| Deng Xiaoping's southern tour | |||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 邓小平南巡 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 鄧小平南巡 | ||||||||||
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| 1992 southern tour | |||||||||||
| Chinese | 九二南巡 | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | 92 South Tour | ||||||||||
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Deng Xiaoping's southern tour (Chinese:邓小平南巡), or1992 southern tour (九二南巡), or simplyNanxun[1] (南巡) was the tour ofDeng Xiaoping, the third and formerparamount leader ofChina, insouthern China, including inShenzhen,Zhuhai,Guangzhou andShanghai, from January 18 to February 21, 1992.[2][3][4] The talks and remarks made by Deng during the tour resumed and reinforced the implementation of his "reform and opening up" program inmainland China, which had come to a halt after the military crackdown on1989 Tiananmen Square protests ordered by Deng himself.[5][6][7][8] After Tiananmen Square incident, there was a lack of belief in theChinese Communist Party both at home and abroad. The US and EU both issued arms embargoes while theWorld Bank andAsian Development Bank stopped issuing loans to China. The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in themodern history of China, as it saved theChinese economic reform as well as thecapital market, and preserved societal stability.[9][10] It not only preserved stability inside of China, but it was reassuring to foreign countries who had begun to invest large amounts of money into China.
During the southern tour, Deng emphasized to several military leaders of thePeople's Liberation Army includingYang Shangkun,Liu Huaqing andYang Baibing, that "those who do not promote reform should be brought down from their leadership positions", forcingJiang Zemin, thenGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), to support and continue the Reforms and Opening-up program.[11] He also wished thatGuangdong province would catch up with theFour Asian Tigers in terms of economic development within 20 years.[12][13] Some of the notable remarks and comments from Deng during the tour included "I don't care if the cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice" (cat theory), which was originally published by him in 1960s, and "development is of overriding importance (发展才是硬道理)" as well as "[the Shenzhen government] should be bolder in carrying out the Reforms and Opening-up, dare to make experiments and should not act aswomen with bound feet".[14][15]
However, although Deng himself mentioned thatanti-corruption must be imposed throughout the entire Reforms and Opening-up process and emphasized the importance ofrule of law,[16][17] the Southern Tour did not resolve thecorruption issue as well as the wideningeconomic inequality in China, nor did it resumeChina's political reforms.[18][19][20][21]
The aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests had created a conservative backlash within the Chinese Communist Party, significantly slowing down reform initiatives.[citation needed] Globally, the breakup of the Soviet Union and the rise of neoliberalism intensified debates over the sustainability of market-oriented policies, with some questioning theEast Asian model.[citation needed] Facing opposition from party conservatives who feared these policies might weaken socialist principles, Deng launched the Southern Tour to reaffirm his commitment to reforms and steer China's economic trajectory.[citation needed] Beginning in late 1988, the economic reforms favored by Deng were increasingly resisted by other Chinese leaders.[22]: xxiii–xxiv
Members of theCentral Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) showed serious disagreements over whether theReforms and Opening-up program should continue afterDeng Xiaoping ordered the military crackdown on1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[8][10][23] After reformist leaderZhao Ziyang was forced to leave his position as theCCP General Secretary for his sympathetic stance on students' protests,Jiang Zemin was appointed the succeeding General Secretary with the support from several powerfulleft-wing conservatives leaders (also known as hardliners) includingChen Yun andLi Xiannian.[24][25]
In November 1989, the CCP Central Committee passed a resolution ("关于进一步治理整顿和深化改革的决定") stating that the pace of reforms was too fast, and decided to overhaul the changes.[26] There were fears and concerns within the CCP that further reforms may turn China into acapitalist country.[7] As a result, the Reform and Opening-up program came to a virtual halt, especially after theRevolutions of 1989 inEurope and around the time of thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the CCP shifted its focus to preventing the "Peaceful Evolution" from the West.[27][28] Deng Xiaoping, on the other hand, saw the dissolution of the Soviet Union as more of a reason to open.[28]
Starting from the spring of 1991,Shanghai-based newspaperLiberation Daily published a series of articles under the author name of "Huangfu Ping (皇甫平)", promoting further economic reforms, which quickly gained support amongst local officials and populace.[7][10][23] On the other hand, severalBeijing-based media outlets includingQiushi andGuangming Daily, which were under the control of Jiang Zemin andLi Peng (thenPremier of China), responded by directly criticizing Huangfu's articles onLiberation Daily, questioning whether China was following a capitalist path or a socialist path.[10][23][29]
At the age of 87, Deng Xiaoping began his southern tour on January 18, 1992, when he visited theWuchang District ofWuhan inHubei Province as well asChangsha inHunan Province.[31] He then visited several cities inGuangdong Province, includingShenzhen,Zhuhai andGuangzhou from January 19 to 29.[31] After that, he briefly stayed inJiangxi Province, and on January 31 Deng arrived inShanghai, the last stop of his southern tour.[31] After spending the 1992Chinese New Year in Shanghai, Deng briefly visitedNanjing inJiangsu Province as well asAnhui Province on his way back to Beijing on February 20.[31]
