Dionysius I orDionysius the Elder (c. 432 – 367 BC) was aGreektyrant ofSyracuse,Sicily. He conquered several cities in Sicily and southern Italy, opposedCarthage's influence in Sicily and made Syracuse the most powerful of the WesternGreek colonies. He was regarded by the ancients as the worst kind of despot: cruel, suspicious, and vindictive.[1]
Dionysius began his working life as a clerk in a public office.[1] Because of his achievements in the war against Carthage that began in 409 BC, he was elected supreme military commander in 406 BC. In the following year he seized total power and became tyrant.[2] He was married toAristomache, and had a daughter by her,Arete. He was married at the same time toDoris of Locris, who bore him his son,Dionysius II of Syracuse.
Dionysius seized power with the help of a personal group of mercenaries, likely recruited from among theSileraioi. This force, initially 600 men and later raised to 1,000, was granted to him as a bodyguard after he faked an attack on his own life.[citation needed] Having consolidated his position, Dionysius imposed the mercenaries on all parts of thepolis community, signaling that democracy had ended in Syracuse. His rule was "unconstitutional and illegitimate and could not fail to provoke rebellions among the partisans of democratic government".[3] Dionysius' position at home was threatened as early as 403 by those philosophically opposed to tyranny.Sparta, which had in the pastdeposed tyrants fromCorinth toAthens, did not damn Dionysius and hisautocracy. In fact, according to the historianDiodorus Siculus, relations between the two were very positive:
When the Lacedaemonians [Spartans] had settled the affairs of Greece to their own taste, they dispatched Aristus, one of their distinguished men, to Syracuse, ostensibly pretending that they would overthrow the government, but in truth with intent to increase the power of the tyranny; for they hoped that by helping to establish the rule of Dionysius they would obtain his ready service because of their benefactions to him.[4]
Dionysius even received the privilege of conscripting mercenaries from lands under Spartan authority. The demise of such a prominent democraticpolis and the subsequent actions of Dionysius represented a recurring norm in fourth-century Greek states, thanks to the prevalence of mercenaries. The mercenary and the tyrant went hand in hand; for example,Polybius noted that "the security of despots rests entirely on the loyalty and power of mercenaries".[5]Aristotle wrote that some form of "guard" (i.e., a personal army) is needed for absolute kingship,[6] and for an elected tyrant an optimum number of professional soldiers should be employed. Too few would undermine the tyrant's power, while too many would threaten the polis itself. The philosopher also notes that the people of Syracuse were warned not to let Dionysius conscript too many "guards" during his regime.[6]
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He fought awar with Carthage from 397 BC to 392 BC with mixed success;[2] his attempts to drive theCarthaginians entirely out of Sicily failed; at his death they were still masters of at least a third of it.
He carried out an expedition against theItaliote League in 387 BC[2] in southern Italy. In one campaign, in which he was joined by the Lucanians, he devastated the territories ofThurii andCroton in an attempt to defendLocri.[1] After a protracted siege, hetook Rhegium in 386 and sold the inhabitants as slaves.
He also pillaged the temple ofCaere (then allied with Rome) on theEtruscan coast.[1] In theAdriatic, to facilitate trade, Dionysius foundedAncona,Adria andIssa.[7] After him, the Adriatic became a sea of Syracuse. In theCorinthian War, he joined the side of theSpartans and assisted them withmercenaries and ships (which contributed in blocking the Athenians' supplies from the Black Sea forcing them to peace).[1]
In 385 BC,Alcetas of Epirus was a refugee in Dionysius' court. Dionysius wanted a friendly monarch inEpirus, so he sent 2,000 Greekhoplites and 500 suits of Greek armour to help the Illyrians underBardyllis in attacking theMolossians of Epirus. They ravaged the region and killed 15,000 Molossians, and Alcetas regained his throne.[8] He joined theIllyrians in an attempt to plunder the temple ofDelphi.[1] Sparta intervened[9] underAgesilaus, however, and with aid from Thessaly, Macedonia, and the Molossians themselves, the Spartans expelled[10] the Illyrians.[11]
Around 387-385 BC, Dionysius undertook an intensive program of colonization of the Adriatic for a number of reasons: to dominate the naval routes to the rich grain markets of thePo Delta, to conquerEpirus and to gain access to the riches of the temples ofDelphi.[12][13] To do this, Dionysius made a pact with theIllyrians and theSenones.
