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Demographics ofWales
Population pyramid of Wales in 2020
Population	3,107,500
Fertility rate	1.48

Demographics of Wales includepopulation,place of birth, age,ethnicity, religion, and number of marriages inWales.

The population of Wales doubled from 587,000 in 1801 to 1,163,000 in 1851 and had reached 2,421,000 by 1911. Most of the increase came in the coal mining districts, especiallyGlamorganshire, which grew from 71,000 in 1801 to 232,000 in 1851, and to 1,122,000 in 1911.^[5] Part of this increase can be attributed to thedemographic transition seen in most industrialising countries during theIndustrial Revolution, as death-rates dropped and birth-rates remained steady. However, there was also a large-scale migration of people into Wales during the Industrial Revolution.

The2021 census showed Wales' population to be 3,107,500, the highest in its history.^[6] In2011, 27 per cent (837,000) of the total population of Wales were not born in Wales,^[7][8] including 636,000 people (21 per cent of the total population of Wales) who were born in England.^[9] The main population and industrial areas are inSouth Wales, including the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport and the nearbyvalleys, with another significant population in the north-east aroundWrexham andFlintshire.

According to the 2001 census, 96 per cent of the population wasWhite British, and 2.1 per cent non-white (mainly ofBritish Asian origin).^[10] Most non-white groups were concentrated in Cardiff, Newport and Swansea. Welsh Asian and African communities developed mainly through immigration after the Second World War.^[11] In the early 21st century, parts of Wales saw an increased number of immigrants settle from recentEU accession countries such as Poland,^[12] though a 2007 study showed a relatively low number of employed immigrant workers from the former Eastern Bloc countries in Wales compared to other regions of the United Kingdom.^[13]

The 2001 UK census was criticised in Wales for not offeringWelsh as an option to describe respondents' national identity.^[14] Partly to address this concern, the 2011 census asked the question "How would you describe your national identity?". Respondents were instructed to "tick all that apply" from a list of options that included Welsh. The outcome was that 57.5 per cent of Wales' population indicated their sole national identity to be Welsh; a further 7.1 per cent indicated it to be both Welsh and British. No Welsh national identity was indicated by 34.1 per cent. The proportion giving their sole national identity as British was 16.9 per cent, and another 9.4 per cent included British with another national identity. No British national identity was indicated by 73.7 per cent. 11.2 per cent indicated their sole national identity as English and another 2.6 per cent included English with another national identity.^[15][16][17]

The 2011 census showed Wales to be less ethnically diverse than any region of 'England and Wales':^[18] 93.2 per cent classed themselves as White British (including Welsh, English, Scottish or Northern Irish), 2.4 per cent as Other White (including Irish), 2.2 per cent as Asian (including Asian British), 1 per cent as Mixed, and 0.6 per cent as Black (African, Caribbean, or Black British). The lowest proportion of White British (80.3 per cent) was in Cardiff.^[17][19]

In 2001, a quarter of the Welsh population were born outside Wales, mainly in England; about 3 per cent were born outside the UK. The proportion born in Wales varies across the country, with the highest percentages in theSouth Wales valleys and the lowest inMid Wales and parts of the north-east. In bothBlaenau Gwent andMerthyr Tydfil, 92 per cent were Welsh-born, compared with only 51 per cent and 56 per cent in theborder counties ofFlintshire andPowys.^[20] Just over 1.75 million Americans report themselves to haveWelsh ancestry, as did 440,965 Canadians in Canada's 2006 census.^[21][22]

Thetotal fertility rate (TFR) in Wales was 1.90 in 2011,^[23] which is below thereplacement rate of 2.1. The majority of births are to unmarried women (58 per cent of births in 2011 were outside marriage).^[24] About one in 10 births (10.7 per cent) in 2011 were to foreign-born mothers, compared to 5.2 per cent in 2001.^[25]

^[27][28]

(c) = Census results.