Family members from three generations of Deng's family traveled with him on the southern tour, including four of his five children, his wifeZhuo Lin, and several grandchildren.[22]: 37–38 The most publicly prominent of his family members on the tour wasDeng Rong.[22]: 38 Deng Xiaoping's longtime secretaryWang Ruilin also accompanied him on the tour.[22]: 38
Initially, Deng's southern tour was ignored by Beijing and China's national media, which were then under the control of Deng's political rivals.[10]Jiang Zemin, thenGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party since 1989, showed little support. Many mainland news sources didn't publish anything about Deng's trip, and it was reporters fromHong Kong who first made reports on the trip.[32] Media in Hong Kong first reported Deng's tour after receiving confirmation from Shenzhen government, whileShenzhen Special Zone Daily later gave a detailed report on Deng's southern tour in an article on March 26, 1992, without receiving approval from the China's central government, making it the first media in mainland China to do so.[33] The author of the article, local journalist Chen Xitian, had been the only printmedia reporter permitted to join Deng and his party during the visit to Shenzhen.[22]: 54
The first public record from Deng's tour was a photograph of him during his January 21 visit to theChina Folk Culture Village which was taken byMalaysian Chinese tourists and published January 22 by a Hong Kong newspaper.[22]: 64
Eventually, Deng Xiaoping won against the left-wing conservatives, and under enormous pressure from the military, Jiang Zemin and others changed their stance and gave in to Deng.[10][34] As part of Deng's Southern Tour, the results of market reforms were broadcast widely on television.[35]: 84
Wuhan was Deng's first stop.[22]: 48
Around 9am on January 19, 1992, Deng Xiaoping arrived in Shenzhen, one of China's firstspecial economic zones (SEZs) approved by himself, and was warmly received by local officials includingXie Fei, theCommunist Party Secretary of Guangdong Province.[31][36] Deng's visit to Shenzhen highlighted it both for its rhetorical power and practical example in support of Deng's favored economic policies.[22]: xxiv
In his discussions with party officials about SEZs, Deng stated that while there had been differing opinions on the operations of SEZs and whether they were capitalist, Shenzhen's development illustrated that they were consistent with socialism.[22]: 55 Deng stated that those who viewed SEZs as part of a movement towards capitalism "lacked basic knowledge".[22]: 55 In Deng's view, Shenzhen should welcome additional foreign investment.[22]: 55
Deng visited theGuomao Building.[31] The next day, he visited the high-profile factory of Xianke Laser Company (SAST), astate-owned enterprise that produced laser discs, CD players, and speakers.[22]: 63 It was chosen because it was the kind of high tech industry Deng sought to develop in Shenzhen and elsewhere.[22]: 63 On January 21, he visited theOverseas Chinese Town and theSplendid China Folk Village.[31][22]: 64 In the morning of January 22, Deng visited theFairy Lake Botanical Garden together with his wife, children and grandchildren, planting a tree there; in the afternoon, Deng delivered his famous lines to the officials of the Shenzhen government:[31][37][15]
"[The Shenzhen government] should be bolder in carrying out the Reforms and Opening-up, dare to make experiments and should not act aswomen with bound feet. If you think something is right, then bravely test it and embrace it. The important experience of Shenzhen is the daring spirit. Without this daring spirit and the courage, without the energy, you can not find a good path or a new path, and you can not create a new career. (改革开放胆子要大一些，敢于试验，不能像小脚女人一样。看准了的，就大胆地试，大胆地闯。深圳的重要经验就是敢闯。没有一点闯的精神，没有一点“冒”的精神，没有一股气呀、劲呀，就走不出一条好路，走不出一条新路，就干不出新的事业)
During the visit, Deng wished that Guangdong Province would catch up with theFour Asian Tigers in terms of economic development within 20 years.[31][12][13] Deng's visit also saved China'scapital market, especially the two newly establishedstock exchanges: theShanghai Stock Exchange (since November 1990) and theShenzhen Stock Exchange (since December 1990).[38][39][40][41] Deng pointed out that:[41][42]
It’ll take careful study to determine whether stocks and the stock market are good for socialism or not, or whether they only belong to capitalism. This also means that we must first try it out! (证券、股票，这些东西究竟好不好，有没有危险，是不是资本市场独有的东西，社会主义能不能用?允许看，但要坚决地试)
On January 23, Deng set off forZhuhai, another special economic zone in Guangdong Province.[31] In Zhuhai, Deng emphasized to several military leaders of thePeople's Liberation Army includingYang Shangkun,Liu Huaqing andYang Baibing, that "those who do not promote reform should be brought down from their leadership positions".[11] Because it was held without the knowledge ofJiangZemin, who had nominally succeeded Deng as thechairman of the Central Military Commission, the Zhuhai Conference was considered quasi-coup d’état, and the military subsequently declared its determination to safeguard (baojia huhang 保驾护航) Deng’s reforms, implying that it would replace the Jiang leadership with a reformist one if necessary.[43]
He also paid visits to several high-tech companies in Zhuhai, where he underlined the importance of science and technology and called on Chinese overseas students to come back to their motherland.[31] Deng left the area on January 29.[31]
On January 31, Deng arrived in Shanghai, where he celebrated the 1992Chinese New Year.[31]
In Shanghai, Deng visited theNanpu Bridge on February 7, and on the next day he toured theHuangpu River on a cruise ship, accompanied by local officials includingHuang Ju andWu Bangguo.[31] Together with Yang Shangkun and others, Deng visited several high-tech companies in Shanghai beginning February 10.[31] On February 18, he spent his night of theLantern Festival in the shopping district ofNanjing Road.[31]
Deng left Shanghai for Beijing on February 23, completing his southern tour.[31] He was instrumental in the development of Shanghai'sPudong New Area, revitalizing the city as one of China's economic hubs.
