KingChristian IX of Denmark (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906), known as the "father-in-law of Europe",^[1] ruledDenmark from 1863 to 1906. He and hisqueen consort,Louise of Hesse-Kassel (7 September 1817 – 29 September 1898), became the ancestors of many members of European royalty.

In 1842, prior to becoming King of Denmark, Christian married Louise, whose familial connections allowed him to secure his status as the heir-presumptive to the Danish throne in 1852. Christian and Louise had three sons and three daughters together, and the couple actively involved themselves in their children's education because of their limited finances. Although Christian had an affectionate relationship with his daughters, he rejected his eldest son,Frederick, over political differences.

After the commencement of Christian's reign as King of Denmark, his popularity gradually improved among his subjects, partially because of Louise's efforts to marry their children with members of royal families across Europe, including their daughterPrincess Alexandra with Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (laterEdward VII), and their daughterPrincess Dagmar withAlexander, Tsarevich of Russia (later Alexander III).

All of Christian and Louise's six children would go on to have progeny of their own. In addition, some of Christian and Louise's extended descendants would rule as monarchs themselves in European countries. For example, Christian and Louise's grandsonsConstantine I,Nicholas II, andGeorge V reigned overGreece,Russia, and theUnited Kingdom, respectively.

For the first 13 years of his life,Christian lived inGermany.^[1] Following the death of his father,Friedrich Wilhelm, in 1831, Christian trained as an officer inCopenhagen. He fought on behalf of theDanish Unitary State in theFirst Schleswig War.^[2]

In 1852, Christian became the heir presumptive to the Danish throne. Following the death of his second cousinKing Frederick VII 11 years later, Christian became King of Denmark.^[1] Due to Christian's German background, he was unpopular among his subjects during the start of his reign.^[2] He nearlyabdicated in 1864 after Denmark's loss in theSecond Schleswig War. Christian's popularity recovered, however, as his children married into several European royal families.^[1]

BornPrincess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Louise became Queen of Denmark in 1863. Becauseher mother was a sister of KingChristian VIII, Louise's marriage to Christian IX was an important factor in his rise to the Danish throne. Moreover, Louise was instrumental in marrying her children across European royalty, which helped increase her husband's popularity among the Danish people.^[3]

As Queen of Denmark, Louise exemplified the female ideas of her time. Despite remaining in the shadow of Christian, she showed artistic and social talent. Through her charity work, Louise founded theDiakonissestiftelsen in Copenhagen.^[3]

Christian and Louise were married in 1842.^[2][3][4]

Family of Christian IX, King of Denmark

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Descendants
	Christian IX, King of Denmarkr. 1863–1906[5]	8 April 1818[6]	29 January 1906[5]	6 children,[3] including: Frederick VIII, King of Denmark[3] Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom[3] George I, King of the Hellenes[3] Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia[3]
	Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel	7 September 1817[4]	29 September 1898[4]

King Christian IX, together with Queen Louise, had six children:Frederick,Alexandra,George,Dagmar,Thyra, andValdemar.^[3] Because of the strained finances and limited fortunes that Christian and Louise had before 1852, they were actively involved in the education of Dagmar and her siblings during that time.^[7] Later, from 1875 to 1900, Christian and Louise would annually welcome their children and grandchildren across six different Europeanroyal houses atFredensborg Palace in Denmark.^[8]

Within Christian and Louise's family, Thyra was called the "gentle and good daughter" by her father. In addition, Alexandra and Dagmar were respectively seen as the "pretty" and "clever" girls.^[9] In contrast, Christian rejected Frederick, thenCrown Prince of Denmark, because of their contrastingconservative andreformist mindsets, respectively.^[10] Furthermore, Christian had reservations about George becomingKing of the Hellenes after the Greek National Assembly elected the latter to be their monarch, seeing the country's throne as a doubtful proposition. Nevertheless, George successfully persuaded his father and assumed the Greek throne in 1863.^[11] This influenced Valdemar's decision to decline an offer for theBulgarian throne in 1878. He did not want to risk going to war with his brother George, given the relations betweenBulgaria and Greece at the time.^[12]

