Adiary is awritten oraudiovisualmemorable record, with discrete entries arranged bydate reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Diaries have traditionally beenhandwritten but are now also oftendigital. A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings, excluding comments on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone who keeps a diary is known as adiarist. Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records (e.g.Hansard), businessledgers, andmilitary records. In British English, the word may also denotea preprinted journal format.
Today the term is generally employed for personal diaries, normally intended to remain private or to have a limited circulation amongst friends or relatives. The word "journal" may be sometimes used for "diary," but generally a diary has (or intends to have) daily entries (from the Latin word for 'day'), whereas journal-writing can be less frequent.
Although a diary may provide information for amemoir,autobiography orbiography, it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it stands, but for the author's own use. In recent years, however, there is internal evidence in some diaries (e.g. those ofNed Rorem,Alan Clark,Tony Benn orSimon Gray) that they are written with eventual publication in mind, with the intention of self-vindication (pre- or posthumous), or simply for profit.
By extension, the termdiary is also used to mean a printed publication of a written diary; and may also refer to other terms of journal including electronic formats (e.g.blogs).
The word 'diary' comes from theLatindiarium ("daily allowance," fromdies, "day").[1] The word 'journal' comes from the same root (diurnus, "of the day") through theOld Frenchjurnal (the modernFrench for 'day' beingjour).[2]
The earliest recorded use of the word 'diary' to refer to a book in which a daily record was written was inBen Jonson's comedyVolpone in 1605.[3]
The earliest known book resembling a diary is theDiary of Merer, an ancient Egyptian logbook whose author described the transportation oflimestone fromTura toGiza, likely to clad the outside of theGreat Pyramid. The oldest extant diaries come fromMiddle Eastern andEast Asian cultures, although the even earlier workTo Myself (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν), today known as theMeditations, written in Greek by the Roman emperorMarcus Aurelius in the second half of the 2nd century AD, already displays many characteristics of a diary.Pillowbooks ofJapanese court ladies andAsian travel journals offer some aspects of this genre of writing, although they rarely consist exclusively of diurnal records.
In themedieval Near East,Arabic diaries were written from before the 10th century. The earliest surviving diary of this era which most resembles the modern diary was that ofAbu Ali ibn al-Banna in the 11th century. His diary is the earliest known to be arranged in order of date (ta'rikh in Arabic), very much like modern diaries.[4]
The precursors of the diary in the modern sense include daily notes ofmedieval mystics, concerned mostly with inward emotions and outward events perceived as spiritually important (e.g.Elizabeth of Schönau,Agnes Blannbekin, and perhaps also, in the lost vernacular account of her visions,Beatrice of Nazareth).
From theRenaissance on, some individuals wanted not only to record events, as in medieval chronicles and itineraries, but also to put down their own opinions and express their hopes and fears, without any intention to publish these notes. One of the early preserved examples is the anonymousJournal d'un bourgeois de Paris covering the years 1405–1449, giving subjective commentaries on current events. Famous 14th to 16th century Renaissance examples, which appeared much later as books, were the diaries by theFlorentinesBuonaccorso Pitti andGregorio Dati and theVenetianMarino Sanuto the Younger. These diaries include records of even less important everyday occurrences together with much reflection, emotional experience and personal impressions.
In 1908, theSmythson company created the first featherweight diary, enabling diaries to be carried about.[5]
Many diaries of notable figures have been published and form an important element ofautobiographical literature.
Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) is the earliest diarist who is well known today; his diaries, preserved inMagdalene College, Cambridge, were first transcribed and published in 1825. Pepys was amongst the first who took the diary beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Pepys' contemporaryJohn Evelyn also kept a notable diary, and their works are among the most importantprimary sources for theEnglish Restoration period, and consist ofeyewitness accounts of many great events, such as theGreat Plague of London, and theGreat Fire of London.
The practice of posthumous publication of diaries of literary and other notables began in the 19th century. As examples, theGrasmere Journal ofDorothy Wordsworth (1771–1855) was published in 1897; the journals ofFanny Burney (1752–1840) were published in 1889; the diaries ofHenry Crabb Robinson (1776–1867) were published in 1869.
Since the 19th century the publication of diaries by their authors has become commonplace – notably amongst politicians seeking justification but also amongst artists and litterateurs of all descriptions. Amongst late 20th-century British published political diaries, those ofRichard Crossman,Tony Benn andAlan Clark are representative, the latter being more indiscreet, in the tradition of the diaries ofChips Channon. In Britain in the field of the arts notable diaries were published byJames Lees-Milne,Roy Strong andPeter Hall.Harold Nicolson in the mid-20th century covered both politics and the arts.
