In 1701,Royal French explorersAntoine de la Mothe Cadillac andAlphonse de Tonty foundedFort Pontchartrain du Détroit. During the late 19th and early 20th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of theGreat Lakes region. The city's population rose to be the fourth-largest in the nation by 1920, with the expansion of theautomotive industry in the early 20th century.[12] One of its main features, the Detroit River, became the busiest commercial hub in the world. In the mid-20th century, Detroit entered a state ofurban decay which has continued to the present, as a result of industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid suburbanization. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the1950 census, Detroit's population has declined by more than 65 percent.[9] In 2013, Detroitbecame the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy, but successfully exited in 2014.[13]
Detroit's culture is marked with diversity, having both local and international influences. Detroit gave rise to themusic genres ofMotown andtechno, and also played an important role in the development ofjazz,hip-hop,rock, andpunk. A globally unique stock ofarchitectural monuments andhistoric places was the result of the city's rapid growth in its boom years. Since the 2000s,conservation efforts have managed to save many architectural pieces and achieve several large-scalerevitalizations, including the restoration of several historictheaters and entertainment venues,high-rise renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. Detroit is anincreasingly popular tourist destination which caters to about 16 million visitors per year.[17] In 2015, Detroit was given a name called "City of Design" byUNESCO, the first and only U.S. city to receive that designation.[18]
Detroit and adjacentWindsor, Ontario, Canada separated by the Detroit River
Detroit is named after theDetroit River, connectingLake Huron withLake Erie. The name comes from the French language worddétroit meaning'strait' as the city was situated on a narrow north–south passage of water linking the two lakes. The river was known asle détroit du Lac Érié in the French language, which means'the strait of Lake Erie'.[19][20] In the historical context, the strait included theSt. Clair River,Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River.[21][22]
Paleo-Indians inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago including the culture referred to as theMound Builders.[23] By the 17th century, the region was inhabited byHuron,Odawa,Potawatomi, andIroquois peoples.[24] The area is known by theAnishinaabe people asWaawiiyaataanong, translating to 'where the water curves around'.[25]
The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the straits of Detroit until Frenchmissionaries and traders worked their way around the Iroquois League, with whom they were at war in the 1630s.[26] The Huron andNeutral people held the north side of Lake Erie until the 1650s, when the Iroquois pushed them and theErie people away from the lake and itsbeaver-rich feeder streams in theBeaver Wars of 1649–1655.[26] By the 1670s, the war-weakened Iroquois laid claim to as far south as theOhio River valley in northernKentucky as hunting grounds,[26] and had absorbed many other Iroquoian peoples after defeating them in war.[26] For the next hundred years, virtually no British or French action was contemplated without consultation with the Iroquois or consideration of their likely response.[26]
Topographical plan of the Town of Detroit andFort Lernoult showing major streets, gardens, fortifications, military complexes, and public buildings (John Jacob Ulrich Rivardi, ca. 1800)
On July 24, 1701, the French explorerAntoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1658–1730), with his lieutenant Alphonse de Tonty (1659–1727), and more than a hundred otherRoyal French settlers traveling south and west fromNew France (modernProvince of Quebec), along theSt. Lawrence River valley to theGreat Lakes region, began constructing a small fort on the north bank of the Detroit River. Cadillac named the settlementFort Pontchartrain du Détroit,[27] afterLouis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (1643–1727), theSecretary of State of the Navy under KingLouis XIV (1638–1715, reigned 1643–1715) in the Royal government in Paris.[28]Sainte-Anne-de-Détroit was founded on July 26 and is the second-oldest continuously operatingRoman Catholic parish in the United States.[29] France offered free land to colonists to attract families further west into the Great Lakes region interior of the North American continent to Detroit; when it eventually reached a population of about 800 by 1765, after the colonial conflict of theFrench and Indian War (1753–1763), (Seven Years' War in Europe), it became the largest European settlement between the important towns ofMontreal andNew Orleans, both also French settlements, in the former colonies ofNew France andLa Louisiane (further south on theMississippi River, on the coast of theGulf of Mexico), respectively.[30] The region's then colonial economy was based on the lucrativefur trade, in which numerous Native American peoples had important roles as trappers and traders.