Children of Christian IX, King of Denmark

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Family
	Frederick VIII, King of Denmarkr. 1906[10]–1912[14]	3 June 1843[15]	14 May 1912[10]	Married 1869,Princess Louise of Sweden[10] (1851–1926)[16] 8 children (includingChristian X, King of Denmark, andHaakon VII, King of Norway)[10]
	Princess Alexandra of Denmark	1 December 1844[17]	20 November 1925[17]	Married 1863,Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom[17] (1841–1910;r. 1901–1910)[18] 6 children (includingGeorge V, King of the United Kingdom, andMaud, Queen of Norway)[17]
	George I, King of the Hellenesr. 1863–1913[19]	24 December 1845[11]	18 March 1913[11]	Married 1867,Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia[19] (1851–1926)[20] 8 children (includingConstantine I, King of the Hellenes)[20]
	Princess Dagmar of Denmark	26 November 1847[7]	13 October 1928[7]	Married 1866,Alexander III, Emperor of Russia[21] (1845–1894;[21]r. 1881–1894[7]) 6 children (includingNicholas II, Emperor of Russia)[7]
	Princess Thyra of Denmark	29 September 1853[22]	26 February 1933[23]	Married[9] 1878,Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover[9] (1845–1923)[22] 6 children[9] (includingAlexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, andErnest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick)[22][a]
	Prince Valdemar of Denmark	27 October 1858[11]	14 January 1939[11]	Married 1885,Princess Marie of Orléans[12] (1865–1909)[25] 5 children[12]

Christian IX and Louise had 38 grandchildren: eight children of Frederick VIII,^[10] six children of Alexandra,^[17] seven children of George I,^[19][b] six children of Dagmar,^[7] six children of Thyra,^[9][a] and five children of Valdemar.^[12]

At the age of 17, PrincessLouise of Sweden became engaged to King Frederick VIII of Denmark, then called Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, atBäckaskog Castle in Sweden. Frederick and Louise would later marry in 1869 inStockholm.^[16] This marriage took place in the context of a desire fora Scandinavian union in bothDenmark andSweden.^[27]

Together, Frederick and Louise had eight children.^[10][16] Two of these children,Christian andHaakon, became King of Denmark and King of Norway, respectively.^[10][27] Frederick and Louise's family came to be defined by Louise'spiety. Moreover, Louise oversaw the strictly disciplined education of her children.^[27]

Over time, Frederick and Louise's marriage became a reasonably happy one.^[27] However, because of Frederick's estrangement from his father,^[10][27] he and his wife kept their distance from his relatives. In addition, Louise had difficult relationships with herin-laws in the Danish royal family.^[27]

