TheDhammacakkappavattana Sutta (Pali; Sanskrit:Dharmacakrapravartana Sūtra; English:The Setting in Motion of theWheel of the Dhamma Sutta orPromulgation of the Law Sutta) is aBuddhist scripture that is considered by Buddhists to be a record of the first sermon given byGautama Buddha, theSermon in the Deer Park atSarnath. The main topic of later versions of this sutta is theFour Noble Truths, which refer to and express the basic orientation ofBuddhism in a formulaic expression,[1][2] while earlier versions center on insight intoimpermancy, and the stilling of unwholesome mental drives. This sutta also refers to the Buddhist concepts of theMiddle Way,impermanence, anddependent origination.
Modern Thai depiction of theSermon in the Deer Park atSarnath
According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha delivered this discourse on the day ofAsalha Puja, in the month ofAshadha, in a deer sanctuary inIsipatana. This was seven weeks after he attainedEnlightenment. His audience consisted of five ascetics who had been his former companions:Kondañña,Assaji, Bhaddiya, Vappa, and Mahānāma.
Dhamma (Pāli) ordharma (Sanskrit) can mean a variety of things depending on its context;[note 1] in this context, it refers to the Buddha's teachings or his "truth" that leads to one's liberation from suffering.Cakka (Pāli) orcakra (Sanskrit) can be translated as "wheel." Thedhammacakka, which can be translated as "Dhamma-Wheel," is a Buddhist symbol referring to Buddha's teaching of thepath to enlightenment.Pavattana (Pāli) can be translated as "turning" or "rolling" or "setting in motion."[note 2]
According to the Buddhist tradition, theDhammacakkappavattana Sutta is the first teaching given by the Buddha after he attained enlightenment. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha attained enlightenment and liberation whilemeditating under theBodhi Tree by the Nerañjarā river inBodh Gaya. Afterwards, he remained silent for forty-nine days. According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers,Āḷāra Kālāma andUddaka Rāmaputta, to teach them his insights, but they had already died and born in a place where it is not apt to preach or they were deaf, so he decided to visit his five former companions. On his way, he encountered a spiritual seeker named Upaka. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".The Buddha then journeyed from Bodh Gaya to Sarnath, a small town near the sacred city ofVaranasi in central India. There he met his five former companions, the ascetics with whom he had shared six years of hardship. His former companions were at first suspicious of the Buddha, thinking he had given up his search for the truth when he renounced their ascetic ways. But upon seeing the radiance of the Buddha, they requested him to teach what he had learned. Thereupon the Buddha gave the teaching that was later recorded as theDhammacakkappavattana Sutta, which introduces fundamental concepts of Buddhist thought, such as theMiddle Way and theFour Noble Truths.[9][10][11][12][13][14]
Modern scholars agree that the teachings of the Buddha were passed down in an oral tradition for approximately a few hundred years after the passing of the Buddha; the first written recordings of these teachings were made hundreds of years after the Buddha's passing. According to academic scholars, inconsistencies in the oldest texts may reveal developments in the oldest teachings.[15][note 3] While the Theravada tradition holds that it is likely that the sutras date back to the Buddha himself, in an unbroken chain of oral transmission,[web 2][web 3][note 4] academic scholars have identified many of such inconsistencies, and tried to explain them. Information of the oldest teachings of Buddhism, such as on theFour Noble Truths, which are an important topic in theDhammacakkappavattana Sutta, has been obtained by analysis of the oldest texts and these inconsistencies, and are a matter of ongoing discussion and research.[16][17][18][19][note 5]
According to Bronkhorst this "first sermon" is recorded in several sutras, with important variations.[25][note 6] In the Vinaya texts, and in theDhammacakkappavattana Sutta which was influenced by the Vinaya texts, the four truths are included, and Kondañña is enlightened[25][26] when the "vision of Dhamma"[27] arises in him: "whatever is subject to origination is all subject to cessation."[note 7] Yet, in theAriyapariyesanā Sutta ("The Noble Search", Majjhima Nikaya 26) the four truths are not included,[note 8] and the Buddha gives the five ascetics personal instructions in turn, two or three of them, while the others go out begging for food. The versions of the "first sermon" which include the four truths, such as theDhammacakkappavattana Sutta, omit this instruction, showing that
...the accounts which include the Four Noble Truths had a completely different conception of the process of liberation than the one which includes the Four Dhyanas and the subsequent destruction of the intoxicants.[25]
