| Rahanweyn رحنوين Reewin | |
|---|---|
| Somali clan | |
 Traditional weapons and tools of the Rahanweyn | |
| Ethnicity |  Somali |
| Location |  Somalia Ethiopia Kenya |
| Branches |
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| Language | Somali (Maay dialect) Arabic |
| Religion | SunniIslam |
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| Part ofa series on |
| Somali clans |
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TheRahanweyn (Maay:Reewin,Somali:Raxanweyn,Arabic:رحنوين), also known as theDigil and Mirifle (Somali:Digil iyo Mirifle) is a majorSomali clan. It is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa, with a large territory in the densely populated fertile valleys of theJubba andShebelle rivers and the areas inbetween, which are mainly inhabited by settlers from the Digil and Mirifle lineages.[1]
Anthropologists and northern Somalis have helped coin the termRahanweyn. The name is said to be a combination ofRahan (grindstone) andWeyn (large) which means (large grindstone) suggesting the name's semantic relation to the Reewin economy. Another more interesting term is said to combine the names ofRahan (crowd) andWeyn (large) which means (literally 'crowd-big' or the large crowds)[2] indicating that the Reewin clans are a confederation of diverse Somali clans that migrated elsewhere.
However, all these definitions are based on theNorthern Somali dialect rather than the southern Somali dialect therefore these definitions should be deemed inaccurate.[citation needed] The name is correctly pronouncedReewin which can be divided intoRee (family) andWiin (old) which means (old family). This name is a reference to the Reewin ancient origins which might indicate that they might have been the first Somali group to migrate to modern-daySomalia whilst the rest of the Somali clans slowly began to diverge and develop their own unique distinct dialects.[3] Another theory states that the name Rahanweyn derives from the name of the ancestor of all Rahanweyn clans, one Ma'd or Mohammed Reewin.[2]
Each of the two subclans of the Rahanweyn comprises a great number of clans and sub-clans.[4] The Digil sub-clan mainly consists offarmers andcoastal people, while the Mirifle are predominantly agro-pastoralists.
According to constitutional law, Somalis are linguistically grouped intoMai Terreh andMaxaa Tiri. The vast majority of the Somalis who speak Mai Terreh (also known as Mai-Mai orAf-Maay) are the Rahanweyn who descend from Sab, while the speakers of Maxaa Tiri (i.e. most spokenSomali) belong to other clans (Darod,Dir,Hawiye andIsaaq) who descend fromSamaale. Both Sab and Samaale are believed to have been fathered by Hiil (ancestral father of allSomalis).[5][6]
Rahanweyn clans contain a high number of adopted members,[7] with British anthropologistI. M. Lewis describing the Rahanweyn as a "synthesis of old cultivating stock, and more recent and once nomadic immigrants from the other Somali clans", with almost every Somali lineage having some off-shoot living among them.[8] This practice allows newcomers to integrate into resident clans in a pleasant manner.[9] Furthermore, in riverine places such asLower Shabelle or theJuba region, it adds to the complexity of lineage identity.[9]
The clan resides in rich fertile lands in southernSomalia and lives on the banks of Somalia's two major rivers, theShebelle andJubba rivers. The Rahanweyn make up the majority in thesouthwestern regions ofBay,Bakool, andLower Shabelle. They are also believed to be the silent majority inJubbaland specifically in regions such asGedo,Middle Juba, andLower Juba.[10] They are the second-largest clan to reside inMogadishu.[11] They are also found in theSomali Region ofEthiopia and theNorth Eastern Province ofKenya.[12]
Reewin groups were the firstSomali/Cushitic group to enter what is the southern part of modern-daySomalia, around the end of the second century B.C.[13][14]
The Rahanweyn clan were mentioned as the people ofReewin who lived in the fertile lands and coastal provinces and were very wealthy and powerful people during the antiquity period in southern Somalia. They were said to be a sub-group of theBarbaroi, ancestors of theSomali people.[15][16]
TheTunni Sultanate (r. 9th century - 13th century) was aSomaliMuslimSultanate located in southwesternSomalia, south of theShabelle river. It was ruled by theTunni Rahanweyn people, who spoke theAf-Tunni. The historical Tunni area correspondence to modern-dayLower Shabelle region[17]Barawa founded by a Tunni saint called Aw-Ali and became the new capital for the Tunni Sultanate. The town prospered and became one of the major Islamic centers in theHorn, the Barawaani Ulama, attracting students from all over the region. Muslim scholars of that time, such asIbn Sa'id, wrote aboutBarawa as "an Islamic island on the Somali coast." Al-Idrisi also described the construction of the coral houses and noted that Barawa was full of both domestic and foreign commodities.[18] The Ajuran would take over the region and end theTunni Sultanate.