On his tour, Deng made various speeches which generated large local support for his reformist platform. He stressed the importance of economic reform in China, and criticized those who were against further reform and opening up. Although there was a debate on whether or not Deng actually said it,[44] his perceived catchphrase, "to get rich is glorious" unleashed a wave of personal entrepreneurship that continues to drive China's economy today.[45] The aphorism is likely a misquotation of his statement, "Let some areas and some people get rich first, to spur and assist other areas and other people, and gradually achieve common prosperity".[22]: 112
Deng also stated that the "leftist" elements of the CCP were much more dangerous than "rightist" ones.[31]
In one of the most consequential speeches addressing Reform and Opening Up, Deng stated:[46]: 44
The essential difference between socialism and capitalism is not whether state planning dominates the market or vice versa. The planned economy is not equivalent to socialism, and in a capitalist economy, there is also planning. Both planning and markets are means of economics ... Are securities and the stock market good or bad? Could socialism also use them? We are allowed to take a look, but more importantly, we should try it out ... For socialism to gain an advantage it must bravely absorb and learn from all the achievements of civilizations created by human society.
Speaking during the tour, Deng Xiaoping characterized theCultural Revolution as civil war, and attributed the maintenance of stability after the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre to the economic growth and raised living standards during Reform and Opening Up.[47]: 49 [48]
Other notable remarks from Deng during his southern tour included:
Deng's new wave of policy rhetoric gave way to a new political storm between factions in thePolitburo of the Chinese Communist Party. Jiang eventually sided with Deng in April 1992, and the national media finally reported Deng's southern tour almost two months after it completed.[33] Observers suggest that Jiang's submission to Deng's policies had solidified his position as Deng's heir apparent. Behind the scenes, Deng's southern tour aided his reformist allies' such as Shanghai party committee secretaryZhu Rongji climb to the apex of national power, and permanently changed China's direction toward economic development.[56] Deng increased his support among province leaders, the military, the press, and the public generally.[35]: 84 According to journalist Jonathan Chatwin, the southern tour was effective not because there was consensus at the top levels of the Party, but because news of his speeches empowered local officials to express their support for these ideas to central authorities.[22]: 104 In addition, the eventual outcome of the southern tour proved that Deng was still the most powerful man in China.[57]
During his Southern Tour, Deng's visits to cities like Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shanghai underscored the success of Special Economic Zones as symbols of China's reform and opening-up policies. In his remarks, Deng emphasized prioritizing economic growth over rigid ideological partisanship, declaring, “Development is the only hard truth.” However, party conservatives criticized this approach as a betrayal of socialism, warning of risks such as inequality and corruption. These contrasting views reveal a complex reception, where Deng's vision inspired hope among reformists while fueling skepticism among traditionalists.Deng's southern tour saved China's capital market and protected the two stock exchanges in China: the Shanghai Stock Exchange (since November 1990) and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (since December 1990).[38][39][40][41] Moreover, his insistence on economic openness aided in the phenomenal growth levels of the coastal areas, especially the "Golden Triangle" region surrounding Shanghai. Deng reiterated the general policy that 'some areas must get rich before others', and asserted that the wealth from coastal regions will eventually be transferred to aid economic construction inland. The theory, however, faced numerous challenges when put into practice, as provincial governments moved to protect their own interests. Although private elements of the economy had existed since 1978, these forms of private ownership were first legally acknowledged during the southern tour.[50]: 213 In the years immediately following the tour, economic growth was rapid.[22]: 114 Growth was approximately 13% in both 1992 and in 1993.[22]: 114 Investment in coastal areas of China greatly increased, andforeign direct investment in China as a whole reached US$25 billion in 1993.[22]: 114
After Deng Xiaoping's 1992 southern tour, the culture industry of China became increasingly commercialized.[58]: 225
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