^[29]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January—July 2024		21,483
January—July 2025		21,766
Difference		+283 (+1.32%)

According to the 2011 census 2.2 million (73%) of the usual residents were born in Wales, a reduction of two percent since 2001. In 2001, 590,000 (20%) of the population of Wales was born in England. By 2011, the proportion of English-born citizens of Wales had increased by one percent to 21%. In 2011, 27% (837,000) of the total population of Wales were born outside Wales, and of these immigrants 636,000 (76%) were born in England.^[30]

Country of birth	1991[31]		2001[32]		2011[33]		2021[34]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
United Kingdom	2,758,057	97.28%	2,811,594	96.85%	2,895,585	94.52%	2,892,065	93.07%
Wales	2,187,699	77.17%	2,188,754	75.39%	2,226,005	72.66%	2,202,820	70.89%
England	539,700	19.04%	589,828	20.32%	636,266	20.77%	659,084	21.21%
Scotland	23,117	0.82%	24,389	0.84%	24,346	0.79%	21,975	0.71%
Northern Ireland	7,388	0.26%	7,851	0.27%	8,253	0.27%	7,803	0.25%
UK not otherwise specified	153	0.01%	772	0.03%	434	0.01%	288	0.01%
European Union (EU) Member countries	–	–	35,783	1.23%	67,535	2.20%	91,472	2.94%
Ireland	13,442	0.47%	12,740	0.44%	12,175	0.40%	9,998	0.32%
OtherEU Member Countries (joined pre-2001)	–	–			26,343	1.81%	31,590	1.02%
Poland	2,066	0.07%	1,428	0.05%	18,023	0.59%	24,832	0.80%
OtherEU Member Countries (joined post-2001)	–	–			29,017	0.95%	24,792	0.80%
Non-UK/EU Countries			55,708	1.92%	100,336	3.28%	123,962	3.99%
Total	2,835,073	100.00%	2,903,085	100.00%	3,063,456	100.00%	3,107,499	100.00%

Below are the 5 largest foreign-born groups in Wales according to 2014 ONS estimates.^[35]

Country of birth	Estimated population
	2013	2014	2015
Poland	20,000	22,000	23,000
Republic of Ireland	11,000	12,000	10,000
India	10,000	12,000	13,000
Germany	11,000	11,000	11,000
South Africa	7,000	6,000	6,000

According to the 2011 census, some 563,000 of the population were aged 65 and over, an increase of 56,700 or one percent since 2001. As in 2001, six per cent (178,000) of the population in Wales were children under five, an increase of 11,300.^[36]

Source:2011 Census: Usual resident population by five-year age group and sex, local authorities in the United Kingdom, Accessed 23 December 2012

A question onnational identity was asked in the 2011 census: "What do you feel is your national identity?" Respondents could identify themselves as having one or more national identity.

An analysis of the 2011 data byManchester University's Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity revealed that:^[37]

• 58% identified as "Welsh only"
• 16% identified as "British only"
• 12% identified as "English only"
• 7% identified as "Welsh and British"

The remainder chose other national identities. The Welsh-Caribbean population were the most likely to respond as "Welsh Only", at 59% of 11,099 citizens.

A 2018 poll, commissioned by theBBC and carried out byYouGov, found that almost eight in 10 (79%) people in Wales identified strongly as British; while six in 10 (62%) identified strongly as Welsh.^[38][39]

A 2020 YouGov poll asking a sample of 1110 people "Which, if any, of the following best describes the way you think of yourself?" found the following responses:

• 21% "Welsh not British"
• 17% "More Welsh than British"
• 22% "Equally Welsh and British"
• 9% "More British than Welsh"
• 17% "British not Welsh"
• 11% "Other"
• 3% "Don't know"

Total Welsh at all: 69%

Total at least more Welsh than British: 38%

Total at least more British than Welsh: 26%^[40]