Along withHawiye, Rahanweyn clan also came under theAjuran Empire control in the 13th century that governed much of southernSomalia and easternEthiopia, with its domain extending fromHobyo in the north, toQelafo in the west, toKismayo in the south.[19]
At the end of the 17th century, theAjuran Sultanate was on its decline, and various vassals were now breaking free or being absorbed by new Somali powers. One of these powers was theGeledi Sultanate which was established byIbrahim Adeer a former Ajuran general that successfully pushed theimperialAjuran army out ofAfgooye. He subsequently established theGeledi sultanates ruling house, the Gobroon dynasty, after having first defeated theAjuranvassal state, theSilcis Kingdom.[citation needed]
TheGeledi Sultanate was a Rahanweyn Kingdom ruled by the nobleGeledi clan which held sway over theJubba andShabelle rivers in the interior and the Benadir coast. The Geledi Sultanate dominated the East African trade and had enough power to force the southern Arabians to pay tribute to the noble Geledi Rulers likeSultan Yusuf Mahamud.[20]
The Sultanate of Geledi exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a taxing system, a state flag, as well as a professional army.[21][22] The great sultanate also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.[23]
The Geledi Sultanate's main capital was atAfgooye where the rulers resided in the grand palace. The kingdom had a number ofcastles,forts and other variety of architectures in various areas within its realm, including a fortress atLuuq and acitadel atBardera.[24]
The Geledi army numbered 20,000 men in times of peace, and could be raised to 50,000 troops in times of war.[25] Thesupreme commanders of the army were the Sultan and his brother, who in turn hadMalaakhs andGarads under them. The military was supplied withrifles andcannons by Somali traders of the coastal regions that controlled the East Africanarms trade.[citation needed]
The kingdom maintained a vast trading network, trading withArabia,Persia,India,Near East,Europe and theSwahili World, dominating the East African trade, and was a regional power.[26]
In the case of the Geledi, wealth accrued to the nobles and to the Sultanate not only from the market cultivation which it had utilized from theShebelle andJubba valleys but also trade from their involvement in the slave trade and other enterprises such as ivory, cotton, iron, gold, among many other commodities. Generally, they also raised livestock animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and chicken.[27]
TheGeledi Sultanate was eventually incorporated intoItalian SomalilandProtectorate in 1908 by the Geledi ruler:Osman Ahmed who signed multiple treaties with the Italian colonials and the Kingdom ended with the death ofOsman Ahmed in 1910.[28]
The Hizbi Dhigil & Mirifle (1947–1969) was a Somali political party formed by members of the Rahanweyn clan however Jeilani Sheikh Bin Sheikh was the first to be elected as the leader of (HDMS) and was among the first to call forFederalism inSomalia. It had its roots in the 1920s as theHizbiya Dastur Mustaqil Al Sumal which was formed as an anti colonial organization that educated the inter riverine peoples and provided health and other charitable motions. Later the Hizbi Dhigil & Mirifle formed in 1947 and would be the main opposition party winning the 2nd most seats in parliament after theSomali Youth League. Its main goals were to advocate for the Digil and Mirifle peoples of Somalia and a true census of theSomali Republic. The party also pushed for improving agricultural and animal husbandry practices.[29]
During the fight for independence, political parties were based on clan interest though these organizations claimed to act in the national interest and were against clan division. Thus, the anti-clan stance was an act in order to promote their clan interest. For example, the non-Rahanweyn, mainlyDarod andHawiye who dominated the Somali administration previously but who had already lived in tranquillity and harmony with Rahanweyn, declared the former pre-colonial loyalty ofgeeko mariidi (old days). Anti-clan laws were approved at independence that violated traditional land rights allowed the non-Rahanweyn to acquire gains at the expense of Rahanweyn. Under the disguise of nationalism, they promoted Darood and Hawiye interests. When Rahanweyn had political and numerical dominance in the interiverine region there was a petition to divide the region into nine provinces, only two remained in Rahanweyn's political control while the rest was Darood-led. This was supposedly a national development that turned out to be a hegemonic act and was aggravated by the Cooperative Development in 1974 under presidentSiad Barre when Rahanweyn land's was seized and annexed under an eminent domain law. The state farms thus used the Rahanweyn as labourers, but were managed by Darood and only promoted Darood interest, not the nation's interest.[30]