During theFrench and Indian War (1753–63)—the North American front of theSeven Years' War in Europe between theKingdom of Great Britain and theKingdom of France—British troops gained control of the settlement a few years into the conflict in 1760 and shortened its name to Detroit. Several regional Native American tribes, such as thePotowatomi,Ojibwe and Huron, launchedPontiac's War (1763–1766), andlaid siege in 1763 toFort Detroit along the Detroit River in the Great Lakes but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded its territory in North America of New France and south of the lakes east of the Mississippi to the Appalachian Mountains to Britain following the war.[31]
When Great Britain evicted France from its colonial possessions inNew France (Canada) in the peace terms of theTreaty of Paris of 1763, it also removed one barrier to American colonists migrating west across the mountains.[32] British negotiations with the Iroquois would both prove critical and lead to theRoyal Proclamation of 1763, which limited settlements South of and below the Great Lakes and west of theAlleghenies /Appalachians. Many colonists and pioneers in theThirteen Colonies along theEast Coast, resented and then simply defied this restraint, later becoming supporters of the rebelliousAmerican Revolution. By 1773, after the addition of increasing numbers of theAnglo-American settlers, the population of Detroit andFort Detroit, was edging up to 1,400 (doubled in the previous decade). During theAmerican Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the indigenous and loyalist raids of 1778 and the resultant 1779 decisiveSullivan Expedition reopened theOhio Country (north of theOhio River and west of the mountains) to even more westward emigration, which began almost immediately to get away from the eastern warfare. By 1778, its population had doubled again, reaching 2,144 and it was the third-largest town in what was known then as theProvince of Quebec since the British takeover of former French colonial possessions in North America in 1763.[33]
After theAmerican Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the establishment and recognition of the United States as an independent country, the Great Britain ceded Detroit and other territories in the interior region of the continent, south of the Great Lakes and west of theAppalachian Mountains to theMississippi River under the peace of the terms of the1783 Treaty of Paris. The newNorthwest Territories established the southern border with Great Britain's remaining colonial provinces inBritish North America and became provinces ofUpper Canada andLower Canada. However, the disputed border area remained under British control with several military forts and trading posts for another decade, and its forces did not fully withdraw until 1796, following the negotiations and ratification of the subsequentJay Treaty of 1794 between the British and Americans.[34] By the turn of the 19th century, white American settlers began pouring westwards across the Appalachians and through the Great Lakes.[35]
Today the municipalflag of Detroit reflects its both its French and English colonial heritage. Descendants of the earliest French andFrench-Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community, who gradually were superseded as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers arrived in the early 19th century with American westward migration. Living along the shores of Lake St. Clair and south toMonroe and downriver suburbs, the ethnic French Canadians of Detroit, also known asMuskrat French in reference to the fur trade, remain a subculture in the region up into the 21st century.[36][37]
TheGreat Detroit Fire of 1805 destroyed most of the city's wooden buildings, leaving only a stone fort, a river warehouse, and brick chimneys from former homes.[38] Despite the extensive damage, none of Detroit's 600 residents perished.[39] The aftermath of the fire left a lasting legacy on the city's heritage. FatherGabriel Richard coined the city motto, "Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus," as he surveyed the ruins.[40][41] The city seal, designed in 1827, directly depicted the fire by showing two women, one grieving the destruction while the other gestures toward a new city rising from the ashes.[42] The seal forms the center of Detroit's flag.
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit served as the capital city of theMichigan Territory and later became its first state capital in January 1837 after Michigan's admission to the Union. During theWar of 1812, Detroit became a focal point of conflict. U.S. Army commanderWilliam Hull surrenderedFort Detroit without a fight, underestimating the number of British forces. Later, the U.S. attempted to retake the fort and town during theBattle of Frenchtown in January 1813, a significant victory for the British. The battle is commemorated at theRiver Raisin National Battlefield Park nearMonroe, Michigan. Detroit was eventually recaptured later that year.[43]
Detroit was officially incorporated as a city in 1815, and its urban design was influenced by the grand boulevards of Washington, D.C.[44] Michigan Territorial Chief JusticeAugustus B. Woodward, who played a key role in the city's development, designed a geometric street plan that included wide avenues and plazas.[45] In 1817, he founded theCatholepistemiad, later evolving into theUniversity of Michigan inAnn Arbor, Michigan. Detroit's growth continued as a center of education and culture for the Michigan Territory.
In the late 19th century, Detroit grew as a hub for industry, particularly shipping and manufacturing. The city's wealth, driven by industrial magnates, led to the construction of opulentGilded Age mansions along the grand avenues designed by Woodward. Detroit earned the nickname "Paris of the West" for its architectural beauty.[44] By 1896,Henry Ford's first automobile was built in the city, and Detroit expanded its borders, annexing surrounding villages and townships as it solidified its place as a key player in the automobile industry.[50]
In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67 million tons of shipping commerce, surpassing both London and New York City in volume. This earned the river the title "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth." Duringprohibition in the United States (1920–1933), the Detroit River became a major route for smuggling illegal alcohol from Canada.[12] The booming auto industry and the expansion of shipping trade were central to Detroit's economic growth in the early 20th century.
With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as theAmerican Federation of Labor and theUnited Auto Workers (UAW) fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such asthe 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits, and improvedworking conditions. The labor activism during those years increased the influence of union leaders in the city such asJimmy Hoffa of theTeamsters andWalter Reuther of the UAW.[52]
The demographic shifts caused by industrialization led to significant racial tensions in Detroit. TheGreat Migration brought African Americans from the South, while many southern and eastern European immigrants also moved to the city. Competition for jobs and housing fueled tensions between different ethnic and racial groups.[citation needed] This period saw the rise of theKu Klux Klan in Detroit, which became a powerful force in the city during the 1920s, targeting Black, Catholic, and Jewish communities.[53] Even after the Klan's decline, theBlack Legion, a secret vigilante group, continued to spread fear in the 1930s.[54]
In the 1940s the world's "first urban depressed freeway" ever built,the Davison, was constructed.[55] Systemic racial discrimination remained prevalent in Detroit, with restrictive housing covenants and violence against Black neighborhoods likeBlack Bottom and Paradise Valley.[56][57][58] The city's racial tensions boiled over during the1943 Detroit race riot. Sparked by a protest at thePackard plant, the riot resulted in 34 deaths, 433 injuries, and widespread property damage.[59][60]
DuringWorld War II, the government encouraged retooling of the automobile industry in support of theAllied powers, leading to Detroit's key role in the AmericanArsenal of Democracy.[61] Jobs expanded so rapidly due to the defense buildup in World War II that 400,000 people migrated to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Whites, including ethnic Europeans, feared black competition for jobs and scarce housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work, but when in June 1943 Packard promoted three black people to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 white workers walked off the job.[62]
From top: Aerial photo of Detroit (1932); Detroit at its population peak in the mid-20th century. Looking south downWoodward Avenue from theMaccabees Building with the city's skyline in the distance.
