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| Demographics ofSpain | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid of Spain in 2021 | |
| Population |  49,442,844[1] (2025 est.) |
| Density | 98/km² (253.8/sq mi) |
| Growth rate |  0.12% (2024) |
| Birth rate | 6.5 births/1,000 people (2024)[2] |
| Death rate |  8.9 deaths/1,000 people (2024)[2] |
| Life expectancy | 84 years (2024)[2] |
| • male | 81.4 years |
| • female | 86.5 years |
| Fertility rate | 1.10 children per woman (2024)[2] |
| Infant mortality rate | 2.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024) |
| Net migration rate | 4.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024) |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 13.22% (2024)[3] |
| 15–64 years | 66.36% (2024)[3] |
| 65 and over | 20.42% (2024)[3] |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 0.95 male(s)/female (2024)[3] |
| At birth | 1.05 male(s)/female |
| Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female (2024)[3] |
| 15–64 years | 1.00 male(s)/female (2024)[3] |
| 65 and over | 0.77 male(s)/female (2024)[3] |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Spanish citizen |
| Major ethnic | |
| Minor ethnic | [5] |
| Language | |
| Official | Spanish |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4,600,000 | — |
| 500 | 4,000,000 | −0.03% |
| 1000 | 4,000,000 | +0.00% |
| 1300 | 7,500,000 | +0.21% |
| 1500 | 6,500,000 | −0.07% |
| 1600 | 8,500,000 | +0.27% |
| 1700 | 8,000,000 | −0.06% |
| 1833 | 12,286,941 | +0.32% |
| 1846 | 12,162,872 | −0.08% |
| 1857 | 15,464,340 | +2.21% |
| 1877 | 16,622,175 | +0.36% |
| 1887 | 17,549,608 | +0.54% |
| 1900 | 18,616,630 | +0.46% |
| 1910 | 19,990,669 | +0.71% |
| 1920 | 21,388,551 | +0.68% |
| 1930 | 23,677,095 | +1.02% |
| 1940 | 26,014,278 | +0.95% |
| 1950 | 28,117,873 | +0.78% |
| 1960 | 30,582,936 | +0.84% |
| 1970 | 33,956,047 | +1.05% |
| 1981 | 37,683,363 | +0.95% |
| 1991 | 38,872,268 | +0.31% |
| 2001 | 40,847,371 | +0.50% |
| 2011 | 46,815,916 | +1.37% |
| 2021 | 47,400,798 | +0.12% |
| 2025 | 49,315,949 | +1.00% |
| Source:INE andOur World in Data | ||
As of 1 October 2025,Spain had a total population of 49,442,844.[6] The modern Kingdom of Spain arose from the accretion of several independentIberian realms, including the Kingdoms ofLeón,Castile,Navarre, theCrown of Aragon andGranada, all of which, together with the modern state ofPortugal, were successor states to thelate antique ChristianVisigothic Kingdom after theReconquista.
Spain's population surpassed 49 million inhabitants for the first time in history in 2025, with a total population of 49,442,844[7] people living in Spain. Itspopulation density, at 97 inhabitants per square kilometre (250/sq mi), is much lower than otherWestern European countries, yet, with the exception ofmicrostates, it has the highest real density population inEurope, based on density of inhabited areas.[8] With the notable exception ofMadrid, Spain's capital city, the most densely populated areas lie around the coast.
The population of Spain doubled during the twentieth century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural interior to the industrial cities. Eleven of Spain's fifty provinces saw an absolute decline in population over the century.
In 2023, the averagetotal fertility rate (TFR) across Spain was 1.12 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world.[9] However, despite the very low birth rate, which caused a marginal demographic decline in the mid-2010's, the negative natural change was compensated by a high immigration rate, which increased the population on its own since 2017.
Spain accepted 478,990 new immigrant residents in the first six months of 2022 alone. During these first six months, 220,443 people also emigrated from Spain, leaving a record-breaking net migration figure of 258,547.[10] The data shows that more women than men chose to move to Spain during 2022, this is due to higher rates of emigration from Latin America.[10]
Notable events in modern Spanish demography:
The population of Spain doubled during the twentieth century as a result of the demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s. After that time, the birth rate fell during the 1980s and Spain's population growth stalled.