HistoricallyJubbaland was Rahanweyn's stronghold and prior to Italian colonization, the region was ruled byGeledi Sultanate.[31] In 1975, Mohammed Siad Barre, a member of theMarehan sub-clan of the Darood, created six different regions calledLower Juba,Middle Juba,Gedo,Bay,Bakool andLower Shabelle for political reasons to favour theDarod and to weaken the Rahanweyn's political influence in the south. TheMarehan were rewarded political powers to lead the Gedo region,Ogaden were rewarded political powers to lead the Middle Juba region,Harti, were rewarded political powers to lead the Lower Juba region, and finally, the Hawiye were rewarded political powers to lead Lower Shabelle. The major Rahanweyn historic towns located on theJubba River such asDolow,Luuq,Burdhubo,Bardheere,Saakow,Bu'ale,Jilib,Jamame andKismayo, thus lost their Rahanweyn identity. The Rahanweyn were only positioned in the landlocked Bay region.[32]
Report of the Nordic fact-finding mission to the Gedo region in Somalia states:[33]
According to Abdirshakar Othawai, extensive settlement by theMarehan clans in theGedo region had been going on for some considerable time. Back in 1977-1980, theOgaden War between Somalia and Ethiopia triggered large movements of people, with many Marehan members being transferred from Ethiopia toLuuq andBurdhubo in particular.
The Somali government at the time, headed bySiad Barre, assisted Marehan settlers in Gedo with farm implements, among other facilities, while a Japanese NGO tried to persuade the Rahanweyn clans to accept the new Marehan settlers, arguing in particular that this time was a temporary arrangement. The Marehan settlers were at present living in those areas with the Rahanweyne clans being squeezed out there as a result.
The civil war in Somalia in the 1900s promoted most of the Gabaweyn sub-clan of Rahanweyn to leave the Gedo region and go to live in Kenya and Ethiopia. This enabled the Marehan clans finally to secure political power in the Gedo region. Abdullahi Sheikh Mohamed, of the UNOPS SRP, regarded that seizer of power as the culmination of a long-term strategy by the president at the time, Siad Barre with the Gedo region being established back in 1974 in order to create a regional base for theMarehan clans.
A similar fashion was happening in the Lower and Middle Juba regions where during theOgaden War a huge number ofOgaden refugees were being resettled inMiddle Jubba and during the famine crisis in northeast Somalia, theHarti clans were being resettled inLower Jubba.
During the civil war, the less aggressive and peaceful Rahanweyn suffered the most out of any clan inSomalia.General Morgan the nephew of Siad Barre unified the Darood factions inJubbaland and founded theSomali National Front and waged war against the self-declared presidentMohamed Farrah Aidid who led the Hawiye militia known as theUnited Somali Congress. The Darood and Hawiye militia used Rahanweyn lands as their battleground and conducted all kinds of human rights violations against the indigenous population in the interiverine region. In theBay province, the Marehan militia members targeted women as means of genocide against the Rahanweyn clan. Barre had planned to resettle Darood clans in the area and made secret plans with his son-in-law General Morgan to exterminate the Rahanweyn clan. In fact, this had been a long-term aim as evidence pointed out in the infamous documents "death letter one" and "death letter two" of 1987. In these Morgan proposed the idea for the annihilation of both theIsaaq in the north and the Rahanweyn in the south.[34] Apart from the massacres, general Morgan used other kinds of cruel and barbarous methods such as using starvation as his key tactic by plundering NGO warehouses, raiding convoys, and a host of other schemes to prevent food aid from reaching the Rahanweyn. Given the outcome of the mortality rate, (40% of the population, including 70% of the children) his attempts to prevent food aid, steadily kill the survivors, and colonize the lands with his own clan, could be concluded that there was a deliberate effort to destroy the Rahanweyn.[35] At the same time the self-declared presidentMohamed Farrah Aidid and forces loyal to him were the more powerful armed militia occupied Rahanweyn dominated regions such asBay,Bakool andLower Shabelle in the guise of liberation against Siad Barre regime forces. TheHabar Gidir militia in Lower Shabelle overstayed, began illegally settling by looting properties and farmlands and using the local Digil population as labour similar to Darood clans in Jubbaland.[36][37]
Researcher and analyst Muuse Yuusuf states:[38]