Children of Frederick VIII, King of Denmark

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Family
	Christian X, King of Denmarkr. 1912–1947[14]	26 September 1870[14]	20 April 1947[14]	Married 1898,Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879–1952) and had 2 children:[14] Frederik IX, King of Denmark[14] (1899–1972;[28]r. 1947–1972[29]) Father ofMargrethe II, Queen of Denmark, andAnne-Marie, Queen of the Hellenes[29] Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark[14] (1900–1976)[30]
	Haakon VII, King of Norwayr. 1905–1957[31]	3 August 1872[31]	21 September 1957[31]	Married 1896,Princess Maud of Wales (1869–1938) and had 1 child:[31] Olav V, King of Norway (1903[31]–1991;r. 1957–1991)[32] Father ofHarald V, King of Norway[32]
	Princess Louise of Denmark	17 February 1875[11]	4 April 1906[11]	Married 1896,Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe (1868–1945) and had 3 children:[11] Princess Marie Louise of Schaumburg-Lippe (1897–1938)[11] Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (1898–1974)[11] Princess Stephanie of Schaumburg-Lippe (1899–1925)[11]
	Prince Harald of Denmark	8 October 1876[11]	30 March 1949[11]	Married 1909,Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1888–1962) and had 5 children:[11] Princess Feodora of Denmark (1910–1975)[11] Princess Caroline-Mathilde of Denmark (1912–1995)[33] Princess Alexandrine-Louise of Denmark (1914–1962)[11] Prince Gorm of Denmark (1919[11]–1992)[34] Prince Oluf of Denmark (1923[11]–1990)[34]
	Princess Ingeborg of Denmark	2 August 1878[11]	12 March 1958[11]	Married 1897,Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951) and had 4 children:[35] Princess Margaretha of Sweden[35] (1899–1977)[36] Märtha, Crown Princess of Norway[35] (1901–1954)[37] Mother ofHarald V, King of Norway[37] Astrid, Queen of the Belgians[35] (1905–1935)[38] Mother ofJoséphine-Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg,[39]Baudouin, King of the Belgians,[40] andAlbert II, King of the Belgians[41] Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland[35] (1911–2003)[42]
	Princess Thyra of Denmark	14 March 1880[11]	2 November 1945[11]	Died unmarried[11]
	Prince Gustav of Denmark	4 March 1887[11]	5 October 1944[11]	Died unmarried[11]
	Princess Dagmar of Denmark	23 May 1890[11]	11 October 1961[11]	Married 1922,[34] Jørgen Castenskjold[11] (1893[11]–1978[34]) and had 4 children,[11] including Christian Ludwig Castenskjold (1926[34]–2024[43]) Jørgen Castenskjold (1929–1964)[34]

In 1861, Princess Alexandra metKing Edward VII of the United Kingdom, then called Albert EdwardPrince of Wales, at theSpeyer Cathedral in Germany. Edward was the eldest son ofQueen Victoria andPrince Albert.^[18] Edward later proposed to Alexandra in 1862, and they married in 1863 atSt George's Chapel inWindsor Castle in the United Kingdom.^[18][17]

Although Alexandra and Edward got along fairly well,^[44] Edward engaged in severalaffairs during their marriage.^[17] However, for the most part, Alexandra did not pay attention to her husband's romantic liaisons.^[44]

Together, Alexandra and Edward had six children.^[17] One of these children, Alexander John, died in infancy.^[45] Furthermore, Alexandra and Edward's eldest son,Albert Victor, died in 1892 after contracting an illness during aflu pandemic. Albert Victor's death devastated Alexandra.^[17]

The three daughters of Edward and Alexandra,Louise,Victoria, andMaud, were known for being active during their youth. As the daughters aged, they became more withdrawn. Alexandra did not want Louise, Victoria, and Maud to marry because her daughters had two brothers who couldpotentially follow Edward to the British throne. However, both Louise and Maud eventually married.^[45]

Portrait of Queen Alexandra and King Edward VII's family

Children of Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Family
	Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale	8 January 1864[11]	14 January 1892[11]	Died unmarried[11]
	George V, King of the United Kingdomr. 1910–1936[49]	3 June 1865[49]	20 January 1936[49]	Married 1893,Princess Victoria Mary of Teck[49] (1867–1953)[50] and had 6 children:[49] Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom[49] (1894–1972;[51]r. 1936[52]) George VI, King of the United Kingdom[49] (1895–1952;[50]r. 1936–1952[53]) Father ofElizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom[54] Mary, Princess Royal[49] (1897–1965)[51] Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester[49] (1900–1974)[51] Prince George, Duke of Kent[49] (1902–1942)[50] Prince John of the United Kingdom[49] (1905–1919)[50]
	Louise, Princess Royal	20 February 1867[45]	4 January 1931[45]	Married 1889,Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife[45] (1849[11]–1912[55]), and had 3 children:[45] Alistair Duff, Marquess of Macduff (1890–1890)[45] Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife[45] (1891[45]–1959[11]) Princess Maud of the United Kingdom[45] (1893[45]–1945[56])
	Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom	6 July 1868[11]	3 December 1935[57]	Died unmarried[11]
	Princess Maud of Wales	26 November 1869[58]	20 November 1938[58]	Married 1896,Haakon VII, King of Norway (1872–1957;r. 1905–1957), and had 1 child:[31] Olav V, King of Norway (1903[31]–1991;r. 1957–1991)[32] Father ofHarald V, King of Norway[32]
	Prince Alexander John of Wales	6 April 1871[59]	7 April 1871[59]