Industrial mergers in the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased oligopoly in the American auto industry. Detroit saw the consolidation of companies like Packard andHudson, which eventually disappeared. At its peak in the1950 census, Detroit was the fifth-largest U.S. city, with a population of 1.85 million.[63] In 1950, the city held about one-third of the state's population. Over the next 60 years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's population. The sprawling metropolitan area grew to contain more than half of Michigan's population during the same time period.[44]
The city's auto industry, which made up 60% of its economy, continued to offer employment opportunities, especially for African Americans migrating from the South to escapeJim Crow laws. While the migration brought higher employment rates, with a 103% increase in Black workers, racial discrimination persisted in employment and housing. Black Detroiters often held lower-paying factory jobs, while city services and better-paying positions remained largely dominated by white residents. Discriminatory policies, such asredlining, limited Black access to housing and financial services, forcing many into overcrowded, unsafe neighborhoods. White residents and political leaders resisted integration, reinforcing a cycle of exclusion and segregation.[64]
As in other major American cities in the postwar era, urban planning and infrastructure changes also impacted Detroit's racial dynamics. The construction of highways and freeways in the postwar era displaced many Black communities, including historically significant neighborhoods like Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. These areas, vital for Black businesses and culture, were demolished for urban renewal projects, exacerbating the displacement of low-income residents with little consideration for the community impact.[64]
The city also saw a shift in its transportation system, as Detroit's lastelectric streetcar line was replaced with buses in 1956.[65][66] This change, alongside the rise of suburbanization and the relocation of industries to the outskirts, favored car-dependent, low-density development. By the 21st century, Detroit'ssprawling metro area had developed into one of the most spread-out job markets in the U.S., contributing to a decline in Detroit's population and eroding its tax base as jobs moved beyond the reach of urban low-income workers.[67]
TheDetroit Walk to Freedom civil rights march occurred in June 1963.[68]Martin Luther King Jr. gave a major speech that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C., two months later. While thecivil rights movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner-city black youth who wanted change.[69]
I have a dream this afternoon that my four little children, that my four little children will not come up in the same young days that I came up within, but they will be judged on the basis of the content of their character, not the color of their skin ... I have a dream this evening that one day we will recognize the words of Jefferson that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." I have a dream ...
Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in theTwelfth Street riot in July 1967. GovernorGeorge W. Romney ordered theMichigan National Guard into Detroit, and PresidentLyndon B. Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades.[71] According to theChicago Tribune, it was the 3rd most costly riot in the United States.[72]
First Williams Block in 1915 (left) and 1989 (right)
In 1970, theNAACP filed a lawsuit against Michigan state officials, including GovernorWilliam Milliken, allegingde facto segregation in Detroit's public schools. The lawsuit argued that although schools were not legally segregated, policies in Detroit and surrounding counties maintainedracial segregation through housing practices, as school demographics mirrored segregated neighborhoods.[73] The District Court ruled in favor of the NAACP,[74] but in the landmark 1974Milliken v. Bradley decision, the U.S. Supreme Court limited the scope of desegregation, ruling that suburban areas could not be forced to aid in Detroit's school desegregation.[75]
Amid these challenges, Detroit electedColeman Young as its first Black mayor in 1973. Young focused on increasing racial diversity in city services and improving Detroit's transportation system, although regional tensions with suburban leaders persisted.[76] In 1976, a federal grant for a regionalrapid transit system failed due to conflicts over planning, leaving Detroit to develop its ownDetroit People Mover system.[77][78][79] The city's struggles were exacerbated by the 1973 and 1979 oil crises, which hurt the auto industry and led to layoffs and plant closures, further diminishing the city's tax base.[80]
Despite efforts to revitalize the city, such as the opening of theRenaissance Center in 1977, downtown Detroit continued to lose businesses to suburban areas.[44][81][82] Middle-class flight, high unemployment, and increased crime worsened the city's conditions, with abandoned buildings and neighborhoods further contributing to its decline. Young's focus on downtown development was criticized as insufficient in addressing the broader social and economic challenges faced by the city's residents.[83] In 1993, Young retired as Detroit's longest-serving mayor and was succeeded byDennis Archer. Archer prioritized downtown development, easing tensions with its suburban neighbors. A referendum to allow casino gambling in the city passed in 1996; several temporary casino facilities opened in 1999, and permanent downtown casinos with hotels opened in 2007–08.[84]
Campus Martius, a downtown park reconfiguration, opened in 2004 and was cited as one of the best public spaces in the U.S.[86][87][88] The first phase of theInternational Riverfront redevelopment was completed in 2001 for Detroit's 300th-anniversary celebration.[89] In 2008, MayorKwame Kilpatrick resigned after felony convictions, and in 2013 was sentenced to 28 years in prison.[90][91] His actions cost the city an estimated $20 million.[92] In 2011, about half of Detroit's 305,000 property owners failed to pay their taxes, leaving approximately $246 million (~$329 million in 2023) uncollected.[93]
Michigan took control of Detroit's government after the city faced a $327 million deficit and over $14 billion in debt.[94] GovernorRick Snyder declared afinancial emergency in March 2013, and the city was relying on bond money to stay afloat, with unpaid days off for workers. Underfunded services and failed turnaround efforts led to the appointment of an emergency manager.[95] In June 2013, Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion in debt, and on July 18, it became the largest U.S. city tofile for bankruptcy.[96][97][98] Detroit exited bankruptcy in December 2014, cutting $7 billion in debt and investing $1.7 billion in services.[99] TheDetroit Institute of Arts, holding over 60,000 artworks worth billions, became a private organization to help fund the city's recovery after legal battles.[100]
Post-bankruptcy, efforts to improve city services included replacing non-functional street lights with 65,000 LED lights, making Detroit the largest U.S. city with all LED street lighting by 2016.[101] Neighborhood revitalization continued, with volunteer renovation projects and urban gardening movements.[102] In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened, with the riverwalk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.