During the rebellion against General Siad Barre's regime, there were some Rahanweyn rebel groups, such as the SDM. However, they were not strong militarily and their political elite did not have access to the state military arsenal like the high-ranking military leaders of other Hawiye, Darood, and Isaaq factions who looted state arsenal. Rahanweyn elites did not also have an economic power base and a diaspora community to support their movement, factors that helped other factions. They were also divided among themselves, supporting different rebel groups. For example, SDM had to ally itself with the USC's different factions to eject remnants of president Siad Barre's forces from their lands. Indeed, clans elders from these regions asked general Aideed to help them liberate their land from forces loyal to president Siad Barre, which were committing atrocities in the region. As it turned out, General Aideed's USC faction betrayed them politically when its militiamen occupied Rahanweyn regions under the pretext that they had liberated them from the 'fallen' regime.Therefore, at the collapse of the military dictatorship, Rahanweyn clans and small non-Somali ethnic groups found themselves defenseless and trapped between marauding Hawiye and Darood factions in what became known as the 'triangle of death' in which Baidoa, the capital city of the Bay region, became the city of death. They suffered most when up to 500,000 people starved to death because of the destruction of the farmlands and properties and confiscation of farms by the warring factions. And also because of what was described as 'genocidal policy' under which Hawiye and Darood factions were determined to exterminate Rahanweyns. If you compare Rahanweyn's experience with any other clan's experience, it becomes obvious that they were not only marginalized throughout Somali history but also suffered more than any other clan during the civil war as hundreds of thousands of people died because of the conflict and other war-related causes.
At the beginning of the year 1993, the constant war and communal suffering the Rahanweyn endured, the Rahanweyn community came to the realization that they shared the same history and experience of political marginalization and victimization throughout modern Somali history, had emerged. By March 1993, Somali Democratic movement organized a peacemaking conference to unite the riverine clans which were held in Bonkain town in the Bay province. By 1994. Rahanweyn were successful in establishing their own administrations andBaidoa was no longer considered the city of famine. In 1995, Rahanweyn held a congress in Baidoa to promote their interest by uniting the interiverine communities and demanding an autonomous regional state. The vision was ambitious and consisted of six administrative regions of Bay, Bakool, Lower Shabelle, Middle Juba, Lower Juba, and Gedo under this project the Rahanweyn were regarded as the rightful majority in these regions. However, despite this project sounding good to the interiverine clans, there were still some challenges lying ahead for example the Rahanweyn traditional territories were still being occupied by Darood and Hawiye militias and massive displacement of the indigenous people had disturbed the region's socio-political and local businesses. It wasn't until late 1995 where theRahanweyn Resistance Army was founded to liberate the Rahanweyn lands and launched a series of military campaigns against Aidid's militiamen. By 1999, RRA forces successfully drove out theHabar Gidir fighters from theBay,Bakool, andLower Shabelle regions. The next target wasJubbaland and to expel the illegal settlers that came in the time of the military dictatorSiad Barre. However, the plan was halted in 2000 when the transitional national government was established. Both the Hawiye and Darood clans feared Rahanweyn's growing political ambition and complained to the international community to pressure the Rahanweyn to accept the currentstatus quo. Nevertheless, the Rahanweyn communities were finally pleased they managed to establish their own autonomous state in the year 2002 and reaffirmed their autonomy from the hegemonic Darood and Hawiye factions. To them, they ultimately remembered their long-held dream for an autonomous federal state which their ancestors had advocated for in the early 1950s. The creation of the RRA and the declaration of the Southwest State of Somalia was an indicator of the clan's victory over the dominant factions, originating from far away places like the central regions. By establishing their own state and army, the Rahanweyn clan positioned themselves to be a force to be reckoned with. A country that was already split along clan-based states. This historical action was nothing more than a coping mechanism that came about in the civil war just like the Isaaq and Majerteen that formed their own autonomous states.[39]
TheRahanweyn Resistance Army founded the autonomous state known asSouth West State of Somalia which was able to establish its own government, economy, army and flag. The Southwest state was credited as an important pillar of stability in southernSomalia.[40][41]
The following listing is taken from theWorld Bank'sConflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and theUnited Kingdom'sHome Office publication,Somalia Assessment 2001.[42][43]
In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:[44]
Christian Bader lists the principal Digil and Rahanweyn subclans as follows:[45]
According to Christian Webersik, "This practice allows the peaceful integration of newcomers into resident clans. Further, it adds to the complexity of lineage identity in the riverine areas, such as Lower Shabelle or the Juba region."
