Thedemographics of the Ottoman Empire includepopulation density,ethnicity, education level, religious affiliations and other aspects of thepopulation.

Lucy Mary Jane Garnett stated in the 1904 bookTurkish Life in Town and Country, published in 1904, that "No country in the world, perhaps, contains a population so heterogeneous as that of Turkey."^[1]

Demographic data for most of the history of theOttoman Empire is not quite precise. For most of the five centuries of its existence, the empire did not have easily computable valid data except figures for the number of employed citizens. Until the first official census (1881–1893), data was derived from extending the taxation values to the total population. Because of the use of taxation data to infer population size, detailed data for numerous Ottoman urban centers – towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants – is accurate. This data was collaborated with data on wages and prices. Another source was used for the numbers of landlords of households in the Ottoman Empire – every household was assumed to have 5 residents.^[2]

• 
  Town population in the Balkans in the 16th century

Entire villages remained uncounted. Taxable population was enumerated, i.e. healthy men over 15 years old. For some settlements the rest of the male population was the majority.

The first official census (1881–1893) took 10 years to finish. In 1893 the results were compiled and presented. This census is the first modern, general and standardized census accomplished not for taxation nor for military purposes, but to acquire demographic data. The population was divided into ethno-religious and gender characteristics. Numbers of both male and female subjects are given in ethno-religious categories including Muslims, Greeks (includingAsia Minor Greeks,Pontic Greeks, andCaucasus Greeks, all Orthodox Christians under theGreek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople from extremely distinct ethnic origin), Armenians, Bulgarians, Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Latins, Syriacs and Roma.^[6][7]

In 1867 theCouncil of States took charge of drawing population tables, increasing the precision of population records. They introduced new measures of recording population counts in 1874. This led to the establishment of a General Population Administration, attached to the Ministry of Interior in 1881–1882. These changes politicized the population counts.

• Population maps 1893–96
• 
  1893–96, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population
• 
  1893–96, Armenian distribution (in color)
• 
  1893–96, Green shows Muslim majority, red shows Armenian majority.

• Population maps 1905–1906, 1914
• 
  1905–1906 (printed in 1911)
• 
  Muslim population in the Ottomanvilayets (1907)
• 
  Muslim population in the Ottomansanjaks

After 1893 the Ottoman Empire established a statistics authority (Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi) under which results of another official census was published in 1899.

Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi conducted a new census survey for which field work lasted two years (1905–06). 2-3 million people in Iraq and Syria remained unregistered and uncounted.^[8]As a factual note this survey's complete (total) documentation was not published. Results of regional studies on this data were published later, which were sorted by their publication date. Included in the publication and subsequent ones was the Ottoman Empire's population as of 1911, 1912, and 1914. The substantial archival documentation on the census has been used in many modern studies and international publications. After 1906 the Ottoman Empire began todisband and a chain of violent wars such as theItalo-Turkish War,Balkan Wars andWorld War I drastically changed the region, its borders, and its demographics.

• 
  1914, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population

In 1865, 658,600 (40,51%) Muslims and 967,058 (59,49%) non-Muslims, including females, were living in the province excludingNiş sanjak and 569,868 (34,68%) Muslims, apart from the immigrants and 1,073,496 (65,32%) non-Muslims in 1859–1860.^[12] Half the Muslims were refugees from a population exchange of Christians and Muslims with Russia. Before the establishment of theDanube Vilayet, some 250,000–300,000 Muslim immigrants fromCrimea andCaucasus had been settled in this region from 1855 to 1864. Another 200–300,000 male and female Circassian and Crimean Tatar refugees settled in 1862–1878 were to a degree excluded from the 1866 census count.^[5]

Male population of the taxable population of the,Danube Vilayet:

Percentage of communities in towns from the male population in 1866 according to Ottoman tezkere:^[13]

In 1873, 17,96% of the population of the province were living in the urban areas.