In 1863, the Kingdom of Greece was without a monarch. The royal houses of Europe believed that George I, then Prince William of Denmark, would be a suitable candidate for the Greek throne. Consequently, George traveled to Greece, a country that he had never visited before, that same year to start his reign.^[19]

After arriving in Greece, George marriedGrand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia in 1867. George and Olga had eight children together.^[19][b]

Children of George I, King of the Hellenes

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Family
	Constantine I, King of the Hellenesr. 1913–1917[60], 1920[60]–1922[61]	2 August 1868[61]	11 January 1923[60][61]	Married 1889,Princess Sophia of Prussia[61] (1870[61]–1932[11]) and had 6 children:[61] George II, King of the Hellenes (1890[61]–1947;[62]r. 1922–1923[63], 1935–1947[62]) Alexander, King of the Hellenes (1893–1920;[61]r. 1917–1920[60][61]) Father ofAlexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia[64] Helen, Queen Mother of Romania (1896[61]–1982[65]) Mother ofMichael I, King of Romania[65] Paul, King of the Hellenes (1901[61]–1964;[66]r. 1947[67]–1964[66]) Father ofSofía, Queen of Spain,[68] andConstantine II, King of the Hellenes[67] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (1904[61]–1974[69]) Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (1913[61]–2007[70])
	Prince George of Greece and Denmark	24 June 1869[11]	25 November 1957[71]	Married 1907,Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962) and had 2 children:[72] Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark[72] (1908–1980[73])[20] Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark[74] (1910–1989)[20]
	Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark	18 August 1870[11]	21 September 1891[11]	Married 1889,Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia (1860–1919) and had 2 children:[20] Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890–1958)[75] Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia (1891–1942)[76]
	Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark	22 January 1872[77]	8 February 1938[77]	Married 1902,Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia[77] (1882–1957)[78] and had 3 children:[77] Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark[77] (1903–1997)[79] Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark[77] (1904–1955)[20] Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark[77] (1906–1968)[80]
	Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark	3 March 1876[11]	14 December 1940[11]	Married 1900 (1),Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919[81]) and had 2 children:[20] Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia (1901–1974)[81] Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia (1903–1965)[20]
				Married 1922 (2),Admiral Perikles Ioannidis (1881–1965) and had no children[20]
	Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark	7 April 1880[11]	2 November 1880[11]
	Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark	2 February 1882[11]	3 December 1944[11]	Married 1903,Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969) and had 5 children:[82] Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark (1905[82]–1981)[83] Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (1906[82]–1969)[83] Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark (1911–1937)[82] Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (1914[82]–2001)[83] Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark (1921[82]–2021[84]) Father ofCharles III, King of the United Kingdom[85]
	Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark	10 August 1888[11]	21 January 1940[86]	Married 1920 (1),Nonie May Stewart[87] (1878–1923) and had no children[20]
				Married 1929 (2),Princess Françoise of Orléans[87] (1902–1953) and had 1 child:[20] Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark (1939[11]–2024[43])

Queen Louise, Dagmar's mother, hoped to find a suitable husband for her daughter in the Russianimperial court. Following the marriage of Dagmar's sister Alexandra, Queen Louise dedicated her enthusiasm to making this desire a reality. Eventually, in 1864, Dagmar became engaged toNicholas Alexandrovich, the then-heir to the Russian throne. However, he died one year later.^[7]

