Dennis Brutus | |
|---|---|
 At theSupreme Court,Washington DC, 29 January 2000 | |
| Born | Dennis Vincent Brutus (1924-11-24)24 November 1924 |
| Died | 26 December 2009(2009-12-26) (aged 85) Cape Town, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Alma mater | University of Fort Hare;University of the Witwatersrand |
| Occupation(s) | Activist, educator, journalist, poet |
| Known for | Anti-apartheid activism |
Dennis Vincent Brutus (28 November 1924 – 26 December 2009) was a South African activist, educator, journalist and poet best known for his campaign to have South Africa banned from theOlympic Games due to its racial policy ofapartheid.[1]
Born inSalisbury,Southern Rhodesia, in 1924[2] to South African parents, Brutus was of indigenousKhoi,Dutch,French,English,German andMalay ancestry. His parents moved back home toPort Elizabeth when he was aged four, and young Brutus was classified under South Africa'sapartheid racial code as "coloured".[3]
Brutus was a graduate of theUniversity of Fort Hare (BA, 1946) and of theUniversity of the Witwatersrand, where he studied law. He taught English andAfrikaans at several high schools in South Africa after 1948, but was eventually dismissed for his vocal criticism of apartheid.[4] He served on the faculty of theUniversity of Denver,Northwestern University[5][6][7] andUniversity of Pittsburgh,[8] and was a Professor Emeritus from the last institution.[9]
In 2008, Brutus was awarded the Lifetime Honorary Award by theSouth African Department of Arts and Culture for his lifelong dedication to African and world poetry and literary arts.[10]
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Brutus was an activist against the apartheid government of South Africa in the 1950s and 1960s. He learned politics in theTrotskyist movement of the Eastern Cape.[11]
Although not an accomplished athlete in his own right, he was motivated by the unfairness of selections for athletic teams. He joined the Anti-Coloured Affairs Department organisation (Anti-CAD), a Trotskyist group that organised against the Coloured Affairs Department, which was an attempt by the government to institutionalise divisions betweenblacks andcoloureds.
In 1958, he formed the South African Sports Association, and as Secretary was strongly opposed to a proposed cricket tour byFrank Worrell’s West Indies to South Africa in 1959, leading a successful campaign to have it cancelled.[12] In 1962, Brutus was a co-founder of the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC), an organisation that would be heavily influential in the banning ofapartheid-era South Africa from the Olympics in 1964. In 1961, Brutus was banned for his political activities as part of SANROC. As South Africa attempted, in 1968, to get back into the Olympics by arguing that they would field multi-racial teams, SANROC successfully pointed out that those teams were chosen on a segregated basis, leading to South Africa's continued ban from 1968 until 1992.[13]
In 1963, Brutus was arrested for trying to meet with anInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) official; he was accused of breaking the terms of his "banning", which were that he could not meet with more than two people outside his family, and he was sentenced to 18 months in jail. However, he "jumped bail" by trying to leave South Africa to attend the IOC meeting inBaden-Baden, West Germany, on behalf of SANROC and while he was inMozambique, on a Rhodesian passport, thePortuguese colonial secret police arrested him and returned him to South Africa. There, while trying to escape, he was shot in the back at point-blank range. After only partly recovering from the wound, Brutus was sent toRobben Island for 16 months, five in solitary. He was in the cell next toNelson Mandela's. Brutus was in prison when news broke of the country's suspension from the 1964Tokyo Olympics, for which he had campaigned.[8][13]
Brutus was forbidden to teach, write and publish in South Africa. His first collection of poetry,Sirens, Knuckles and Boots (1963), was published inNigeria while he was in prison. The book received theMbari Poetry Prize, awarded to a black poet of distinction, but Brutus turned it down on the grounds of its racial exclusivity.[14][15] He was the author of 14 books.[8]
After he was released, in 1965, Brutus left South Africa on an exit permit, which meant he could never return home while the apartheid regime stayed in power. He went into exile in Britain, where he first metGeorge Houser, the executive director of theAmerican Committee on Africa (ACOA). South Africa made a concerted effort to get reinstated to the Olympic Games inMexico City in 1968. Its Prime MinisterJohn Vorster outlined a new policy of fielding a multi-racial team. At first the IOC accepted this new policy and was going to allow South Africa to compete, but SANROC pointed out that there would be no mixed sporting events within South Africa and therefore all South African athletes chosen for the Games would be chosen under a segregated framework. In 1967, Brutus came to the United States under the auspices of the ACOA on a speaking tour, where he acquainted Americans more closely with the present situation in South Africa, informed American sports organisations about the segregated conditions that South African athletes must endure, and raised money to support the ACOA's Africa Defense and Aid Fund to support the defence of those charged under the apartheid laws. The Supreme Council for Sport in Africa, which represented the independent African nations at the IOC, threatened to boycott if South Africa was included in the 1968 Games. In co-operation with SANROC, the ACOA organised a boycott of American athletes in February 1968.Jackie Robinson, the first African-American athlete to break the colour barrier inmajor league baseball, published a statement calling for continued suspension of South Africa from the Olympic Games. As a result of the international pressure, the IOC relented and kept South Africa out of the Olympic Games from 1968 until 1992.[16]
In 1971, Brutus settled in the United States, where he served as professor ofAfrican Literature atNorthwestern University.[17] In 1975, he was elected the first chair of theAfrican Literature Association (ALA).[18]
When his British passport was cancelled in the wake ofZimbabwe's independence in 1980, he was threatened with deportation, and he fought a protracted and highly publicized legal battle until 1983, when he was granted asylum in the United States.[19][20] He continued to participate in protests against the apartheid government while teaching in the United States.[21]
He was eventually "unbanned" by the South African government in 1990, and in 1991 he became one of the sponsors of theCommittee for Academic Freedom in Africa.[22]
Brutus taught atAmherst College,Cornell University, andSwarthmore College,[23] before heading, in 1986, to theUniversity of Pittsburgh, where he served a professor of African Literature until his retirement.[24]
He returned to South Africa and was based at theUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal, where he often contributed to the annualPoetry Africa Festival hosted by the university and supported activism against neo-liberal policies in contemporary South Africa through working with NGOs. In December 2007, Brutus was to be inducted into the South African Sports Hall of Fame. At the induction ceremony, he publicly turned down his nomination, stating:
It is incompatible to have those who championed racist sport alongside its genuine victims. It's time—indeed long past time—for sports truth, apologies and reconciliation.[25]
According to fellow writerOlu Oguibe, interim Director of the Institute for African American Studies at theUniversity of Connecticut, "Brutus was arguably Africa's greatest and most influential modern poet afterLeopold Sedar Senghor andChristopher Okigbo, certainly the most widely-read, and no doubt among the world's finest poets of all time. More than that, he was a fearless campaigner for justice, a relentless organizer, an incorrigible romantic, and a great humanist and teacher."
Brutus died on 26 December 2009, aged 85, at his home inCape Town, South Africa, fromprostate cancer.[6][7][26] He is survived by two sisters, eight children including his son Anthony, nine grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.[8]
The Dennis Brutus Tapes: Essays at Autobiography, edited by Bernth Lindfors, was published in 2011, including transcripts of tapes recorded when he was a visiting professor at theUniversity of Texas at Austin in 1974–75, reflecting on his life and career.[27]
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