Dieter Rams (born 20 May 1932) is a German industrial designer who is most closely associated with the consumer products companyBraun, the furniture companyVitsœ, and thefunctionalist school ofindustrial design. His unobtrusive approach and belief in "less, but better" (German:Weniger, aber besser) design has influenced the practice of design, as well as 20th century aesthetics and culture.[1][2] He is quoted as stating that "Indifference towards people and the reality in which they live is actually the one and only cardinal sin in design."[3]
Dieter Rams was born in Wiesbaden, Germany in 1932.[4] He began his studies in architecture and interior decoration atWiesbaden School of Art (now part of theRheinMain University of Applied Sciences) in 1947. A year later, he took a break from studying to gain practical experience and finish his carpentry apprenticeship. He returned to the Wiesbaden School of Art in 1948 and graduated in architecture with honours in 1953, after which he began working for Frankfurt-based architectOtto Apel.[5] In 1955, at the age of 23, he was recruited byBraun as an architect and interior designer.[4]
BraunPhonosuper SK 4 "Snow White's coffin" by Dieter Rams andHans Gugelot (1956)
Rams joined Braun in 1955, and six years later he became head of design at the company, a position he retained until his retirement at the age of 65 in 1997.[6][7][8][4]
After he joined the company, he became a protégé ofFritz Eichler and theUlm School of Design professorsHans Gugelot andOtl Aicher,[6] all of whom worked for Braun in various capacities.[9][10] Speaking withAlessandro Mendini years later, Rams recalled this period at Braun as having been "marked by the Ulm school, through Hans Gugelot, in the sphere of product design and Otl Aicher in that of graphic design." He went on to say that "My own work and that of my group would have been unthinkable without the way paved by them."[11]
Gugelot, Rams, and their colleagues designed many memorable products for Braun including the famousPhonosuper SK 4 [de]radiogram and the high-quality 'D'-series (D 45, D 46) of 35mm filmslide projectors. The SK 4, known as the "Snow White's coffin," is considered revolutionary because it transitioned household appliance design away from looking like traditional furniture.[12] By producing electronic gadgets that were remarkable in their austere aesthetic and user friendliness, Rams made Braun a household name in the 1950s.
In 1968, Rams designed the cylindric T2 cigarette lighter. A member of Braun's board had asked him for a design; Rams replied, "only if we design our own technology to go inside them." Successive versions of the product went on to use then-current motorcycle-like magnetic ignition, followed by piezoelectric, and finally solar-powered mechanisms.[13]
In 1959, Rams began a collaboration withVitsœ, at the time known as Vitsœ-Zapf, which led to the development of the 606 Universal Shelving System, which is still sold today, with only minor changes from the original.[14] He also designed furniture for Vitsœ in the 1960s, including the 620 chair collection.[10] He worked with both Braun and Vitsœ until his retirement in 1997, and continues to work with Vitsœ.[6][15]
Apple iPod pictured next to a 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio
His approach to design and his aesthetics influencedApple designerJonathan Ive[16] and many Apple products pay tribute[17] to Rams's work for Braun,[18] including Apple'siOS calculator, which references[19] the 1987 ET66 calculator,[20] and prior to a redesign, the appearance of the playing screen in Apple's Podcast app mimicked the appearance of the Braun TG 60 reel-to-reel tape recorder. The iOS 7 world clock app closely mirrors Braun's clock and watch design, while the original iPod closely resembles the Braun T3transistor radio.[21][22][8]
InGary Hustwit's 2009 documentary filmObjectified, Rams states that Apple is one of the few companies designing products according to his principles.[23][24] In a 2010 interview withDie Zeit, Rams mentions that Ive personally sent him an iPhone "Along with a nice letter. He thanked me for the inspiration that my work was to him".[8] Ive also wrote the foreword for a 2011 Rams monograph,Dieter Rams: As Little Design as Possible.[25][26]
The designerJasper Morrison has spoken[27] of his grandfather's Rams designed Braun "Snow White's Coffin" being an "important influence on [his] choice in becoming a designer."[28][29][19]
Rams introduced the idea of sustainable development, and of obsolescence being a crime in design, in the 1970s.[6] Accordingly, he asked himself the question: "Is my design a good design?" The answer he formed became the basis for his celebrated "Ten Principles of Good design".[30][31] According to Rams, "good design":[32][33]
is innovative – The possibilities for progression are not, by any means, exhausted. Technological development is always offering new opportunities for original designs. But imaginative design always develops in tandem with improving technology, and can never be an end in itself.
makes a product useful – A product is bought to be used. It has to satisfy not only functional, but also psychological and aesthetic criteria. Good design emphasizes the usefulness of a product whilst disregarding anything that could detract from it.[34]
is aesthetic – The aesthetic quality of a product is integral to its usefulness because products are used every day and have an effect on people and their well-being. Only well-executed objects can be beautiful.
makes a product understandable – It clarifies the product’s structure. Better still, it can make the product clearly express its function by making use of the user's intuition. At best, it is self-explanatory.
is unobtrusive – Products fulfilling a purpose are like tools. They are neither decorative objects nor works of art. Their design should therefore be both neutral and restrained, to leave room for the user's self-expression.
is honest – It does not make a product appear more innovative, powerful or valuable than it really is. It does not attempt to manipulate the consumer with promises that cannot be kept.
is long-lasting – It avoids being fashionable and therefore never appears antiquated. Unlike fashionable design, it lasts many years – even in today's throwaway society.
is thorough down to the last detail – Nothing must be arbitrary or left to chance. Care and accuracy in the design process show respect towards the consumer.
is environmentally friendly – Design makes an important contribution to the preservation of the environment. It conserves resources and minimizes physical andvisual pollution throughout the lifecycle of the product.
is as little design as possible – Less, but better. Simple as possible but not simpler. Good design elevates the essential functions of a product.
Rams at the50th Anniversary of Braun Innovation exhibition, Boston (2005)Rams honoured with iF DesignLifetime Achievement Award,Friedrichstadt-Palast, Berlin (2024)
Rams has been involved in design for seven decades and has received many honorary appellations throughout his career.[35][36]
Less and More is an exhibition of Rams's landmark designs for Braun and Vitsœ. It first traveled to Japan in 2008 and 2009,[45] appearing at the Suntory Museum in Osaka and the Fuchu Art Museum in Tokyo. Between November 2009 and March 2010 it appeared at theDesign Museum in London.[46][47] It appeared at the Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt from July to September 2010.[48][49] The exhibit then appeared at theSan Francisco Museum of Modern Art from August 2011 to February 2012.[50]
On 22 June 2016, filmmakerGary Hustwit[51] announced his documentaryRams and launched aKickstarter campaign for the project. The full-length documentary features in-depth conversations with Rams about his design philosophy, the process behind some of his most iconic designs, his inspiration and his regrets. Some of the funds raised in the Kickstarter campaign also helped to preserve Rams's design archive in cooperation with the Dieter and Ingeborg Rams Foundation.[52]
In 2022, theMuseum für Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt updated and expanded its permanent display titled "Dieter Rams. A Style Room" to mark the designer's 90th birthday. The exhibit also includes photographs by his wife, Ingeborg Rams.[54]
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![Braun TP1 portable transistor radio and phonograph, 1959[60]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aDieterRamsTP1Perspective.jpg)
![Braun audio 310, early 1970s[61]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBraun_audio_310.jpeg)
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