| Hose's palm civet | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Viverridae |
| Subfamily: | Hemigalinae |
| Genus: | Diplogale Thomas, 1912 |
| Species: | D. hosei |
| Binomial name | |
| Diplogale hosei | |
 | |
| Hose's palm civet range | |
Hose's palm civet (Diplogale hosei), also known asHose's civet, is aviverridspeciesendemic to the island ofBorneo. It is listed on theIUCN Red List asVulnerable because of an ongoing population decline, estimated to be more than 30% over the last three generations (inferred to be 15 years) and suspected to be more than 30% in the next three generations due to declines in population inferred fromhabitat destruction anddegradation.[1]
Diplogale is amonospecificgenus.[3]Hose's palm civet was named after the zoologistCharles Hose byOldfield Thomas in 1892. Hose collected the first specimen inSarawak in 1891.[2]
What little is known of the species comes primarily from 17 museum specimens worldwide. Only in 1997, the first living specimen was obtained and released after two months. Hose's civet is not kept in captivity anywhere in the world.[4]
The upperparts (from nose to tail tip, including outer surfaces of the four limbs) are dark brown to blackish brown and the underparts (from the chin to the tip of the tail and the inner surface of all four limbs) are white or slightly brownish white.[4][5] The face has dark rings around the eyes and very long, white facialwhiskers (sensory hairs) and the large, wetsnout (rhinarium) has a contrasting flesh colour. The twonostrils protrude widely, diverging to open on both sides.[4] The under surfaces of the feet are pale and the footpads are brown. The feet are partlywebbed, with patches of short hair between the footpads.[5]
The Hose's civet has a head-body length of 472–540 millimetres (18.6–21.3 in), a tail of 298–346 millimetres (11.7–13.6 in), a hind foot length of 74–81 millimetres (2.9–3.2 in) and an ear length of 36–39 millimetres (1.4–1.5 in); it is estimated to weigh about 1.4–1.5 kilograms (3.1–3.3 lb) and has 40 teeth.[4][5]
Hose's civet has been recorded in a few localities inSarawak andSabah in MalaysianBorneo, and inBrunei.[1] It has been recorded inKalimantan at an elevation of 325 m (1,066 ft).[6]
Very few field sightings of the species were mainly in lowermontane forest and mature mixeddipterocarp forest.[7]
A few recent sightings exist, including a capture in Brunei (which was subsequently released)[4] and a photo taken by acamera trap in lowland forest ofKinabalu National Park in Sabah.[8] Another camera trap picture taken in Kalimantan may represent this species, but has been the subject of controversy.[9][10]
The highest encounter rate of the species so far has been in the Sela'an-Linau Forest Management Unit (FMU), aloggingconcession in theUpper Baram, Sarawak, where fourteen images of the Hose's civet were obtained between 2004 and 2005 from four different sites in the concession.[11] The previous largest series of encounters from one locality consisted of four specimens collected between 1945 and 1949 byTom Harrisson in the nearbyKelabit Highlands,[12] suggesting that this part of Sarawak may be the prime habitat of the species.[11][13]
The few records of Hose's civet from across its range have been mainly frommontane forest sites,[4][5][13][14] giving rise to the assumption that it is a montane species. However, it has been recorded at an altitude of only 450 m (1,480 ft) in Brunei[15] and 600 m (2,000 ft) in Batu Song, Sarawak;[5] an individual was imaged in acamera trap in the lowland forest of Mount Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, also at an altitude of 600 m (2,000 ft),[8] and one of the 14 images from the Sela'an-Linau FMU was from an altitude of 730 m (2,400 ft).[11][13]
It is possible that the preferred habitat of Hose's civet is highlyhumid, such as mossy forests, near mossy boulders and streams.[11]
The Hose's civet is bothcrepuscular andnocturnal by nature and is thought to be of a more ground-dwelling nature than otherviverrids.[11][13] It is thought to make dens in holes between rocks and/or tree roots.[4]
Little is known about the diet of Hose's civet in the wild, though it is thought to forage on small fish, shrimps, crabs, frogs and insects[4][12] amongmossy boulders and streams. The sole individual ever in captivity ate only meat and fish and not fruit, the preferred diet of all otherviverrids in Borneo.[4]
Habitat loss and degradation have been assumed to be major threats to this species.[16]Hose's civet may be intolerant to disturbance caused bylogging, though whether it is able to persist and/or disperse through forestfragmented byslash and burn fields and logging roads is still unknown.[11][13] Hunting could increasingly be a threat to the species as population numbers and trends are completely unknown. It is possible that the species could qualify for a higher threat category once more information is available on itsecology and threats. It is considered urgent to promote and conduct further research on this species.[1]
Currently, the basic factors likely to determine the long-term future of the Hose's civet, such as population densities, degree of dependency onold-growth forest, ranging and dispersal patterns and others, are entirely unknown, making specific conservation measures impossible.[11][13] Noprotected area within its range is known to hold a large population,[13] although in Brunei and Sabah, individuals have been recorded inUlu Temburong National Park and Mount Kinabalu National Park, respectively. In Sarawak, no protected area is known to hold a population of the species. a listing which is completely inferential, based on its highly restricted range and extensive habitat loss (deforestation) and degradation within that range due tologging and conversion to non-forest land uses.[13]
The Hose's civet is similar to thebanded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus). Hose's civet was first described asHemigalus hosei in 1892 byOldfield Thomas and it was only in 1912 that he found that the difference in shape of muzzle and teeth, as well as the obvious difference in the pattern of colouration, implied the necessity of distinguishingDiplogale fromHemigalus.[7] Like the Hose's civet, the banded palm civet is strictlynocturnal and more ground dwelling;[13] the distribution of Hose's civet, however, is much more restricted and more confined to higher altitude forest.
The large snout and long facial whiskers of Hose's civet is similar to that of theotter civet (Cynogale bennettii). The otter civet is known to besemiaquatic and has webbed feet; it occurs mainly inlowland rain forest.[5]