One symbol of the city's decades-long decline, theMichigan Central Station, was long vacant. The city renovated it with new windows, elevators and facilities, completing the work in December 2015.[103] In 2018, Ford Motor Company purchased the building and plans to use it for mobility testing with a potential return of train service.[104] Several other landmark buildings have been privately renovated and adapted ascondominiums, hotels, offices, or for cultural uses. Detroit was mentioned as a city of renaissance and has reversed many of the trends of the prior decades.[105][106]
The city has seen a rise ingentrification in some neighborhoods.[107] In downtown, for example, the construction ofLittle Caesars Arena brought with it high class shops and restaurants along Woodward Avenue. Office tower and condominium construction has led to an influx of wealthy families but also a displacement of long-time residents and culture.[108][109] Areas outside of downtown and other recently revived areas have an average household income of about 25% less than the gentrified areas, a gap that is continuing to grow.[110]
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (with a population of 3,734,090 within an area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2) according to the2010 United States census), six-countymetropolitan statistical area (population of 5,322,219 in an area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2] as of the 2010 census), and a nine-countyCombined Statistical Area (population of 5.3 million within 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2] as of 2010[update]).[111][112][113]
TheDetroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only internationalwildlife preserve in North America and is uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and western Lake Erie shoreline.[116]
The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on atill plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor are located, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point.[117] The highest elevation in the city is directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m).[118] Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).[119]
Belle Isle Park is a 982-acre (1.534 sq mi; 397 ha) island park in the Detroit River, between Detroit andWindsor, Ontario. It is connected to the mainland by theMacArthur Bridge. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as theJames Scott Memorial Fountain, theBelle Isle Conservatory, theDetroit Yacht Club on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. Both the Detroit and Windsor skylines can be viewed at the island's Sunset Point.[120]
Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront, and truenorth–south roads based on theNorthwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the Canada–U.S. border in which one travels south to cross into Canada.[121]
Detroit has four border crossings: theAmbassador Bridge and theDetroit–Windsor tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with theMichigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is theDetroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, near the Windsor Salt Mine andZug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. TheDetroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.[122][123]
42 significant structures in the city arelisted on the National Register of Historic Places. Pre-World War II neighborhoods exhibit architectural styles of the era, with working-class areas featuring wood-frame and brick houses, while middle- and upper-class neighborhoods such asBrush Park,Woodbridge,Indian Village, Palmer Woods, andBoston-Edison contain larger, more ornate homes and mansions.[127] Multi-million dollar restorations and new developments have revitalized neighborhoods such asWest Canfield and Brush Park.[81][128]
Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown,Midtown, Corktown,New Center areas feature many historic buildings and are high density, while further out, particularly in the northeast and on the fringes,[131] high vacancy levels are problematic, for which a number of solutions have been proposed. In 2007,Downtown Detroit was recognized as the best city neighborhood in which to retire among the United States' largest metro areas byCNNMoney editors.[132]
Lafayette Park is arevitalized neighborhood on the city'seast side, part of theLudwig Mies van der Rohe residential district.[133] The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned byMies van der Rohe,Ludwig Hilberseimer andAlfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.[133] Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit.[134] Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently openedMexicantown International Welcome Center.[135]
The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.[131] A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.[131][136][137] The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.[136][137][138][139]
To deal with vacancy issues, the city has begun demolishing the derelict houses, razing 3,000 of the total 10,000 in 2010,[140] but the resulting low density creates a strain on the city's infrastructure. To remedy this, a number of solutions have been proposed including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to urban agricultural use, includingHantz Woodlands, though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.[141][142]
Public funding and private investment have been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300 million (~$417 million in 2023) stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.[141] The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois,Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield,North End, andOsborn.[141] Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.[143][144] Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling theFar Eastside Plan.[145] In 2011, MayorDave Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.[146]
Detroit Parks & Recreation maintains 308 public parks, totaling 4,950 (2,003 ha) acres or about 5.6% of the city's land area.Belle Isle Park, Detroit's largest and most visited park is the largest city-owned island park in the U.S., covering 982 acres (397 ha).