in ItalyAnkón (nowAncona, a colony populated in 387 BC by political exiles), and Adrìa (in 385 BC, nowAdria); in DalmatiaIssa (nowVis) and in AlbaniaLissos (in 385 BC, nowLezhë).[12][13]
In 385 Syracuse also collaborated withParos in the foundation ofPharos (in 384 BC, nowStari Grad[14]), on the island ofHvar in Croatia. The Syracusan colony ofIssa in turn founded in 3rd century BCemporia inTragyrion (nowTrogir),Melaina Korkyra (nowKorčula) and Epetion (nowStobreč, a suburb ofSplit) and used the Greek emporium ofSalona.[12][13]
With this colonization program Dionysius effectively managed to secure total control over the Adriatic routes that carriedPo Valley grain to Greece, thus allowing Syracuse and the whole of Sicily to compete with theEtruscans in this trade.[12][13]
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According to some sources, after gaining a prize for one of his tragedies, “The Ransom of Hector” (seeIntellectual tastes below), at a competition at theLenaia festival at Athens, he was so elated that he drank himself to death.[15] Others such as Cicero and Diodorus Siculus report that he died of natural causes shortly after learning of his play's victory in 367 BC.[16] According to others, he was given an overdose of a sleeping potion by his physicians at the instigation of his son,Dionysius the Younger, who succeeded him as ruler of Syracuse.[1] A similar theory, proposed byJustin, stated that Dionysius "was defeated and broken by constant warfare, and finally murdered by a conspiracy of his own kin".[17] Modern historian Jeff Champion states that there is no evidence to prove the claim he was conspired against.[18]
His life was written byPhilistus, but the work is lost.[1]
LikePisistratus, tyrant ofAthens, Dionysius was fond of having literary men around him, such as the historianPhilistus, the poetPhiloxenus, and the philosopherPlato, but treated them in a most arbitrary manner.[1]Diodorus Siculus relates in hisBibliotheca historica that Dionysius once had Philoxenus arrested and sent to the quarries for voicing a bad opinion about his poetry. The next day, he released Philoxenus because of his friends' requests, and brought the poet before him for another poetry reading. Dionysius read his own work and the audience applauded. When he asked Philoxenus how he liked it, the poet turned to the guards and said "take me back to the quarries."[19]Plutarch relates a version of this story in hisOn the Fortune of Alexander.[20]
He also posed as an author and patron of literature; his poems, severely criticized by Philoxenus, were hissed at the Olympic games, but having gained a prize for a tragedy on theRansom of Hector at theLenaea atAthens, he was so elated that he engaged in a debauch which, according to some sources, proved fatal.[1] His name is also known for the legend ofDamon and Pythias, and he features indirectly (via his son) in the legend of the Sword ofDamocles. TheEar of Dionysius in Syracuse is an artificial limestone cave named after Dionysius.[21]
Dionysius was one of the major figures in Greek and European history. He was a champion of the struggle between the Greeks andCarthage for Sicily, and was the first to bring the war into the enemy's territory. He transformed Syracuse into the most powerful city in the Greek world, and made it the seat of an empire stretching from Sicily across to Italy. It is said that Dionysius foreshadowed the accomplishments ofAlexander the Great and beyond him ofAugustus.[citation needed] He also foreshadowed these later rulers in being one of the first Greek rulers to be given divine honors during his lifetime, and he made innovations in military technique, such as siege engines, which became a standard feature of warfare under Alexander the Great and later generals.[22]
It has been theorized thatBrennus was working in concert with Dionysius, who sought to control all of Sicily. Rome had strong allegiances withMessana, a small city state in north east Sicily, which Dionysius wanted to control. Rome's army being pinned down by Brennus' efforts would have assisted Dionysius's campaign.[23]
In 402 BC Dionysius I began building the walls of Syracuse, which included an impressive citadel, theEuryalus fortress, protecting the plateau to the northwest of Syracuse, the remains of which are still visible today. The walls were completed in 397 BC and had the following characteristics:
Building so big a fortress would have involved installing well over 300 tons of stone every day for 5 years.[24]
Dionysius I is one of the central characters in the legend of theSword of Damocles.[25]
Dionysius I also appears to be mentioned inDante'sInferno (of theDivine Comedy) (1308–21) as a tyrant who suffers in a river of boiling blood, although there is some dispute the Dionysius of reference may be his son, Dionysius II.[26]
He features prominently inL. Sprague de Camp'shistorical novelThe Arrows of Hercules (1965) as a patron of inventors on the island ofOrtygia near Syracuse.
A fictional version of Dionysius is a character inMary Renault's historical novelThe Mask of Apollo (1966).
He is the main character inValerio Massimo Manfredi's novelTyrant (2003).
"Dionysius the Tyrant" is mentioned in the 2006Robert Harris novelImperium as the founder of the Stone Quarries of Syracuse. The narrator,Marcus Tullius Tiro, proclaims the Stone Quarries "the most fearsome prison in the world."
He is featured in the 1962 filmDamon and Pythias (Il tiranno di Siracusa).
He also features inFriedrich Schiller's "Die Bürgschaft", as well asOsamu Dazai's reworked version "Run, Melos!".
We must not forget the poem by the Romanian poet George Coșbuc (1866-1918), "Poet and Critic".
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dionysius".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 284. Endnotes:ml was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).{{isbn}}: required identifier missing (help)| Preceded by: democracy position previously held byThrasybulus in 465 BC | Tyrant of Syracuse 405–367 BC | Succeeded by: Dionysius the Younger |
