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Directors of New Netherland

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A black, circular seal with a notched, outer border. The center contains a shield or crest with a crown atop it. In the shield is a beaver. Surrounding the shield are the words "SIGILLVM NOVI BELGII".

This is a list ofdirectors, appointed by theDutch West India Company, of the 17th centuryDutch province ofNew Netherland (Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch) inNorth America. Only the last,Peter Stuyvesant, held the title ofDirector-General. As the colony grew, citizens advisory boards – known as theTwelve Men,Eight Men, andNine Men – exerted more influence on the director and thus affairs of province.

There wereNew Netherland settlements in what later became the US states of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, with short-lived outposts in areas of today's Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania. The capital,New Amsterdam, became the city ofNew York when theNew Netherlanders provisionally ceded control of the colony to theEnglish, who renamed the city and the rest of the province in June 1665.

During the restitution to Dutch rule from August 1673 to November 1674, when New Netherland was under the jurisdiction of the City ofAmsterdam, the first Dutch governor,Anthony Colve, was appointed.

List of directors

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From 1624–1664

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PortraitDirector or
director-general		Took office[1]Left officeNotes
Cornelius Jacobsen May
(fl. 1600s)		16241625
Willem Verhulst
(orvan der Hulst)
(fl. 1600s)		16251626
Portrait of Peter MinuitPeter Minuit
(1580–1638)		16261631
  • Purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans on May 24, 1626 for 60 Dutch guilders worth of goods.[2]
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
(1595–1674)		1632[citation needed]1633
portrait of Wouter van Twiller by Washington AllstonWouter van Twiller
(1606–1654)		16331638[citation needed]
  • Previously a Dutch West India Company warehouse clerk, used family connections to the Rensselaer family to gain appointment
  • purchasedNut Island (Noten Eylant), later calledGovernor's Island from Canarsee tribe for two axeheads, a string of beads and iron nails
  • Lost the colony's claim of the Connecticut River valley to New England settlers
  • Pushed back encroaching Virginia settlers who tried to settle Delaware River valley
Portrait of Willem KieftWillem Kieft
(1597–1647)		1638[citation needed]1647[citation needed]
Portrait of Peter StuyvesantPeter Stuyvesant
(c. 1612–1672)		1647[citation needed]1664

Restoration of the colony, 1673–1674

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In 1673, during theThird Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were able to recapture New Amsterdam (renamed "New York" by theEnglish) underAdmiralCornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Captain Anthony Colve.[7] Evertsen renamed the city "New Orange."[8] Evertsen returned to the Netherlands in July 1674, and was accused of disobeying his orders. Evertsen had been instructed not to retake New Amsterdam but instead to conquer the English colonies ofSaint Helena andCayenne (nowFrench Guiana).[9] In 1674, the Dutch were compelled to relinquish New Amsterdam to the English under the terms of theSecond Treaty of Westminster.[10][11]

PortraitGovernorTook officeLeft officeNotes
Anthony Colve
(1644–1693)		16731674
  • Colve's authority was brief, starting with the taking of New York, but ended on 10 November 1674 to implement the provisions of theTreaty of Westminster, which restored the colony to the English. News did not reach the New World of the treaty's terms until late in the year. The new English governorEdmund Andros only arrived in November 1674.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"New Amsterdam - Notable Citizens".Geni.com. April 1, 2012. Archived fromthe original on April 24, 2023.
  2. ^Burrows, Edwin G., and Wallace, Mike.Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), xivff.
  3. ^Merwick, Donna.The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland Early American Series. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
  4. ^"Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646".World Digital Library. 1641–1647. Retrieved2013-08-01.
  5. ^abShorto, Russell.The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America. (New York City: Vintage Books, 2004).
  6. ^Otto, Paul.The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley. (Oxford/New York: Berghahn Books, 2006), 152; and Kraft, Herbert C.The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1986), 241.
  7. ^Roosevelt, Theodore. "IV. New Amsterdam becomes New York The Beginning of English Rule. 1664–1674," inNew York: A Sketch of the City's Social, Political, and Commercial Progress from the First Dutch Settlement to Recent Times. (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1906).
  8. ^Barrevald, Dirk J.From New Amsterdam to New York: The Founding of New York by the Dutch in July 1625. (Lincoln, Nebraska: Writers Club Press, 2001), 248.
  9. ^Shomette, Donald G. and Haslach, Robert D.Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672–1674. (Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 73, 139–151; De Waard, Cornelis.De Zeeuwsche expeditie naar de West onder Cornelis Evertsen den Jonge, 1672–1674. (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1928). (in Dutch)
  10. ^Westdorp, Martina."Behouden of opgeven? Het lot van de nederlandse kolonie Nieuw-Nederland na de herovering op de Engelsen in 1673"Archived 2008-06-30 at theWayback Machine inDe wereld van Peter Stuyvesant (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  11. ^Prak, Maarten. The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 116.
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