Grand Circus, the city's first municipal park, opened in 1847. In the early 20th century, the city enlisted landscape architect Augustus Woodward to conceive a framework for Detroit's modern parks system. Augustus Woodward's plan for the city imagined grand boulevards, spacious and elegant common parks, and an orderly, hub-and-spoke city layout.[147]
TheDetroit International Riverfront features a 3.5-mile promenade with parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas, extending fromHart Plaza to Belle Isle Park. This area includesTri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. Plans for the riverfront's second phase will extend the promenade to theAmbassador Bridge, stimulating residential redevelopment along the riverfront.[148] Detroit's major parks also includeRiver Rouge, Palmer, andChene Park, contributing to the city's green space and outdoor recreation.[149]
TheHuron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority was created in 1940 by the citizens of Southeast Michigan to serve as aregional park system the park system includes 13 parks totaling more than 24,000 acres (97 km2) arranged along theHuron River andClinton River forming a partial ring around the Detroit metro area.
Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a hot-summerhumid continental climate (Köppen:Dfa) which is influenced by theGreat Lakes like other places in thestate;[150][151][152] the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDAHardiness zone 6b, while the more distant northern and western suburbs generally are included in zone 6a.[153] Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 12 days.[154] The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 °F (−3.6 °C) in January to 73.6 °F (23.1 °C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934, down to −21 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is −4 °F (−20 °C) onJanuary 19, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences.[154] A decade or two may pass between readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, which last occurredJuly 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 through April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.[154]
Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011.[154] Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May),[154] averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881–82 to 94.9 in (241 cm) in2013–14.[154] A thick layer of snow is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover.[154]Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.[155]
Climate data for Detroit (DTW), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
In the2020 United States census, the city had 639,111 residents, ranking it the27th-most populous city in the US.[162][163] Of the largeshrinking cities in the US, Detroit has had the most dramatic decline in the population of the past 70 years (down 1,210,457) and the second-largest percentage decline (down 65.4%). In1950, Detroit was the fourth-largest city in the US behind New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. While the drop in Detroit's population has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was the significant 25% decline between the2000 and 2010 census.[163]
Detroit's 639,111 residents represent 269,445 households, and 162,924 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,144.3 people per square mile (1,986.2 people/km2). There were 349,170 housing units at an average density of 2,516.5 units per square mile (971.6 units/km2). Of the 269,445 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.5% were married couples living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 39.5% were non-families, 34.0% were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.36.
There was a wide distribution of age in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
According to a 2014 study, 67% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 49% professing adherence toProtestant churches, and 16% professingRoman Catholic beliefs,[164][165] while 24% claimno religious affiliation. Other religions collectively make up about 8% of the population.
The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems.[166] From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098.[citation needed] As of 2010[update], the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author ofGetting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country".[167]
In the 2018American Community Survey, median household income in the city was $31,283, compared with the median for Michigan of $56,697.[168] The median income for a family was $36,842, well below the state median of $72,036.[169] 33.4% of families had income at or below the federally defined poverty level. Out of the total population, 47.3% of those under the age of 18 and 21.0% of those 65 and older had income at or below the federally defined poverty line.[170]
Median income in Detroit (as of July 1, 2019)[171]
Detroit, Michigan – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Map of racial distribution in Detroit, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other
Beginning with the rise of the automobile industry, Detroit's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century as an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese,Assyrian), and Southern migrants brought their families to the city.[181] With this economic boom following World War I, the African American population grew from a mere 6,000 in 1910[182] to more than 120,000 by 1930.[183] Perhaps one of the most overt examples of neighborhood discrimination occurred in 1925 when African American physicianOssian Sweet found his home surrounded by an angry mob of his hostile white neighbors violently protesting his new move into a traditionally white neighborhood. Sweet and ten of his family members and friends were put on trial for murder as one of the mob members throwing rocks at the newly purchased house was shot and killed by someone firing out of a second-floor window.[184]
Detroit has a relatively large Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century, thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During theMexican Repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s much of the Mexican community began to settle what is nowMexicantown.[185] Immigration fromJalisco significantly increased the Latino population in the 1990s. By 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans: a 70% increase from 1990.[186] Per the 2023American Community Survey five-year estimates, theMexican American population was 35,273 comprising over 75% of the Latino population withPuerto Ricans as the next largest group at 5,887.[187]
After World War II, many people fromAppalachia also settled in Detroit. Appalachians formed communities and their children acquired southern accents.[188] Many Lithuanians also settled in Detroit during the World War II era, especially on the city's Southwest side in theWest Vernor area,[189] where the renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006.[190][191]
While African Americans in 2020 comprised 13.5% of Michigan's population, they made up nearly 77.2% of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were non-Hispanic whites, at 10.1%, and Hispanics, at 8.0%.[180] In 2001, 103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, were living in the Detroit area.[192] According to the 2010 census, segregation in Detroit decreased in absolute and relative terms and in the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in the metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.[193][194] The number of integrated neighborhoods increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. After being ranked the most segregated metropolitan area in the United States in 2000, Detroit was ranked fourth most-segregated in 2010.[195] A 2011 op-ed inThe New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated.
