| Nasal dental velar click | |
|---|---|
| ŋǀ ŋʇ | |
| ᵑǀ ᵑʇ | |
| ǀ̃ ʇ̃ |
| Nasal dental uvular click | |
|---|---|
| ɴǀ ɴʇ | |
| ᶰǀ ᶰʇ |
Adental nasal click is aclick consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa.[1] The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet for a nasal dental click with avelar rear articulation is ⟨ŋ͡ǀ⟩ or ⟨ŋ͜ǀ⟩, commonly abbreviated to ⟨ŋǀ⟩, ⟨ᵑǀ⟩ or ⟨ǀ̃⟩; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is ⟨ŋ͡ʇ⟩ or ⟨ŋ͜ʇ⟩, abbreviated ⟨ŋʇ⟩, ⟨ᵑʇ⟩ or ⟨ʇ̃⟩. For a click with auvular rear articulation, the equivalents are ⟨ɴ͡ǀ,ɴ͜ǀ,ɴǀ,ᶰǀ⟩ and ⟨ɴ͡ʇ,ɴ͜ʇ,ɴʇ,ᶰʇ⟩.Sometimes the accompanying letter comes after the click letter, e.g. ⟨ǀŋ⟩ or ⟨ǀᵑ⟩; this may be a simple orthographic choice, or it may imply a difference in the relative timing of the releases.[2]
Features of a dental nasal click:
Dental nasal clicks are found primarily in the variousKhoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboringBantu languages, such asYeyi andFwe.[3][4] They also appear in the Australian ritual languageDamin.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Damin | nh!2u | [ᵑǀ\ᵑǀu]=[ᵑʇ\ᵑʇu] | 'dog' |
| Hadza | minca | [miᵑǀa]=[miᵑʇa] | 'to smack one's lips' |
| Khoekhoe | ǀnam | [ᵑǀȁm̀] =[ᵑʇȁm̀] | 'to love' |
| Zulu | incwancwa | [iᵑǀwáːᵑǀwa]=[iᵑʇwáːᵑʇwa] | 'sour corn meal' |
| Glottalized dental nasal velar click | |
|---|---|
| ǀ̃ʔ | |
| ᵑǀʔ ᵑ̊ǀˀ | |
| ʇ̃ˀ | |
| ᵑʇˀ ᵑ̊ʇˀ |
AllKhoisan languages, and a few Bantu languages, have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing theglottis so that the click is pronounced in silence; however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hadza | tacce | [taᵑǀˀe]=[taᵑʇˀe] | 'rope' |
| Khoekhoe | ǀoroǀoro | [ᵑǀˀòɾőᵑǀˀòɾȍ] =[ᵑʇˀòɾőᵑʇˀòɾȍ] | 'to wear s.t. out' |
| Naro | Xgaoc’õ | [ᵏǁχao̯ᵑǀˀõ] =[ᵏʖχao̯ᵑʇˀõ] | (personal name) |
| Xhosa | umchankcatho | [umᵏǀʰaᵑǀˀatʰo] =[umᵏʇʰaᵑʇˀatʰo] | 'a bridge' |
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