar Sinha accused DGFI of forcing him to resign by threatening him of 'serious consequences' if he refuses to do so. In a controversial book "A Broken Dream: Rule of Law, Human Rights & Democracy", he describes DGFI treatment asso cruel that it could be compared with none other than theGestapo force ofHitler. Sinha's allegations were refuted by several high level legal officers, including the attorney generalMahbubey Alam, who said,Justice SK Sinha has written the book basing on his wild imagination, not on facts. There is no need to take this book seriously.[42]
In 2020, an investigative report byAl Jazeera accused DGFI of purchasing Israeli-made mass surveillance equipment. The report claims of classified meeting between a team of DGFI officers andMossad operatives inHungary even though Bangladesh has no diplomatic relations with Israel and trade with Israel is prohibited.[43]Bangladesh Army denied these allegations in an official statement.[44]
In 2022, German broadcaster DW reported that Bangladesh Director General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI) operates illegal secret detention and torture cells in the capital city Dhaka, Bangladesh.[45] The government of Bangladesh didn't publish the exact number of detainees.[46] Still, the photograph revealed by the voice of America and DW Bangla news[47] shows numerous solitary confinement cells in an unknown location in Dhaka.[citation needed] It was reported that detainees were from theBangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), and ordinary citizens who had criticised theAwami League-led government of Bangladesh.[48] According to the report, areas nearDhaka Cantonment[40] are one of many where detainees were kept blindfolded.[49]
On 12 September 2024, Bangladesh's interim government sent three former directors and Generals, Lt Gen Md Saiful Alam, Lt Gen Ahmed Tabrez Shams Chowdhury, and Major Gen Hamidul Haque, into early retirement for their involvement in human rights violations.[50][51]
^Ganguly, Meenakshi; Alffram, Henrik; Human Rights Watch (Organization) (2008).The torture of Tasneem Khalil: how the Bangladesh military abuses its power under the state of emergency. New York:Human Rights Watch.OCLC213352451.