Chaldean Town, a historically Assyrian neighborhood in Detroit
There are four areas of Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has a large population ofHmong[196] with a smaller group ofLao people. A portion of Detroit next to easternHamtramck includesBangladeshi Americans,Indian Americans, andPakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. The area north of downtown has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities.[197][198]
Detroit has gained notoriety for its high amount of crime, having struggled with it for decades. The number of homicides in 1974 was 714.[199][200] The homicide rate in 2022 was the third highest in the nation at 50.0 per 100,000.[201] Downtown typically has lower crime than national and state averages.[202] According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials note about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related,[203] with the rate of unsolved murders roughly 70%.[166]
Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11% in 2008,[204] violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.[205] The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. "Neighborhoodscout.com" reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).[206] In 2012, crime in the city was among the reasons for more expensive car insurance.[207]
Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employerDetroit Medical Center,Wayne State University, and theHenry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmakerShinola and an array of small and startup companies.New Center bases TechTown, a research and business incubator hub that is part of the Wayne State University system.[213] Like downtown,Corktown Is experiencing growth with the new Ford Corktown Campus under development.[214][215]
Many downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs into the downtown core.[216] Compuware completed itsworld headquarters in downtown in 2003.OnStar,Blue Cross Blue Shield, andHP Enterprise Services are at the Renaissance Center.PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent toFord Field, andErnst & Young completed its office building atOne Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices.[217] In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.[218]
The city of Detroit and otherpublic–private partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk,Campus Martius Park,Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city has cleared sections of land while retaining some historically significant vacant buildings to spur redevelopment;[220] even though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.[141] Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.[81] In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.[221]
Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems.[222] Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%.[223] Numerous developments have been recently completed or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82 million reconstruction of downtown'sDavid Whitney Building (now anAloft Hotel and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of theDavid Broderick Tower in downtown, the rehabilitation of theBook Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) andFort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.[224][81]
Downtown's population of young professionals is growing, and retail is expanding.[225][226] A study in 2007 found out that Downtown's new residents are predominantly young professionals (57% are ages 25 to 34, 45% have bachelor's degrees, and 34% have a master's or professional degree),[210][225][227] a trend which has hastened over the last decade. Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of which has come in 2013 and 2014.[228] Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. As of 2014, the number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[229]
In 2013Meijer, a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit;[230] this was a $20 million, 190,000-square-foot store in the northern portion of the city and it also is the centerpiece of a new $72 million shopping center named Gateway Marketplace.[231] In 2015 Meijer opened its second supercenter store in the city.[232] In 2019JPMorgan Chase announced plans to invest $50 million more in affordable housing, job training, and entrepreneurship by the end of 2022, growing its investment to $200 million.[233]
In the central portions of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists, and other transplants is growing and retail is expanding.[225] This dynamic is luring additional new residents, and former residents returning from other cities, to the city's Downtown along with the revitalized Midtown and New Center areas.[210][225][227]
A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such asFerndale andRoyal Oak.[234] The proximity to Windsor provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.[235] A 2011 study byWalk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities.[236] About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city.[237]
Known as the world's automotive center,[238] "Detroit" is ametonym forthat industry.[239] It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, theMotor City andMotown.[240] Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, includingCity of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport;[241]The D;Hockeytown (a trademark owned by theDetroit Red Wings);Rock City (after theKiss song "Detroit Rock City"); andThe313 (its telephone area code).[d][242]
Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city recognition under the nickname "Motown".[243] The metropolitan area has many nationally prominent live music venues. Concerts hosted byLive Nation perform throughout the Detroit area. The theater venue circuit is the United States' second largest and hostsBroadway performances.[244][245]
The city has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to many genres over the decades.[242] Important music events include theDetroit International Jazz Festival, theDetroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.[242]
In the 1940s,Detroit blues artistJohn Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in theDelray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians, migrated from his home in Mississippi, bringing theDelta blues to Detroit. Hooker recorded forFortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.[44] Prominent emerging jazz musicians included trumpeterDonald Byrd (who attended Cass Tech and performed withArt Blakey andthe Jazz Messengers early in his career) and saxophonistPepper Adams (who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums). The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.[246]
Other prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s wereNolan Strong,Andre Williams, andNathaniel Mayer—who all scored local and national hits on theFortune Records label. According toSmokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label, a family-operated label on Third Avenue, was owned by the husband-and-wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune—which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s—laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.[247]
"The Motown sound" played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American–owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit.Aretha Franklin, another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown label.[242]
Motown Motion Picture Studios with 535,000 square feet (49,700 m2) produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.[250]
Because of its unique culture, distinctive architecture, and revitalization and urban renewal efforts in the 21st century, Detroit has enjoyed increased prominence as a tourist destination in recent years.The New York Times listed Detroit as the ninth-best destination in its list of52 Places to Go in 2017,[254] while travel guide publisherLonely Planet named Detroit the second-best city in the world to visit in 2018.[255]Time named Detroit as one of the 50 World's Greatest Places of 2022 to explore.[256]
In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited atThe Henry Ford inDearborn, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.[257] The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are theDetroit Zoo inRoyal Oak, theCranbrook Art Museum inBloomfield Hills, theAnna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum inAuburn Hills.[124]
Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. TheEastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.[258] On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop there.[259] The annual Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.[260]
An important civic sculpture isThe Spirit of Detroit byMarshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit, and the statue is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.[263] Amemorial to Joe Louis is located at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. The sculpture, commissioned bySports Illustrated and executed byRobert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fist suspended by a pyramidal framework.
Detroit has won titles in all four of the major professional sports leagues. The Tigers have won four World Series titles (1935, 1945, 1968, and 1984). The Red Wings have won 11Stanley Cups (1935–36,1936–37,1942–43,1949–50,1951–52,1953–54,1954–55,1996–97,1997–98,2001–02,2007–08) (the most by an American NHL franchise).[265] The Lions have won 4 NFL titles (1935,1952,1953,1957). The Pistons have won three NBA titles (1989, 1990, 2004).[242] In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured the three major professional sports championships in existence at the time in a seven-month period (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).[241]
Founded in 2012 as a semi-professional soccer club,Detroit City FC now plays professional soccer in theUSL Championship. Nicknamed,Le Rouge, the club are two-time champions ofNISA since joining in 2020. They play their home matches inKeyworth Stadium, which is located in the enclave ofHamtramck.[266]
In college sports, Detroit's central location within theMid-American Conference (MAC) has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently toCleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field since 2004 and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has anNCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I andII programs. The NCAA footballGameAbove Sports Bowl (formerly, Quick Lane Bowl) is held at Ford Field each December.