According to the 1874 census, there were 963,596 (42,22%) Muslims and 1,318,506 (57,78%) non-Muslims in the Danube Province excludingNış sanjak. Together with the sanjak of Nish the population consisted of 1,055,650 (40,68%) Muslims and 1,539,278 (59,32%) non-Muslims in 1874. Muslims were the majority in the sanjaks ofRusçuk,Varna andTulça, while the non-Muslims were in majority in the rest of the sanjaks.^[14]

Census inEastern Rumelia of 1878:^[15]

Census ofEastern Rumelia in 1880:^[16]

The ethnic composition of the population ofEastern Rumelia, according to the provincial census taken in 1884, was the following:^[17]

Population ofEastern Rumelia according to the 1880 census:^[18]

Population of the Salonika vilayet:^[13]

The Muslim population inSilistra subprovince was most numerous (55.17%), while in theVidin andNis subprovinces the non-Muslim population constituted 75.59% and 81.18% respectively. Population of the eyalets (Silistra,Vidin andNiş) which constituted the establishment of theDanube Vilayet, according to the 1858 report of the British consul Edward Neale:^[19]

The Danube Province was founded in 1864 and consisted of the subprovinces ofRuse,Varna,Tulcea,Tarnovo,Vidin,Sofia andNiş.^[14] Two subprovinces (Sofia and Niş) were separated from the Danube Province, so that Niş sanjak was part of Prizren Vilayet in 1869–1874, while the detached Sofia Province was founded in 1876, and finally both Sofia and Niş were annexed toAdrianople andKosovo Vilayets respectively in 1877.^[14]

The entire population of the province, reached ca. 2,6 Millions, including 1 Million (40%) Muslims and 1.5 Million (60%) non-Muslims before theRusso-Turkish War of 1877-1878, with the main national components consisting of Bulgarians and Turks.^[14] New large communities ofCircassians andTatars were resettled in the province among the 250,000-300,000 Muslim refugees fromCrimea and theCaucasus from 1855 to 1864; however, after the war of 1877–78, both the Muslim and Turkish population dropped by almost half,^[14] leaving only 63 Circassians recorded in Bulgaria by 1880.^[20]

The male population of theDanube Vilayet (excluding Niş sancak) in 1865, according to Kuyûd-ı Atîk (the Danube Vilayet printing press):^[21]

The male population of theDanube Vilayet (excludingNiş sanjak) in 1866–1873, according to the editor of the Danube newspaper Ismail Kemal:^[4]

The male population of theDanube Vilayet (excludingNiş sanjak) in 1868, according toKemal Karpat:^[5]

The male population of theDanube Vilayet (excludingNiş sanjak) in 1875, according to Tahrir-i Cedid (the Danube Vilayet printing press):^[22]

The male population of theDanube Vilayet in 1876, according to the Ottoman officerStanislas Saint Clair:^[4]

The total population of theDanube Vilayet (includingNiş andSofia sanjaks), according to the 1876 edition ofEncyclopaedia Britannica:^[23]

The total Population of theDanube Vilayet (excludingNiş sanjak) in 1876, estimated by the French consul Aubaret from the register:^[24][25]

The total population of the two mainly Turkish sanjaks of theDanube Vilayet in 1876, according to the French consul Aubaret:^[26]

Total population of theAdrianople Vilayet in 1878 according to the Turkish authorKemal Karpat:^[5]

Male population of theFilibe Sancak of theAdrianople Vilayet in 1876 according to the British R. J. Moore:^[13][27]

Male population ofİslimiye sanjak of Adrianople Vilayet in 1873 according to Ottoman almanacs:^[28]

Male population ofİslimiye sanjak of Adrianople Vilayet in 1875 according to British R.J. Moore:^[4]

Total population of theSanjak of Gümülcine of the Adrianople Vilayet In the 19th century:

Total population of the laterEastern Rumelia before and after theRusso-Turkish War of 1877-78 (Drummons-Wolff to Salisbury, 26.09.1878) after forced migration:^[5][13]

Population of Istanbul in 1885 according to Stanford Shaw (Male:female):^[5]

Male population of some sanjaks in 1880 according toEarl Granville:^[13]

