Dip pen

"Mail" pen by C. Brandauer & Co.
Type	Pen
Inventor	Bryan Donkin[n 1]
Inception	1792; 233 years ago (1792) (modern era)[n 2]
Manufacturer	Gillott Kaweco Speedball Zebra
Available	Yes

Adip pen is awriting instrument used to apply ink to paper. It usually consists of a metalnib with a central slit that acts as acapillary channel like those offountain pen nibs, mounted in a handle or holder, often made of wood. Other materials can be used for the holder, includingbone,metal andplastic; some pens are made entirely ofglass.

Generally dip pens have noink reservoir, so the user must refill the ink from an ink bowl or bottle to continuedrawing orwriting. Sometimes a simple tubular reservoir can be clipped to the top of the pen, allowing for several minutes of uninterrupted use. Refilling can be done by dipping into aninkwell, but it is also possible to charge the pen with an eyedropper, a syringe, or a brush, which gives more control over the amount of ink applied. Thus, "dip pens" are not necessarily dipped; many illustrators call themnib pens.

Dip pens with replaceable metal nibs emerged in the early 19th century, when they replacedquill pens and,^[3] in some parts of the world,reed pens. Dip pens were widely used well into the 20th century, only gradually being displaced with the development offountain pens in the later 19th century,^[4] and are now mainly used inillustration,calligraphy, andcomics.

While a fountain pen offers the convenience of less frequent refills, the dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen. It can use waterproof, pigmented,iron gall ink, particle-and-binder-based inks, such asIndia ink, drawing ink, and acrylic inks with ease; while fountain pens generally must use water based inks, require thorough and frequent cleaning to prevent clogging when used with pigmented or waterproof inks and maycorrode when used with iron gall ink. Steel and brass dip pen nibs may also corrode when used with iron gall ink but this is not as likely nor as problematic as the nib of a dip pen is often cleaned after each use, and is easily replaced. Flexible dip pen nibs allow for the production of a line that naturally varies in thickness.

There is a wide range of exchangeable nibs for dip pens, so different types of lines and effects can be created. The nibs and handles are far cheaper than most fountain pens, and allow color changes much more easily.^[5]

A copper nib was found in the ruins ofPompeii, showing that metal nibs were used in the year 79.^[6] There is also a reference to 'a silver pen to carry ink in', inSamuel Pepys' diary for August 1663.^[7] 'New invented' metal pens are advertised inThe Times in 1792.^{[n 3][1]} A metal pen point was patented in 1803 by Bryan Donkin, but the patent was not commercially exploited. The patent for the manufacture of metal pens was advertised for sale in 1811.^{[n 4][1]} John Mitchell ofBirmingham started to mass-produce pens with metal nibs in 1822, and after that, the quality of steel nibs improved enough so that dip pens with metal nibs came into general use.^{[n 5]}

The earliest known split-nib metal dip pen is a surviving copper-alloy pen found in Roman Britain (AD 43 to 410).^[12] Several other surviving all-metal and removable-nib pens from theMiddle Ages andRenaissance have been found, suggesting they were used alongside quill pens.^{[13][14][15][16]}

The steel pen is first attested in Daniel Defoe's bookA Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain – 1724–26. In Letter VII Defoe wrote: "the plaster of the ceilings and walls in some rooms is so fine, so firm, so entire, that they break it off in large flakes, and it will bear writing on it with a pencil or steel pen." In Newhall Street, John Mitchell pioneered mass production of steel pens in 1822; prior to that thequill pen had been the most common form of writing instrument. His brother William Mitchell later set up his own pen making business in St Paul's square. The Mitchell family is credited as being the first manufacturers to use machines to cut pen nibs, which greatly sped up the process.

TheJewellery Quarter and surrounding area ofBirmingham, England was home to many of the first dip pen manufacturers, which some companies establishing there to produce pens. Some of those companies wereJoseph Gillott's (established in 1827), Sir Josiah Mason (1827), Hink Wells & Co. (1836), Baker and Finnemore (1850), C. Brandauer & Co. (1850),D. Leonardt & Co. (1856).^[17]

Baker and Finnemore operated in James Street, nearSt Paul's Square. C Brandauer & Co Ltd., founded as Ash & Petit, traded at 70 Navigation Street.Joseph Gillott & Sons Ltd. made pen nibs in Bread Street, now Cornwall Street. Hinks Wells & Co. traded in Buckingham Street, Geo W Hughes traded in St Paul's Square,D. Leonardt & Co./Leonardt & Catwinkle traded in George Street and Charlotte Street, and M Myers & Son. were based at 8Newhall Street. By 1830 John and William Mitchell, Joseph Gillott and Josiah Mason were the major manufacturers in Birmingham.