In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the1932 Summer Olympics.Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Detroit has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games, with seven unsuccessful bids for the1944,1952,1956,1960,1964,1968, and1972 summer games.[242]
In 2024, Detroit hosted theNFL draft. Over 775,000 people were present in downtown Detroit over the course of the three-day event, making it the highest attended draft on record.[268]
The city is governed pursuant to thehome ruleCharter of the City of Detroit. The government is run by a mayor, the nine-memberDetroit City Council, the eleven-memberBoard of Police Commissioners, and a clerk. All of these officers are elected on a nonpartisan ballot, with the exception of four of the police commissioners, who are appointed by the mayor. Detroit has a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets, but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council.[269][270] TheDetroit City Code is thecodification of Detroit'slocal ordinances.
Presently three Community Advisory Councils advise City Council representatives. Residents of each of Detroit's seven districts have the option of electing Community Advisory Councils.[271] The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections.[270] Following a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.[272]
Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from theRepublican Party wasLouis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor,Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents.[275] MayorDennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.[276]
In 2000, the city requested an investigation by theUnited States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.[277] In 2013, felony bribery charges were brought against seven building inspectors.[278] In 2016, further corruption charges were brought against 12 principals, a former school superintendent and supply vendor[279] for a $12 million (~$14.9 million in 2023) kickback scheme.[280][281] However, law professor Peter Henning argues Detroit's corruption is not unusual for a city its size, especially when compared with Chicago.[282]
Detroit is sometimes referred to as asanctuary city because it has "anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime".[283] The city in recent years has been a stronghold for theDemocratic Party, with around 90% of votes in the city going to incumbent vice president,Kamala Harris, the Democratic candidate in the2024 Presidential election.[284]
As of 2016[update] many K-12 students in Detroit frequently change schools, with some children having been enrolled in seven schools before finishing their K-12 careers. There is a concentration of senior high schools andcharter schools in the downtown area, which had wealthier residents and more gentrification relative to other parts of Detroit: Downtown, northwest Detroit, and northeast Detroit have 1,894, 3,742, and 6,018 students of high school age, respectively, while they have 11, three, and two high schools, respectively.[285] As of 2016[update] because of the lack of public transportation and the lack of school bus services, many Detroit families have to rely on themselves to transport children to school.[285]
With about 66,000 public school students (2011–12), theDetroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largestschool district in Michigan. Detroit has an additional 56,000 charter school students for a combined enrollment of about 122,000 students.[286][287] As of 2009[update] there are about as many students in charter schools as there are in district schools.[288] As of 2016[update] DPS continues to have the majority of the special education pupils. In addition, some Detroit students, as of 2016, attend public schools in other municipalities.[285]
Detroit public schools students scored the lowest on tests of reading and writing of all major cities in the United States in 2015. Among eighth-graders, only 27% showed basic proficiency in math and 44% in reading.[293] Nearly half of Detroit's adults arefunctionally illiterate.[294]
Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by theArchdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side.[295] The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.[296][297] Of the three Catholic high schools, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by theSisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and theCongregation of St. Basil.[298][299]
TheDetroit Free Press andThe Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, bothbroadsheet publications published together under ajoint operating agreement called theDetroit Media Partnership. Media philanthropy includes theDetroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.[300] In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days per week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.[301] TheMetro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.[302]
Founded in 1935 and based in Detroit, theMichigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America, covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events.[303] The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;[304] according to estimates that do not include audiences in large areas of Ontario (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such asOttawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.[304]
Detroit has the 11th largestradio market in the United States,[305] though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.[305] Nearby Canadian stations such as Windsor'sCKLW (whose jingles formerly proclaimed "CKLW-the Motor City") are popular in Detroit.[306]
In 2011, DMC and Henry Ford Health System substantially increased investments in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's Midtown and New Center.[308][310] In 2012, two major construction projects were begun in New Center. The Henry Ford Health System started the first phase of a $500 million, 300-acre revitalization project, with the construction of a new $30 million, 275,000-square-foot,Medical Distribution Center forCardinal Health, Inc.[311][312] and Wayne State University started construction on a new $93 million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio).[313][314] As many as 500 researchers and staff will work out of the IBio Center.[315]
With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, theAmbassador Bridge,Detroit–Windsor Tunnel andMichigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.[316]
In 2015 Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced Canada agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now theGordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95% of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion and is expected to open in 2024.[317] "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border", Raitt said issued after she spoke in the House of Commons.[318]
Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. TheDetroit Department of Transportation provides service within city limits up to the outer edges of the city. From there, theSuburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs and the city regionally with local routes and SMART's FAST service. FAST is a new service provided by SMART which offers limited stops along major corridors throughout the Detroit metropolitan area connecting the suburbs to downtown. The new high-frequency service travels along three of Detroit's busiest corridors, Gratiot, Woodward, and Michigan, and only stops at designated FAST stops. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided byTransit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus.[319]
TheRegional Transit Authority (RTA) was established by an act of the Michigan legislature in 2012 to oversee and coordinate all existing regional mass transit operations, and to develop new transit services in the region. The RTA's first project was the introduction of RelfeX, alimited-stop, cross-county bus service connecting downtown and midtown Detroit with Oakland county via Woodward avenue.[322]
The city of Detroit has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 24.7% of Detroit households lacked a car, much higher than the national average of 8.7%. Detroit averaged 1.15 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[323]
Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by theMichigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected viaI-75 andI-96 toKings Highway 401 and to majorSouthern Ontario cities such asLondon, Ontario and theGreater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, servingFlint,Pontiac,Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.[328]
I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways.Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.[328]
I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 andI-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit.I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.[328]
J.W. Westcott II on the Detroit River in front of the Ambassador Bridge
Detroit has a floating post office, theJ. W. Westcott II, which serves lake freighters along the Detroit River. ItsZIP Code is 48222.[329] The ZIP Code is used exclusively for theJ. W. Westcott II, which makes it the only floating ZIP Code in the United States. It has a land-based office at 12 24th Street, just south of the Ambassador Bridge. The J.W. Westcott Company was established in 1874 by Captain John Ward Westcott as a maritime reporting agency to inform other vessels about port conditions,[330] and theJ. W. Westcott II vessel began service in 1949 and is still in operation today.[331]
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^abcdHill, Eric J.; John Gallagher (2002).AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press.