According to the 2011 census, 2.2 million (73%) of usual residents of Wales were born there, two percent less than in 2001. The change can be attributed to both international and internal migration. In 2001, 590,000 (20%) of the population of Wales was born in England. In 2011, this had increased by one percent.^[36] Nearly 418,000 people identified themselves asWelsh in 2001. The 1991, 2001 and 2011 census estimated the following ethnic groups:

Ethnic demography of Wales

Ethnic group	Year
	1971 estimations[41]		1981 estimations[42]		1991[43][44]		2001[45]		2011[46]		2021[47]
	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
White: Total	–	99.6%	2,788,533	99.1%	2,793,522	98.5%	2,841,505	97.9%	2,928,253	95.6%	2,915,848	94.2%
White:British	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,786,605	96.0%	2,855,450	93.2%	2,814,427	90.9%
White:Irish	–	–	–	–	20,841	0.7%	17,689	0.6%	14,086	0.5%	13,214	0.4%
White:Irish Traveller/White Gypsy[note 1]	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,785	0.1%	3,550	0.1%
White: Roma	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,843	0.1%
White:Other	–	–	–	–	–	–	37,211	1.3%	55,932	1.8%	82,994	2.7%
Asian orAsian British: Total	–	–	–	–	24,399	0.9%	31,715	1.1%	70,128	2.3%	89,028	3.0%
Asian or Asian British:Indian	–	–	–	–	6,384	0.2%	8,261	0.3%	17,256	0.6%	21,070	0.7%
Asian or Asian British:Pakistani	–	–	–	–	5,717	0.2%	8,287	0.3%	12,229	0.4%	17,534	0.6%
Asian or Asian British:Bangladeshi	–	–	–	–	3,820	0.1%	5,436	0.2%	10,687	0.3%	15,314	0.5%
Asian or Asian British:Chinese[note 2]	–	–	–	–	4,801	0.2%	6,267	0.2%	13,638	0.4%	14,454	0.5%
Asian or Asian British:Asian Other	–	–	–	–	3,677	0.1%	3,464	0.1%	16,318	0.5%	20,656	0.7%
Black orBlack British: Total	–	–	–	–	9,492	0.3%	7,069	0.2%	18,276	0.6%	27,554	0.8%
Black or Black British:African	–	–	–	–	2,671	0.1%	3,727	0.1%	11,887	0.4%	19,907	0.6%
Black or Black British:Caribbean	–	–	–	–	3,348	0.1%	2,597	0.1%	3,809	0.1%	3,700	0.1%
Black or Black British:Other	–	–	–	–	3,473	0.1%	745	<0.1%	2,580	0.1%	3,947	0.1%
British Mixed: Total	–	–	–	–	–	–	17,661	0.7%	31,521	1.0%	48,598	1.6%
Mixed:White and Caribbean	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,996	0.2%	11,099	0.4%	13,732	0.4%
Mixed:White and African	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,413	0.1%	4,424	0.1%	8,068	0.3%
Mixed:White and Asian	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,001	0.2%	9,019	0.3%	14,035	0.5%
Mixed:Other Mixed	–	–	–	–	–	–	4,251	0.2%	6,979	0.2%	12,763	0.4%
Other: Total	–	–	–	–	7,660	0.3%	5,135	0.2%	15,278	0.5%	26,466	0.9%
Other:Arab[note 3]	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9,615	0.3%	11,641	0.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group	–	–	–	–	7,660	0.3%	5,135	0.2%	5,663	0.2%	14,825	0.5%
Ethnic minority: Total	–	0.4%	24,467	0.9%	41,551	1.5%	61,580	2.1%	135,203	4.4%	191,646	5.8%
Total:	–	100%	2,813,000	100%	2,835,073	100%	2,903,085	100%	3,063,456	100%	3,107,494	100%

Notes for table above

Source:Census 2001 Key Statistics - Urban area summary results for local authorities KS06 Ethnic group, Retrieved 18 June 2013