According to Bronkhorst, this indicates that the four truths were later added to earlier descriptions of liberation by practicing the four dhyanas, which originally was thought to be sufficient for the destruction of the arsavas.[25] Anderson, following Norman, also thinks that the four truths originally were not part of this sutta, and were later added in some versions.[31][note 9] According to Bronkhorst, the "twelve insights" are probably also a later addition, born out of unease with the substitution of the general term "prajna" for the more specific "four truths".[33]
According to Cousins, many scholars are of the view that "this discourse was identified as the first sermon of the Buddha only at a later date."[32] According to Richard Gombrich,
Of course we do not really know what the Buddha said in his first sermon [...] and it has even been convincingly demonstrated[note 10] that the language of the text as we have it is in the main a set of formulae, expressions which are by no means self-explanatory butrefer to already established doctrines. Nevertheless, the compilers of theCanon put in the first sermon what they knew to be the very essence of the Buddha's Enlightenment.[35]
Yet, the understanding of what exactly constituted this "very essence" also developed over time. What exactly was regarded as the central insight "varied along with what was considered most central to the teaching of the Buddha."[36] "Liberating insight" came to be defined as "insight into the four truths," which is presented as the "liberating insight" which constituted theawakening, or "enlightenment" of the Buddha. When he understood these truths he was "enlightened" and liberated,[note 11] as reflected in Majjhima Nikaya 26:42: "his taints are destroyed by his seeing with wisdom."[40] The four truths were superseded bypratityasamutpada (Pāli:paṭiccasamuppāda), and still later by the doctrine of thenon-existence of a substantial self or person.[41]
According to Anderson, a long recognized feature of the Theravada canon is that it lacks an "overarching and comprehensive structure of the path tonibbana."[42] The sutras form a network or matrix, which have to be taken together.[43][note 12] Within this network, "the four noble truths are one doctrine among others and are not particularly central,"[43] but are a part of "the entiredhamma matrix."[45] The four noble truths are set and learnt in that network, learning "how the various teachings intersect with each other,"[46] and refer to the various Buddhist techniques, which are all explicitly and implicitly part of the passages which refer to the four truths.[47] According to Anderson,
There is no single way of understanding the teachings: one teaching may be used to explain another in one passage; the relationship may be reversed or altered in other talks.[45]
In thePāli Canon, this sutta is found in theSamyutta Nikaya, chapter 56 ("Saccasamyutta" or "Connected Discourses on the Truths"), sutta number 11 (and, thus, can be referenced as "SN 56.11"). There are multiple English translations of the Pali version of this sutta, including:
Thich Nhat Hanh (trans.) (1999). "Discourse on Turning the Wheel of the Dharma: Dhamma Cakka Pavattana Sutta". InThe Heart of the Buddha's Teaching, p. 257.[48]
Ven. Dr.Rewata Dhamma (trans.) (1997). "The First Discourse of the Buddha: Turning the Wheel of Dhamma". InThe First Discourse of the Buddha, Wisdom, pp. 17–20.[49]
Walpola Rahula (trans.) (2007). "Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth". InWhat the Buddha Taught.[50]
Thich Nhat Hanh has produced a notable rendering of the first teaching of the Buddha in his biography of the Buddha entitledOld Path White Clouds.[13] Thich Nhat Hanh relied on multiple sources for this rendering.[51] This rendering is also included in Thich Nhat Hanh's bookPath of Compassion: Stories from the Buddha's Life.[52] SeeTurning the Wheel of Dharma
The 26th chapter of theLalitavistara Sutra contains a Mahayana version of the first turning that closely parallels theDhammacakkappavattana Sutta. The following English translations of this text are available:
The Play in Full: Lalitavistara (2013), translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Translated from Tibetan into English and checked against the Sanskrit version.[web 5]
Voice of the Buddha: The Beauty of Compassion (1983), translated by Gwendolyn Bays, Dharma Publishing (two-volume set). This translation has been made from French into English and then checked with the original in Tibetan and Sanskrit.
La Vallee Possin (1937),Musila et Narada; reprinted in Gombrich (2006),How Buddhism Began, appendix
Erich Frauwallner (1953),Geschichte der indischen Philosophie, BandDer Buddha und der Jina (pp. 147-272)
Andre Bareau (1963),Recherches sur la biographiedu Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens, Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient
Schmithausen,On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism. In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden 1981, 199-250.