One of the most famous modern diaries, widely read and translated, is the posthumously publishedThe Diary of a Young Girl byAnne Frank, who wrote it while in hiding during the German occupation ofAmsterdam in the 1940s.Otto Frank edited his daughter's diary and arranged for its publication after the war. Many edits were made before the diary was published in other countries. This was due to sexually explicit material, which also led to some libraries banning the book.[6]
The writing of diaries was also often practiced from the 20th century onwards as a conscious act of self-exploration (of greater or lesser sincerity) – examples being the diaries ofCarl Jung,Aleister Crowley andAnaïs Nin.[7] Among important diaries by 20th-century literary figures are those ofFranz Kafka,Edmund Wilson and the French writer Paul Léautaud (1872–1956). The self-reflectiveDiary: Divine Mercy in My Soul written bySaint Faustina contains accounts of her visions and conversations with Jesus.
A strong psychological effect may arise from having an audience for one's self-expression, even if this is the book one writes in, only read by oneself – particularly in adversity. Anne Frank went so far as to address her diary as "Kitty."Friedrich Kellner, a court official inNazi Germany, thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and named it'Mein Widerstand',My Opposition.Victor Klemperer was similarly concerned with recording for the future the tyrannies and hypocrisies of Nazi Germany and of itsEast German successor state in his diaries. However in these cases, the authors did not anticipate publication.[citation needed]
Asinternet access became commonly available, many people adopted it as another medium in which to chronicle their lives with the added dimension of an audience. The firstonline diary is thought to be Claudio Pinhanez'sOpen Diary, published at theMIT Media Lab website from 14 November 1994 until 1996.[8] Other early online diarists includeJustin Hall, who began eleven years of personal online diary-writing in 1994,[9] Carolyn Burke, who started publishingCarolyn's Diary on 3 January 1995,[10] and Bryon Sutherland, who announced his diaryThe Semi-Existence of Bryon in aUSENET newsgroup on 19 April 1995.[11]
The internet has also served as a way to bring previously unpublished diaries to the attention of historians and other readers, such as the diary ofMichael Shiner, an enslaved person in the 19th century who documented his life in Washington, D.C.[12]
Web-based services such asOpen Diary (started in October 1998) andLiveJournal (January 1999) soon appeared to streamline and automateonline publishing, but growth in personal storytelling came with the emergence ofblogs. While the format first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread blogging tools were quickly used to create web journals. Recent advances have also been made to enable the privacy of internet diary entries. For example, some diary software now stores entries in an encrypted format, such as 256-bit AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption, and others only permit access to the diary after correct PIN entry on a secure USB device.
With the popularization ofmobile apps, diary or journaling apps have become available foriOS andAndroid. Proponents have cited numerous reasons for journaling using digital applications, including ease and speed of typing, mobile portability, and search capabilities.[13] Digital diaries are also tailored towards shorter-form, in-the-moment writing, similar to user engagement with social media services such asFacebook,Twitter andInstagram.[14] Apple released ajournal app with itsiOS 17.2 update, pulling suggestions for entries based on locations the user has visited, music they have listened to, and photos from their photo library alongside prompts.
A personal organizer is a form of diary to list actions and tasks for the day, which are recorded in a log, often using symbols to differentiate and categorize items.[15]
In free writing, the diarist sets aside a few minutes each day to write without any constraints, letting thoughts flow freely and allowing the subconscious mind to express itself. Freewriting can unearth hidden thoughts and emotions, fostering self-discovery.
A gardening journal helps gardeners improve their efforts over time by providing a historical record of actions taken, the weather and other elements, and the results.
A gratitude journal is a diary of things for which someone isgrateful.[16] Keeping a gratitude journal is a popular practice in the field ofpositive psychology.
A sleep diary or sleep log is a tool used in the diagnosis and treatment ofsleep disorders or to keep track of dreams had in order to gain insight to the subconscious or for further contemplation.
TheGermanTagebuch ('days-book') is normally rendered as "diary" in English, but the term encompasses workbooks or working journals as well as diaries proper.[17] For example, the notebooks of the Austrian writerRobert Musil and of the German-Swiss artistPaul Klee are calledTagebücher.
A war diary is a regularly updated official record of a military unit's administration and activities during wartime maintained by an officer in the unit. Such diaries can form an important source of historical information, for example about long and complex battles inWorld War I.
There are numerous examples offictional diaries. One of the earliest printed fictional diaries was the humorousDiary of a Nobody byGeorge Grossmith and his brother Weedon. 20th-century examples include radio broadcasts (e.g.Mrs. Dale's Diary) and published books (e.g. theDiaries ofAdrian Mole). Both prompted long-runningsatirical features in the magazinePrivate Eye: the former entitledMrs Wilson's Diary in reference toMary Wilson, wife ofPrime MinisterHarold Wilson, the latter entitledThe Secret Diary of John Major Aged 47¾ and written as a pastiche of theAdrian Mole diaries from the perspective of the then-Prime MinisterJohn Major. Another famous example of the use of fictional diaries as prose is Bram Stoker'sDracula. A modern example includes theDiary of a Wimpy Kid series where each book of the series is written in a first-person view of the main character, as if the book were an actual diary. Other examples are theBert Diaries and the cellphone diaries in the Japanesemanga andanime television seriesFuture Diary.
Ronald Blythe,The Pleasures of Diaries: Four Centuries of Private Writing (Pantheon, 1989,ISBN0-394-58017-6)—the book contains selections from (mostly) English diarists' work.
