Diffa Arabs (Arabic:عرب الديفا) (also known asMahamid Arabs) is theNigerien name given to a number ofArab nomadic tribes people living in easternNiger, mostly in theDiffa Region.
In 2006, approximately 150,000[1][2][3] accounting for less than 1.5% of theNiger's population, the Diffa Arabs are said to be the westernmost dispersion ofArabic-speakingSudanese nomads, primarily drawn from the Mahamid subclan of theRizeigat ofSudan andChad.
The Nigerien Arab populations include groups drawn from the Shoa orBaggara Arabs, the first clans of whom are believed to have arrived in what is now Niger sometime in the 19th century. Small groups of theOuled Slimane tribe, overrunning theKanem Empire, filtered into the area between the late 19th century and 1923, joining with those Shoa pastoralists who were already centered in the Tintouma area.
In the 1950s, a small number ofKanem–Chadian Arabs moved into the area, but the population remained small. Later in the mid 1970s, there were only around 4000 nomadic Arabs in eastern Niger.[4] But following the1974 Sahelian Drought a much larger population of Arab clans began to move into Niger, followed by others fleeing thecivil war and theChadian-Libyan conflict in the 1980s, settling nearDiffa.
The first President of Niger who is an ethnic Diffa Arab isMohamed Bazoum in Office since 2021.[5]
Many in the Diffa Arab community fought against the1990s Tuareg rebellion, and in recent years, have come into increased conflict withHausa,Kanuri, and someTuareg communities.[6] News reports quote Nigerien officials during the 2001 census reporting that Arab communities were in constant conflict with their neighbors over resources, were armed, and that "A relative unanimity prevails among the population who want them to leave the area".[7]
In October 2006,Niger announced that it would deport the Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad.[8] This population numbered about 150,000.[9] While the government was rounding up Arabs in preparation for the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger's government eventually suspended the controversial decision to deport Arabs.[10][11]
Arab Nigeriens protested that they were legal citizens of Niger, with no other home to return to, and that themilitary of Niger had seized their livestock, their only means of livelihood.[12]