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| Dhundhari | |
|---|---|
| ढूंढाड़ी | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Dhundhar |
Native speakers | 1,476,446 (2011 census)[1] |
| Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | dhd |
| Glottolog | dhun1238 |
Dhundhari (ढूंढाड़ी), also known asJaipuri, is aIndo-Aryan language variety of theRajasthani languages group. It is spoken in theDhundhar region of northeasternRajasthan state,India. Dhundari-speaking people are found in four districts –Jaipur,Sawai Madhopur,Dausa,Tonk and some parts ofSikar,Karauli[2] andGangapur District.
With some 1.5 million speakers, it is not the largest speaking language variety in Rajasthan, though fairly used in the regions mentioned above. Dhundhari is spoken widely in and aroundJaipur.
MacAlister completed the grammatical analysis on 24 February 1884. Books on Jain philosophy, such asMoksha Marga Prakashak, have been written in Dhundari by Acharya Kalpa Pt. Todarmalji. The Serampore missionaries translated the New Testament into Jaipuri proper in 1815.[3]
It is called Dhundhari as it was mainly spoken in the Dhundhar region. The state was divided into-Marwar, Mewar, Dhundhar, Hadoti, and Vagad. These divisions were based on culture and language. Now there is no such division and the districts which fall in that region are the ones listed above. Most of the Dhundhari-speaking population is in Jaipur and hence, the name Jaipuri.
The derivation of the name ‘Dhundhari’ is thought to be from two origins.
Dhundhari is primarily spoken in the state of Rajasthan.Mewati is another dialect of Rajasthani to the northeast, which assumes the form ofBraja Bhasha in Bharatpur. Mewati is actually the language of the former Mewat, the abode of the Meos inDang is a further sub-dialect ofBraja Bhasa inKarauli and that ofBundeli andMalvi inJhalawar and the southern parts of Kota. Similarly,Ahirwati (also known asHīrwāṭī) It belongs to the Rajasthani language group and is commonly taken to be a dialect ofHaryanvi. It is spoken inAhirwal region the abode of Ahirs/HeersBehror,Mundawar,Tijara,Bansur (in the district of Alwar, Rajasthan),Kotputli in Jaipur district.
Modern Dhundhari [rwr], which is used in the present time, in Rajasthan shares a 75-80% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on aSwadesh 207 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. It also shares many words with other Rajasthani dialects. In some parts, it is also spoken mixed with Hindi and other similar languages.
The phonemic inventory of Jaipuri consists of bothsegmental phonemes and suprasegmental phonemes. There are 6 vowel phonemes and 32 consonantal phonemes in Jaipuri language. Out of the 32 consonantal phonemes, there are 20 Stops, 2 fricatives, 4 nasals, 2 flaps and 2 lateral and 2 semivowels.
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɐ | ||
| Open | ä |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | p pʰ b bʱ | t tʰ d dʱ | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ | c cʰ ɟ ɟʱ | k kʰ g gʱ | |
| Fricatives | s | h | ||||
| Nasals | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | ||
| Laterals | l | ɭ | ||||
| Flaps | ɾ | ɽ | ||||
| Semi Vowels | w | j |
Nasalization is a suprasegmental phoneme found in Jaipuri language which occurs with all vowels. Some of the occurrences of nasalized vowels are given below in contrast with non-nasalised vowels. Examples—'Ãguli' means finger where the first letter A(ɐ) is nasalized; 'bɐgicho' is garden in Dhundhari and ɐ is not nasalized. 'pũ:cʰŋo' is 'to wipe’ and again u is the suprasegmental phoneme.
Dhundhari have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani (Hindi orUrdu). The primary word order issubject–object–verb. Most of the interrogatives used in Dhundhari are different fromHindi.
Dhundhari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially Rajasthani. A little similarity can be traced between Dhundhari and Gujarati too. However, elements of grammar and fundamental terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility. Dhundhari also uses some words of Sanskrit which are not a part of Hindi now.
Dhundhari is generally written in Devanagari script. Though not very much use of written Dhundhari is seen nowadays.
Though Jaipuri is used as a mother tongue in the home domains, the usage varies since the younger generation use Jaipuri mixed with Hindi. Jaipuri is used in the public places of the locality and the market among the Jaipuri speakers. Though Jaipuri is not taught as a separate subject or as a medium of instruction in the schools, oral communication and teaching is done mostly through Jaipuri language in the rural areas where Jaipuri speakers are in dominance. Many people in the last years have migrated to Hindi and stopped using Dhundhari altogether and this trend continues. It reduces the actual number of speakers in the census.
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