| Dera | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia,Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Papua:Keerom Regency, 13 villages |
Native speakers | 1,200 (2006)[1] |
Senagi
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kbv |
| Glottolog | dera1245 |
| ELP | Dera |
| Coordinates:3°36′43″S141°03′26″E / 3.611948°S 141.05719°E /-3.611948; 141.05719 (Kamberatoro) | |
Dera (Dra, Dla)a.k.a.Mangguar andKamberataro (Komberatoro) is aSenagi language ofPapua New Guinea andIndonesia. In Papua New Guinea, it is primarily spoken in Kamberataro village (3°36′43″S141°03′26″E / 3.611948°S 141.05719°E /-3.611948; 141.05719 (Kamberatoro)),Amanab Rural LLG,Sandaun Province.[1][2]
There are two dialects, namelyDla proper andMenggwa Dla.
Dla proper is spoken in the three main villages of Kamberatoro Mission (3°36′S 141°03′E; 1299 feet) in Papua New Guinea, Amgotro Mission (3°38′S 140°58′E; 1969 feet) and Komando village inPapua Province, Indonesia. Komando village was formerly a Dutch border post. Other Dla proper speaking villages in Papua New Guinea are Tamarbek (3°35′30″S141°03′18″E / 3.591701°S 141.055114°E /-3.591701; 141.055114 (Tamarbek)), Akamari (3°35′49″S141°03′33″E / 3.597044°S 141.059233°E /-3.597044; 141.059233 (Akimari 1)), New Kamberatoro; Old Kamberatoro, ‘Border Village’, Nimberatoro (3°37′34″S141°02′33″E / 3.625973°S 141.042369°E /-3.625973; 141.042369 (Nimberatoro)), Nindebai (3°38′28″S141°00′22″E / 3.64111°S 141.006033°E /-3.64111; 141.006033 (Nindebai)), Mamamora (3°39′14″S141°01′13″E / 3.653793°S 141.020182°E /-3.653793; 141.020182 (Mamamura)), Yamamainda (3°40′10″S141°02′00″E / 3.669519°S 141.033445°E /-3.669519; 141.033445 (Yamamainda)), Orkwanda (3°38′50″S141°04′52″E / 3.647337°S 141.081231°E /-3.647337; 141.081231 (Orkwanda)), and Lihen (3°37′26″S141°07′03″E / 3.623834°S 141.117364°E /-3.623834; 141.117364 (Lihen)). While Papua Province in Indonesia has the Dla villages of Amgotro, Komando, Indangan, Mongwefi, Buku, and Agrinda, which are mostly located in Yaffi District,Keerom Regency.[3]
Menggwa Dla, the less populous of the two dialects, is spoken in five villages located between Kamberatoro Mission and Komando village, which are Menggau, Wahai (3°34′51″S141°01′45″E / 3.580863°S 141.029277°E /-3.580863; 141.029277 (Wahai)), Ambofahwa (alternatively known as Wahai Nº 2), Wanggurinda (3°34′49″S141°01′43″E / 3.580396°S 141.028671°E /-3.580396; 141.028671 (Wagurinda); 3°34′59″S, 141°01′41″E) in Papua New Guinea, and Menggwal (3°33′53″S, 140°59′04″E) in Papua Province, Indonesia.[3]
Dla (Dera) speakers are shifting toTok Pisin andPapuan Malay. De Sousa (2006) reports that the younger generation born in the 1990s or later usually cannot speak Dera fluently, whereas the older generation remains fluent.[3]
Dera has 14 consonants (4 less thanAngor), which are:[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | ɸ | s | x | |||
| Liquid | r | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
Dera has 5 vowels (2 less thanAngor), which are:[4]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a |
The following basic vocabulary words of Dera dialects are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),[5][6] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[7]
| gloss | Dera (Amgotro dialect) | Dera (Moŋgowar dialect) | Dera (Amgotro dialect) |
|---|---|---|---|
| head | boda | bapale | boda |
| hair | nanada | nenale | nanada |
| ear | kumbo- keda | gombo-gala | kumbo- keda |
| eye | kumba- kwada | kamba-gala | kumba- kwada |
| nose | gutubu | damor | gutubu |
| tooth | jabo-gemda | djabo | jabo-gemda |
| tongue | tabu | tep | tabu |
| louse | manə | mave | manə |
| dog | jabodo | jabodo | |
| pig | wadə | wadə | |
| bird | du | tu | du |
| egg | dogomda | tugabola | dogomda |
| blood | kodoa | hola | kodoa |
| bone | gemda | saba | gemda |
| skin | kueda | kiaba | kueda |
| breast | toto | tutu | toto |
| tree | namo; nomo | agala | namo; nomo |
| man | jani- ndia | jani | jani- ndia |
| woman | kuadedebo | kolbake | kuadedebo |
| sun | kəbu | gəfu | kəbu |
| moon | amana | anam | amana |
| water | kue | gəwei | kue |
| fire | kai | kai | kai |
| stone | nəmai | nimi | nəmai |
| road, path | bakoda | bakoda | |
| name | dia | ||
| eat | tato- | hede- | tato- |
| one | mano; ŋguadu | mamu | mano; ŋguadu |
| two | imbu | jimbal | imbu |
