Inpolitical science,direct rule is when animperial orcentral power takes direct control over thelegislature,executive andcivil administration of an otherwise largely self-governing territory.
In 1991, Chechen separatists declared independence of unrecognisedChechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russianfederal armed forces invaded in1994 and again in1999 in response to theInvasion of Militants in Dagestan. By early 2000, Russia almost completelydestroyedGrozny and put Chechnya under direct control of thefederal government. The federal government declared that the conflict ended in 2002[1] but operations continued until 2009.[2]
At various times in German history a federal or imperial government has acted against rebelliousmember states, frequently using military force. The currentGerman Basic Law allows for thefederal government to invoke emergency measures against uncooperativestates, although theBundeswehr may not deployed in any domestic law enforcement capacity.
TheSwiss Constitution affirms a similar legal concept.
Under theBritish Raj, India was afounding member of theLeague of Nations, a participating nation in theSummer Olympics in1900,1920,1928,1932, and1936, and afounding member of theUnited Nations inSan Francisco in 1945.
This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after theIndian Rebellion of 1857, therule of the BritishEast India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person ofQueen Victoria[3] (who, in 1876, was proclaimedEmpress of India). It lasted until 1947, when Britain′s Indian Empire waspartitioned into two sovereigndominion states: theDominion of India (later theRepublic of India) and theDominion of Pakistan (later theIslamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern part of which, still later, became thePeople's Republic of Bangladesh). At the inception of the Raj in 1858,Lower Burma was already a part of British India;Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union,Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948.
In theRepublic of India, "President's rule" refers to the imposition of Article 356 of theConstitution of India on astate whose constitutional body has failed. In the event that astate government is unable to function, the Constitution provides for the state to come under the direct control of thecentral government. In other words, it is "under the President's rule". Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointedgovernor, who has the authority to appoint retired civil servants or other administrators to assist him.
When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha). The council is led by theChief Minister, who is thede facto chief executive of the state; the Governor is only ade jure constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, theVidhan Sabha is eitherprorogued ordissolved, necessitating a fresh election.
Similarly, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, failure of governmental function results in "Governor's rule", imposed by invoking Section 92 of theConstitution of Jammu and Kashmir. The state’s governor issues the proclamation, after obtaining the consent of thePresident of India. If it is not possible to revoke Governor's rule within six months of imposition, the President's Rule under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution is imposed. There is little practical difference between the two provisions.
Following its landmark judgment in the 1994Bommai case, theSupreme Court of India has restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.
Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where President's rule has yet to be imposed. However, while Telangana was part of Andhra Pradesh, it was under President's rule.
French administration inIndochina began on June 5, 1862. Following the defeat ofVietnamese, theTreaty of Saigon cededCochinchina's three eastern provinces. Later, the French forced EmperorTự Đức to placeCambodia under French protection. On June 18, 1867, the French seized the rest of Cochinchina and conquered theMekong Delta and laterHanoi. By 1897, France controlled all of Indochina.
Officially, each of the provinces – Cambodia,Laos,Annam,Tonkin, Cochinchina andKouang-Tchéou-Wan – had different legal statuses. In practice, however, all were ruled directly. The French adopted a policy of assimilation rather than association. TheDeclaration of Rights of Man was based on the principle of egalité, liberté and fraternité for all subjects and citizens of France, and the colonies could not be an exception.French language was to be the language of administration. The whole Indochina would be “Frenchized”. TheNapoleonic Code was introduced in 1879 into the five provinces, sweeping away theConfucianism that has existed for centuries in Indochina.
In 2017, theParliament of Catalonia unilaterallydeclared independence from Spain amid aconstitutional crisis over the result of theindependence referendum.[4] TheSpanish Senate triggeredArticle 155 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978,[5] and Prime MinisterMariano Rajoy dismissed theExecutive Council of Catalonia, dissolving the Parliament of Catalonia.
TheParliament of the United Kingdom has granted powers to theScottish Parliament, theSenedd, theNorthern Ireland Assembly and theLondon Assembly and to their associated executive bodies. Thisdevolution may be suspended and replaced by direct rule by theGovernment of the United Kingdom.
Direct rule occurred in Northern Ireland from 1972 to 1998 duringthe Troubles, and for shorter periods between then and 2007. Major policy was determined by theBritish Government'sNorthern Ireland Office, under the direction of theSecretary of State for Northern Ireland. Legislation was introduced, amended, or repealed by means ofOrder in Council. Everyday matters were handled by government departments within Northern Ireland itself, and Northern Ireland continued to electmembers of parliament to theParliament of the United Kingdom.
Direct colonial rule was a form ofcolonialism that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory, which is run by colonial officials. The native population may be excluded from all but the lowest level of the colonial government.
Indirect rule is a system of government used by theBritish andFrench to control parts of theircolonial empires, particularly inAfrica andAsia, through pre-existing local power structures. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". By this system, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers, who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by thePax Britannica, at the cost of losing control of their external affairs, and often of taxation, communications, and other matters, usually with a small number of European "advisors" effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas.[6]