Thedigestive system of gastropods has evolved to suit almost every kind of diet and feeding behavior.Gastropods (snails andslugs) as the largest taxonomic class of themollusca are very diverse: the group includescarnivores,herbivores,scavengers,filter feeders, and evenparasites.
In particular, theradula is often highly adapted to the specific diet of the various group of gastropods. Another distinctive feature of the digestive tract is that, along with the rest of thevisceral mass, it has undergonetorsion, twisting around through 180 degrees during the larval stage, so that theanus of the animal is located above its head.[1]
A number of species have developed special adaptations to feeding, such as the "drill" of somelimpets, or the harpoon of theneogastropod genusConus. Filter feeders use thegills, mantle lining, or nets of mucus to trap their prey, which they then pull into the mouth with the radula. The highly modified parasitic genusEnteroxenos has no digestive tract at all, and simply absorbs the blood of its host through the body wall.[1]
The digestive system usually has the following parts:
The buccal mass is the first part of the digestive system, and consists of the mouth and pharynx. The mouth includes aradula, and in most cases, also a pair of jaws. The pharynx can be very large, especially in carnivorous species.
Many carnivorous species have developed aproboscis, containing the oral cavity, radula, and part of the oesophagus. At rest, the proboscis is enclosed within a sac-like sheath, with an opening at the front of the animal that resembles a true mouth. When the animal feeds, it pumps blood into the proboscis, inflating it and pushing it out through the opening to grasp the gastropod's prey. A set of retractor muscles help pull the proboscis back inside the sheath once feeding is completed.[1]
 1-2 - buccal mass, 1 - mouth, 2 - pharynx, 3 - retractor muscles of the pharynx, 4 - salivary glands, 5 - salivary ducts, 6 - oesophagus, 7 - stomach. |  1-2 - buccal mass, 1 - mouth, 2 - pharynx, 3 - retractor muscles of the pharynx, 4 - salivary glands, 5 - salivary ducts, 6 - oesophagus and stomach, 7 - intestine, 8 - hepatic ducts. |
Theradula is achitinous ribbon used for scraping or cutting food.
Several herbivorous species, as well as carnivores that prey onsessile animals, have also developed simple jaws, which help to hold the food steady while the radula works on it. The jaw is opposite to theradula and reinforces part of theforegut.[2]
The more purely carnivorous the diet, the more the jaw is reduced.[2]
There are often pieces of food in the gut corresponding to the shape of the jaw.[2]
The jaw structure can be ribbed or smooth:
Some species have no jaw.
Salivary glands plays primary role in the anatomical and physiological adaptations of the digestive system of predatory gastropods.[3] Ducts from large salivary glands lead into the buccal cavity, and the oesophagus also supplies the digestive enzymes that help to break down the food.[1] Salivary secretions lubricate the food and they also containbioactive compounds.[3]
The mouth of gastropods opens into anoesophagus, which connects to thestomach. Because of torsion, the oesophagus usually passes around the stomach, and opens into its posterior portion, furthest from the mouth. In species that have undergone de-torsion, however, the oesophagus may open into the anterior of the stomach, which is therefore reversed from the usual gastropod arrangement.[1]
InTarebia granifera, thebrood pouch is above the oesophagus.[4]
There is available an extensiverostrum on the anterior part of the oesophagus in all carnivorous gastropods.[5]
Some basal gastropod clades haveoesophageal gland.
In most species, the stomach itself is a relatively simple sac, and is the main site of digestion. In many herbivores, however, the hind part of the oesophagus is enlarged to form acrop, which, in terrestrialpulmonates, may even replace the stomach entirely. In many aquatic herbivores, however, the stomach is adapted into agizzard that helps to grind up the food. The gizzard may have a toughcuticle, or may be filled with abrasive sand grains.[1]
In the most primitive gastropods, however, the stomach is a more complex structure. In these species, the hind part of the stomach, where the oesophagus enters, ischitinous, and includes a sorting region lined withcilia.[1]
In all gastropods, the portion of the stomach furthest from the oesophagus, called the "style sac", is lined with cilia. These beat in a rotary motion, pulling the food forward in a steady stream from the mouth. Usually, the food is embedded in a string of mucus produced in the mouth, creating a coiled conical mass in the style sac. This action, rather than muscularperistalsis, is responsible for the movement of food through the gastropod digestive tract.[1]
Two diverticular glands open into the stomach, and secrete enzymes that help to break down the food. In the more primitive species, these glands may also absorb the food particles directly and digest them intracellularly.[1]
The hepatopancreas is the largest organ instylommatophoran gastropods.[7] It produces enzymes, and absorbs and stores nutrients.
The anterior portion of the stomach opens into a coiledintestine, which helps to resorb water from the food, producingfaecal pellets. The anus opens above the head.[1]