While on his deathbed, Nicholas insisted that his brother,Emperor Alexander III of Russia (then called Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia), marry Dagmar.^[21] Dagmar gradually developed a romantic attraction toward Alexander.^[7] They married in October 1866,^[7] and Dagmar took the name Maria Feodorovna after converting toRussian Orthodoxy.^[7][21]

Maria and Alexander would go on to have six children together, one of whom, Alexander, did not survive past infancy.^[7] Maria adored and spoiled her surviving children, especiallyNicholas.^[7] Likewise, Alexander adored his daughters.^[21]

Of the five children of Maria and Alexander who survived past infancy,George died oftuberculosis. Moreover, Nicholas,Michael, and the former's five children were killed during theRussian Revolution.^[7]

Portrait of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria's family

Children of Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Family
	Nicholas II, Emperor of Russiar. 1894–1917[89]	18 May 1868[89]	17 July 1918[89]	Married 1894,Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine[89] (1872[90]–1918[89]) and had 5 children:[89] Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (1895–1918)[89] Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (1897[11]–1918[89]) Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1899[11]–1918[89]) Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901[11]–1918[89]) Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia (1904–1918)[89]
	Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia	7 June 1869[11]	2 May 1870[11]
	Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia	9 May 1871[11]	9 August 1899[11]	Died unmarried[11]
	Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia	6 April 1875[91]	20 April 1960[91]	Married 1894,Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia[92] (1866–1933) and had 7 children:[92][91] Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia (1895–1970)[93] Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia[92] (1897–1981)[94] Prince Feodor Alexandrovich of Russia[92] (1898–1968)[11] Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia[92] (1900–1974)[94] Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia[92] (1901–1980)[94] Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich of Russia[92] (1902–1977)[94] Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia[92] (1907–1989[95])[94]
	Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia	4 December 1878[11]	between 18 and 28 July 1918[11]	Married 1911,Natalia Brasova (1880–1952) and had 1 child:[96] George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov (1910[97]–1931)[96]
	Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia	13 June 1882[98]	24 November 1960[98]	Married 1901 (1),[11]Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg[98] (1868–1924)[11][e] and had no children[11]
				Married 1916 (2),Nikolai Alexandrovich Kulikovsky (1881–1958) and had 2 children:[98] Tikhon Nikolaevich (1917–1993)[98] Guri Nikolaevich (1919–1984)[98]

Finding a suitable husband for Princess Thyra of Denmark was an undertaking for her mother, Queen Louise, who had one potentialsuitor in mind for Thyra:Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Eventually, Thyra married him, which gave her the desired opportunity to have children.^[9]

Together, Thyra and Ernest Augustus had six children.^[a] Living inGmunden, Austria, Thyra enjoyed a quiet life which allowed her to spend time with her children. However, two of her sons died at a young age. Prince George died in a car accident on the way to the funeral of his uncle King Frederick VIII of Denmark, and Prince Christian died ofappendicitis.^[9]

Portrait of Princess Thyra and Prince Ernest Augustus's family

Children of Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Family
	Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland	11 October 1879[100]	31 January 1948[11]	Married 1900,Prince Maximilian of Baden[101] (1867[11]–1929[101]) and had 2 children:[11] Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden (1902–1944)[11] Berthold, Margrave of Baden (1906[11]–1963[102])
	Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland	28 October 1880[100]	20 May 1912[103]	Died unmarried[11]
	Princess Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland	29 September 1882[11]	30 August 1963[11]	Married 1904,Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1882–1945;[104]r. 1897–1918[104]), and had 5 children:[11] Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1910–2001)[104] Duke Christian Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1912–1996)[104] Duchess Olga of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1916–1917)[11] Duchess Thyra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1919[11]–1981[34]) Duchess Anastasia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1922[11]–1979[34])
	Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland	11 July 1884[100]	21 September 1958[11]	Died unmarried[11]
	Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland	4 July 1885[11]	3 September 1901[11]
	Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswickr. 1913–1918[11]	17 November 1887[100]	30 January 1953[11]	Married 1913,Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia[11] (1892[11]–1980[34]) and had 5 children:[34] Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick (1914[11]–1987[34]) Prince George William of Hanover (1915–2006)[105] Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes (1917–1981)[106] Mother ofSofía, Queen of Spain,[68][106] andConstantine II, King of the Hellenes[67][106] Prince Christian Oscar of Hanover (1919[11]–1981[34]) Prince Welf Henry of Hanover (1923[11]–1997[34])