^abAssociated Press (February 10, 2010).Survey.Mlive.com. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ab"Housing in Detroit". Archived fromthe original on January 28, 2012. RetrievedNovember 27, 2011.95% of Detroit homes are deemed suitable for occupancy, 86% of Detroit's single family homes are in good condition, 9% are generally in need of minor repair
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^"Most Expensive Cities for Car Insurance". yahoo.com. February 19, 2012. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2012.I ... it has a high crime rate – it scored an 889 on the City-Data.com 2010 crime index, ... * Source: Runzheimer International. Average insurance rates are as of August 2011, and based on business driving for a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu LS. Assumes $100,000/$300,000/$50,000 liability limits, collision, and comprehensive with $500 deductibles, 100/300 uninsured motorist coverage, and any mandatory insurance coverage.
^abcThe Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, The Social Compact Inc., University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program, (October 2006).Downtown Detroit in Focus: A Profile of Market OpportunityArchived August 12, 2011, at theWayback Machine.Detroit Economic Growth Corporation andDowntown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.
^Henion, Andy (March 22, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion.The Detroit News.(About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit which is 21% of the city's employment base). Retrieved on May 14, 2007.
^The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program The Social Compact, Inc. University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program (October 2006).Downtown Detroit In Focus: A Profile of Market OpportunityArchived September 18, 2011, at theWayback Machine. Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.
^abBailey, Ruby L (August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors.Detroit Free Press. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."
^"Firsts and facts". Archived fromthe original on May 1, 2008. RetrievedJuly 25, 2008.Detroit Tourism Economic Development Council. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
^Arts & CultureArchived April 11, 2005, at theWayback MachineDetroit Economic Growth Corporation. Retrieved on July 24, 2008. "Detroit is home to the second largest theatre district in the United States."
^"The Graystone Online". Internet Public Library of the University of Michigan. Archived fromthe original on September 11, 2009. RetrievedMay 5, 2009.
^abcCarson, David A. (2005).Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll. University of Michigan Press.ISBN0-472-11503-0.
^Girl Groups – Fabulous Females Who Rocked The World, by John Clemente
^"History of Eastern Market". Archived fromthe original on May 6, 2008. RetrievedMay 6, 2008..Eastern Market Merchant's Association. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.
^"Eastern Market". Archived fromthe original on April 5, 2008. RetrievedApril 5, 2007..Model D Media (April 5, 2008). Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^"Midtown". Archived fromthe original on April 5, 2008. RetrievedApril 5, 2007..Model D Media (April 4, 2008). Retrieved on January 24, 2011.
^"Charter of the City of Detroit"(PDF).detroitmi.gov. City of Detroit. January 1, 2012.Archived(PDF) from the original on April 25, 2016. RetrievedOctober 19, 2017.
^abcdZernike, Kate (June 29, 2016)."A Sea of Charter Schools in Detroit Leaves Students Adrift".The New York Times. Archived fromthe original on January 1, 2022. RetrievedMay 11, 2019.Dawn Wilson's four oldest children have attended between five and seven schools each – not uncommon in Detroit – moving among charter schools, traditional schools, private religious schools and suburban districts that take Detroit students,
Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds.Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980.online; see index at p. 408 for list.
Ibbotson, Patricia (2007).Detroit's historic hotels and restaurants. Arcadia.
Jarvis, Donna (2008).Detroit Police Department. Arcadia.
LeDuff, Charlie (2014).Detroit: An American Autopsy. Penguin Books.
Lichtenstein, Nelson (1995).The most dangerous man in Detroit. Basic Books.
Locke, Hubert G. (1969).The Detroit Riot of 1967. Wayne State University Press.
Maraniss, David (2015).Once in a great city: A Detroit story. Simon & Schuster.
Martelle, Scott (2012).Detroit (a biography). Chicago Review Press.
Morrison, Jeff (2019).Guardians of Detroit: Architectural Sculpture in the Motor City. Wayne State University Press.
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