In Germany the industrial production of dip pens started in 1842 at the factory ofHeintze & Blanckertz inBerlin.

By the 1850s, Birmingham was a world centre for steel pen and steelnib manufacture. More than half the steel nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilledcraftsmen and women were employed in the industry. Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected in Birmingham, enabling the city'sfactories to mass produce their pens cheaply and efficiently. These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write, which encouraged the development of education and literacy. By 1860 there were about 100 companies making steel nibs in Birmingham, but 12 large firms dominated the trade. In 1870 Mason, Sommerville, Wiley, and Perry, merged to formPerry & Co. Ltd. which later became one of the largest manufacturers in the world, with near 2,000 employees.^[18]

Richard Esterbrook manufacturedquill pens inCornwall. In the 19th century, he saw a gap in the American market for steel nib pens. Esterbrook approached five craftsmen who worked for John Mitchell in Navigation Street with a view to setting up business inCamden,New Jersey, US. Esterbrook founded his company in 1858, and it grew to become one of the largest steel pen manufacturers in the world. In 1971 it went out of business.

The oblique dip pen was designed for writing the pointed pen styles of the mid 19th to the early 20th century such asSpencerian Script, although oblique pen holders can be used for earlier styles of pointed penmanship such as thecopperplate scripts of the 18th and 19th centuries. As the name suggests, the nib holder holds the nib at an oblique angle of around 55° pointing to the right hand side of the penman. This feature helps greatly in achieving the steep angle required for writing certain scripts, but more importantly, it prevents the right hand nib tine from dragging on the paper as can be experienced when using a straight nib holder with a straight nib for this purpose.

The decreasing production of dip pens and the subsequent demise of the industry in Birmingham is often^{[citation needed]} blamed on the invention of theballpoint pen in 1938 by the HungarianLaszlo Biro.^[19][20]

One improved version of the dip pen, known as the original "ballpoint", was the addition of a curved point (instead of a sharp point) which allows the user to have slightly more control on upward and sideways strokes. This feature, however, produces a thicker line rather than the sharp line produced by a sharp point.

The following is a list of some of the most prominent dip pen manufacturers (in past and present times):^[17]

Dip pens continued in use in schools into the 1950s and 1960s, mainly on grounds of cost, since fountain pens were expensive to buy. Even whenballpoint pens became cheaply available, some schools banned their use, perhaps because writing with a dip pen had to be done with greater care. Schooldesks were made with a socket for a small ceramicinkwell which had to be refilled on a daily basis, a task often delegated to one of the pupils.^[29][30]

Dip pens are rarely used now for regular writing, most commonly having been replaced by fountain pens,rollerball pens, or ballpoint pens. However, dip pens are still appreciated by artists, as they can make great differences between thick and thin lines, and generally write more smoothly than other types of pens. Dip pens are also preferred by calligraphers for fine writing. Dip pens are still in use for nib paintings, mostly round tip ones with a slit in the centre.

Although most of the factories ceased manufacturing dip pens,^[17] some companies are still active, such asSpeedball, Brause (currently owned byFrench company Exacompta Clairefontaine),^[31][32] William Mitchell andJoseph Gillott's.

• 
  Types of dip pen points
• 
  Brandauer & Co. illustrated ad
• 
  Various pen nibs and penholders
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  Brause "Christian IX" pen (with portrait carved) and its penholder
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  A rare nib with the body shaped as theEiffel Tower
• 
  Sand-McDougall carved nib
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  Various nibs of different brands
• 
  An oldSoennecken pens catalog
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  Various Perry models
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  Glass dip pens
• 
  Glass dip pen
• 
  Dip pen points

• Birmingham pen trade
• Calligraphy
• Lettering
• Nib (pen)

Wikimedia Commons has media related toDip pens.

• Vintage nibs (nibs.tk), steel pen catalogue and gallery (archived)
• The Story of The Invention of Steel Pens by Henry Bore – London – New York. Published 1890 at the Project Gutenberg

• Writing implements
• Visual arts materials
• Pens

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• Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
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