In 1885, Prince Valdemar of Denmark marriedMarie of Orléans, a French princess. Together, they had five children who were nicknamed the "naughty children from theYellow Palace". Nevertheless, both Valdemar and Marie were very popular in Denmark.^[12]

Because of Valdemar's interest in ships, he went on long sea voyages, a practice that continued during his marriage to Marie.^[12]

Children of Prince Valdemar of Denmark

Portrait	Name	Birth	Death	Family
	Prince Aage of Denmark	10 June 1887[11]	29 February 1940[11]	Married 1914, Mathilde Calvidei conti di Bergolo (1885–1949) and had 1 child:[11] Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg (1915[11]–1995[34])
	Prince Axel of Denmark	12 August 1888[11]	14 July 1964[107]	Married 1919,Princess Margaretha of Sweden[107] (1899–1977)[36] and had 2 children:[107] Prince George of Denmark (1920[107]–1986[108]) Prince Flemming of Denmark (1922[107]–2002[109])
	Prince Erik of Denmark	8 November 1890[11]	11 September 1950[110]	Married 1924, Lois Frances Booth[110] (1897–1941)[11][f] and had 2 children:[11] Countess Alexandra of Rosenborg (1927[11]–1992[34]) Count Christian of Rosenborg (1932[11]–1997[34])
	Prince Viggo of Denmark	25 December 1893[11]	4 January 1970[112]	Married 1924,Eleanor Margaret Green[112] (1895[11]–1966[112]) and had no children[112]
	Princess Margaret of Denmark	17 September 1895[11]	18 September 1992[34]	Married 1921,Prince René of Bourbon-Parma (1894–1962) and had 4 children:[11] Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma (1922[11]–1964[113]) Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma (1923–2016)[114] Spouse ofMichael I, King of Romania[114] Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma (1926–2018[115]) Prince André of Bourbon-Parma (1928[11]–2011[116])

• John William Friso – Another European prince with descendants in multiple royal families
• Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt – Another European sovereign with descendants in multiple royal families
• Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal – Describes progeny of another European king whose descendants married into multiple royal families
• Nicholas I of Montenegro – Another European king whose descendants married into multiple royal families
• Descendants of Paul I of Russia – Describes progeny of a European emperor with descendants in multiple royal families
• Descendants of Queen Victoria – Describes progeny of one of Christian IX's contemporaries
  • Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX

• Atchinson, Bob (n.d.)."Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna".Alexander Palace Time Machine. Bob Atchinson. Retrieved3 July 2024.
• Rodriguez, Blanca; Warner, Alex (31 December 2019)."All the Royals With (Rumored) Illegitimate Children".Marie Claire. Future plc. Retrieved12 March 2024.
• TIME (26 July 1937)."Milestones, Jul. 26, 1937".TIME. Retrieved3 July 2024.

• Aronson, Theo (12 November 2020).A Family of Kings. Lume Books.ISBN 978-1-83901-257-0. A text that describes the relationships among the children of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel.
• Beéche, Arturo E.; Hall, Coryne (5 April 2014).Apapa: King Christian IX of Denmark and His Descendants. Euro History.ISBN 978-0-9854603-4-1. A text that documents writings and rare photos of Christian IX of Denmark.
• Lerche, Anna; Mandal, Marcus (2003).A Royal Family: The Story of Christian IX and His European Descendants. Aschehoug.ISBN 978-87-15-10957-7. A text that chronicles the rise of Christian IX of Denmark to his country's throne.

• Complete list of descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

• Christian IX of Denmark
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• European royal families
• Danish royalty
• House of Glücksburg (Denmark)

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