Source:Census 2011: Ethnic group, unitary authorities in Wales, Accessed 23 December 2012

• There are no solid statistics coveringChristian denominations in Wales. However it is clear that thePresbyterian Church of Wales,^[53] aNonconformist denomination, and theChurch in Wales, part of the Anglican Church, have historically been the largest. Important to Wales have been Nonconformist denominations, which became widespread in the 18th century, andRoman Catholicism until the 16th century. The translation of the Bible into Welsh by William Morgan in 1588 not only helped the survival of the Welsh language (after the Laws in Wales Acts effectively outlawed it in public life) but also enabled a faster uptake of Protestantism.
• AJewish community has existed in Wales since the 13th century or earlier, but there are now only about 2,000 Jews left (since peaking at around 5,000 in 1913), and most live in the Cardiff area. There used to be enough Jews to sustain synagogues in valley communities like Merthyr Tydfil and Tredegar, but there are now only three active synagogues in the whole country.^[54]
• Wales before Christianity had a Celtic religion. Wales retained Celtic aspects^{[clarification needed]} in the church during theMiddle Ages.

The 2011 census collected information aboutEnglish andWelsh language proficiency. In 2011, 2.9 million (97%) of residents age three and over spoke English or Welsh. In a further 18,000 households, at least one adult spoke English or Welsh. In 22,000 households, no resident spoke either language. There were 562,000 (19%) residents over age three proficient in at least speaking the Welsh language. This was a reduction of approximately two per cent compared to 2001, though the method of analysis differed between the two censuses. There was also a two per cent increase in those over three years of age who had no Welsh language skills.^[36]Similar trend continued in the 2010s, and by the 2021 census proficient in at least speaking Welsh has decreased to about 538,300, about 17.8% of the total number of residents aged three or over.

The most common main languages spoken in Wales according to the 2011 census are shown below.^[59]

In 2011, those who were married were still the largest marriage or civil partnership status group in Wales for residents aged 16 and over, though since 2001 this group has decreased by 37,000 (over 5%). In contrast, single people (i.e. those who have never married or been part of a same sex partnership), have increased by 190,000 (6%) in the ten-year period. Civil partnerships, which were given legal status in 2005, appear for the first time in the census results. The number of widows, widowers and surviving partners is 20,000 lower than in 2001. The final groups, relating to separation and divorce or legal dissolution of civil partnerships, have both seen an increase in both numerical and relative terms since 2001.^[36]

Table key

• Single = Single never married or registered a same-sex civil partnership)
• Divorced or legally dissolved = divorced or formerly in a same-sex civil partnership which is now legally dissolved
• Widowed or surviving partner = Widowed or surviving partner from a same-sex civil partnership
• Separated = Separated (but still legally married or still legally in a same-sex civil partnership)
• Civil partnership = In a registered same-sex civil partnership

Source:2011 Census: KS103EW Marital and civil partnership status, unitary authorities in Wales, Accessed 23 December 2012

Out of all the armed services, the Army has the largest presence in Wales, with over 1,400 personnel based there. As of 2019, there were 3,230 military and civilian personnel based in Wales.^[60]

In the 2021 census, around 115,000 people in Wales reported that they had previously served in the armed forces, around 4.5% of usual residents in Wales aged 16 years or older.^[61]

• Population density (2006): 143 people per square kilometre^[62]
• Fertility rate: 1.90 (2007)^[63]
• In 2010, 58% of births were outside marriage in Wales.^[64] Currently^[when?], Wales and Scotland are the only countries of the United Kingdom where the majority of births are outside of marriage (51.3% of births in Scotland in 2012 were outside of marriage).^[65] Wales (along with Scotland) also had the highest death rate (10.9 per thousand) in 2005.^[66]

• Demographics of the United Kingdom
• Demographics of England
• Demographics of Scotland
• Demographics of Northern Ireland

• Demographics of Wales

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