Griffiths, Paul (1981), "Concentration or Insight; The Problematic of Theravada Buddhist Meditation-theory",The Journal of the American Academy of Religion (4):605–624,doi:10.1093/jaarel/XLIX.4.605
Anderson, Carol (1999),Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge
Alexander Wynne (2007),The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, Routledge
^Bhikkhu Sujato & Bhikkhu Brahmali, p.4: "Most academic scholars of Early Buddhism cautiously affirm that it is possible that the EBTS contain some authentic sayings of the Buddha. We contend that this drastically understates the evidence. A sympathetic assessment of relevant evidence shows that it is very likely that the bulk of the sayings in the EBTS that are attributed to the Buddha were actually spoken by him. It is very unlikely that most of these sayings are inauthentic.[web 3]
^According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished regarding the possibility to retain knowledge of the oldest Buddhism:[20]
"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials;"[subnote 1]
"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism;"[subnote 2]
^Translation Bhikkhu Bodhi (2000),Samyutta Nikaya, SN 56.11, p.1846. See also Anderson (2001),Pain and its Ending, p.69.
^MN 26.17 merely says "[']This will serve for the striving of a clansman intent on striving.' And I sat down there thinking: 'This will serve for striving.'[28] According to Bhikkhu Bodhi Majjhima Nikaya 36 then continuous with the extreme ascetic practices, which are omitted in MN 26.[29] In verse 18, the Buddha has attained Nirvana, being secured from bondage by birth, ageing, sickness and death, referring to the truths of dependent origination and "the stilling of all formations, the relinquishing of all attachments, the destruction of craving, dispassion, cessation."[30]
^According to Cousins, Anderson misunderstands Norman in this respect, but does "not think that this misunderstanding of Norman's position critically affects Anderson's thesis. Even if these arguments do not prove that the four truths are definitely a later insertion in the Dhammacakkapavattana-sutta, it is certainly possible to take the position that the sutta itself is relatively late."[32]
^Gombrich includes an end note here citing "Norman 1982" (.[34]
^"Enlightenment" is a typical western term, which bears its own, specific western connotations, meanings and interpretations.[37][38][39]
^Gethin: "The word satya (Pali sacca) can certainly mean truth, but it might equally be rendered as 'real' or 'actual thing'. That is, we are not dealing here with propositional truths with which we must either agree or disagree, but with four 'true things' or 'realities' whose nature, we are told, the Buddha finally understood on the night of his awakening. [...] This is not to say that the Buddha's discourses do not contain theoretical statements of the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the path to its cessation, but these descriptions function not so much as dogmas of the Buddhist faith as a convenient conceptual framework for making sense of Buddhist thought."[44]
Subnotes
^Well-known proponents of the first position are: *A.K. Warder. According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication "Indian Buddhism", from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out,[21] namely theBodhipakkhiyādhammā. According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BC. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."[21] *Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic rules."[19]
^A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed)(sic) that a relatively early community (disputed)(sic) maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha."[22]
^Well-known proponent of the third position are: * J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [...] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."[23] * Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."[20] * Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."[24]
The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, translated by Bhikkhu, Bodhi, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000,ISBN0-86171-331-1
The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya, translated by Bhikkhu Nanamoli, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995,ISBN0-86171-072-X
Buddhist teachers
Anandajoti Bhikkhu (trans.) (2010).The Earliest Recorded Discourses of the Buddha (from Lalitavistara, Mahākhandhaka & Mahāvastu). Kuala Lumpur: Sukhi Hotu.Also available on-line.
Sumedho, Ajahn (2002),The Four Noble Truths, Amaravati Publications
Sucitto, Ajahn (2010),Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching, Shambhala
Dhamma, Ven. Dr. Rewata (1997),The First Discourse of the Buddha, Wisdom,ISBN0-86171-104-1
Geshe Tashi Tsering (2005),The Four Noble Truths: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought, Volume I (Kindle ed.), Wisdom
Gethin, Rupert (1998),Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
Goldstein, Joseph (2002),One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism, HarperCollins
Thich Nhat Hanh (1991),Old Path White Clouds, Parallax Press
Thich Nhat Hanh (1999),The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching, Three River Press
Thich Nhat Hanh (2012),Path of Compassion: Stories from the Buddha's Life, Parallax Press
Rahula, Walpola (2007),What the Buddha Taught (Kindle ed.), Grove Press
Secondary
Anderson, Carol (2001),Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Motilall Banarsidas
Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993),The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
Cohen, Robert S. (2006),Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity, Routledge
Norman, K.R. (1982), "The Four Noble Truths: a problem of Pali syntax", in Hercus, L.A.; et al. (eds.),Indological and Buddhist Studies: Volume in Honour of Professor J.W. de Jong on his Sixtieth Birthday, Canberra: ANU Press, pp. 377–91
Schmithausen, Lambert (1981),On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism". In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden
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