Male population of some sanjaks in 1878 according to Bulgarian Kusev and Gruev:^[13]

Total population of some sanjaks in 1881 according to Italian Hondros:^[13]

Total population of some sanjaks according to vice-consul Stanislas Recchioli in 1878:

Total population according toAbdolonyme Ubicini who based the statistics on the Ottoman census of 1844:^[5]

Total population according toThe New Armenia's 1912 estimation before theBalkan Wars:^[30]

Estimates in some eighteen sources show that the Muslims constituted about 35% of the total Balkan population during the first half of the 19th century, while in the second half of the century the proportion grew to 43%.^[5] According to thirty-three sources, the proportion of Turks in the European provinces during the 19th century ranges from 11 to 24 percent; of Greeks from 9 to 16 percent; of Bulgarians from 24 to 39 percent.^[5] The Turks made up two thirds of the Muslims in theDanube Vilayet and most of them in theAdrianople Vilayet andSalonika Vilayet.^[5] In the more western vilayets, the Muslims were a majority, which consisted usually of Slavs and Albanians. In theIoannina Vilayet, the Orthodox Christians were dominant, a majority of whom were ethnically Albanian according to Ottoman officials and were also three fourths of the Muslims.^[31] In 1867, Salaheddin Bey estimated 595,000Circassian newcomers and 400,000Armenians in the European part.^[5] Practically all of the Circassians began migrating to Anatolia after the Russian military advances in the last quarter of the century.^[5]

Total population of the European part in 1831 according toDavid Urquhart:^[32][5]

Total population of the European part in the 1840s according to Auguste Viquesnel:^[33]

Total population of European part in 1872 according to the military attaché in Constantinople Ritter zur Helle von Samo based on Ottoman province yearbooks:^[5]

Total population of the European part in 1876 according toErnst Georg Ravenstein who relied on several sources including Ottoman statistics:^[34][5]

Total population of some sanjaks in 1877 according to Russian diplomat Teplov:^[5][35]

Population of the sanjaks according to a Greek author:^[13]

Male Population of the parts of the Danube, Adrianople and Salonika vilayets corresponding to the modernRepublic of Bulgaria in 1875 according to Totev:^[4]

During theWorld War I;The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire was a book byViscount Bryce andArnold J. Toynbee which compiled statements from eyewitnesses from other countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, who similarly attested to Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during 1915–1916. The publication presents Arnold J. Toynbee's analysis on Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire. A summary table of his analysis included in the page 199. In the "vilayet of Van", there were two portions, portions in modern use corresponds to county. As explained by Arnold J. Toynbee in the footprint at page 199, he developed his analysis by excluding certain portions of the province where he said "Armenians were a minor". Arnold Toynbee in finding the ratio of Armenians in vilayet of Van; he removed the values originating from portions of Van (listed in the foot print) where Armenians were in minority. The presented table in page 1999 shows the re-calculated values by Arnold J. Toynbee of these selected provinces using values of the parts (counties, sanjaks) which Armenians were not in minority. The presented map shows the re-calculated values of the stated provinces using values where Armenians are not in minority.

• 
  Ethnic values of theSix vilayets according to presented data.

• Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire

Articles discussing the demographics of theOttoman Empire:

• Demographics of Turkey
• Ottoman Armenian population
• History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
• Demographics of Kosovo

• Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977).History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey.Cambridge University Press.
• *Shaw, Standford J. (August 1978). "The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914".International Journal of Middle East Studies.9 (3):325–338.doi:10.1017/S0020743800033602.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (May 1978). "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82–1893".International Journal of Middle East Studies.9 (2):237–274.doi:10.1017/S0020743800000088.
• L. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire, 1979
• M. Kabadayı, Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic 1500–2000[1]
• Mutlu, Servet (2003)."LATE OTTOMAN POPULATION AND ITS ETHNIC DISTRIBUTION"(PDF).Turkish Journal of Population Studies.25:3–38.

• Demographics of the Ottoman Empire

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