Many demographers have linked Spain's very low fertility rate to the country's lack of a family support policy. Spain spends the least on family support out of all western European countries—0.5% of GDP. A graphic illustration of the enormous social gulf in this field is the fact[citation needed] that a Spanish family would need to have 57 children to enjoy the same financial support as a family with 3 children in Luxembourg[citation needed].[citation needed]
During the early 2000s, the mean year-on-year demographic growth set a new record with its 2003 peak variation of 2.1%, doubling the previous record reached back in the 1960s when a mean year-on-year growth of 1% was experienced.[15] In 2005 alone, the immigrant population of Spain increased by 700,000 people.[16]
The arrival of migrating young adults was the main reason for the slight increase in Spain'sfertility rate.[17] From 2002 through 2008 the Spanish population grew by 8%, of whom 75% were foreign.[18]
Note: Crude migration change (per 1,000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based on average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). Average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not at the end of the year.
1882–1950
| Years | 1882 | 1892 | 1900 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920[20] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in Spain | 29.5 | 32.1 | 34.8 | 41.3 | 41.0 | 40.8 | 39.7 | 43.4 | 42.5 | 42.8 | 43.0 | 42.9 | 42.5 | 30.3 | 41.1 | 39.2 |
| Years | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1930[20] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in Spain | 42.0 | 44.1 | 44.7 | 46.2 | 46.9 | 47.7 | 48.4 | 48.6 | 49.3 | 49.3 |
| Years | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940[20] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in Spain | 49.2 | 51.1 | 51.5 | 52.3 | 52.6 | 51.0 | 47.3 | 47.6 | 47.2 | 48.4 |
| Years | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950[20] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in Spain | 47.2 | 52.5 | 54.8 | 56.2 | 57.8 | 57.5 | 59.3 | 61.2 | 61.0 | 61.8 |
Sources:Our World In Data and theUnited Nations.
1950–2015
| Period | Life expectancy in Years | Period | Life expectancy in Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950–1955 | 64.6 | 1985–1990 | 76.9 |
| 1955–1960 | 67.8 | 1990–1995 | 77.6 |
| 1960–1965 | 69.9 | 1995–2000 | 78.8 |
| 1965–1970 | 71.4 | 2000–2005 | 79.9 |
| 1970–1975 | 72.7 | 2005–2010 | 81.2 |
| 1975–1980 | 74.4 | 2010–2015 | 82.5 |
| 1980–1985 | 76.1 |
Source:UN World Population Prospects[21]
Life expectancy at birth
Infant mortality rate
1.5 - 1.7 1.4 - 1.5 1.3 - 1.4 < 1.3 |
Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources:Our World In Data andGapminder Foundation.[22]
| Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860[22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Spain | 5.13 | 5.07 | 5.01 | 4.95 | 4.89 | 4.83 | 4.78 | 4.72 | 4.66 | 4.75 | 4.86 |
| Years | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870[22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Spain | 5.16 | 5.09 | 5 | 5.19 | 5.11 | 5.07 | 5.09 | 4.72 | 4.9 | 4.84 |
| Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880[22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Spain | 4.83 | 4.83 | 4.82 | 4.81 | 4.8 | 4.79 | 4.78 | 4.78 | 4.74 | 4.7 |
| Years | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890[22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Spain | 4.91 | 4.79 | 4.71 | 4.86 | 4.8 | 4.86 | 4.78 | 4.82 | 4.82 | 4.55 |
| Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899[22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Spain | 4.67 | 4.71 | 4.71 | 4.6 | 4.63 | 4.75 | 4.51 | 4.41 | 4.53 |
Total fertility rate
Mother's mean age at first birth
0-14 years:15.02% (male 3,861,522/female 3,650,085)
15-24 years:9.9% (male 2,557,504/female 2,392,498)
25-54 years:43.61% (male 11,134,006/female 10,675,873)
55-64 years:12.99% (male 3,177,080/female 3,319,823)
65 years and over:18.49% (male 3,970,417/female 5,276,984) (2020 est.)
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 23 227 282 | 24 171 413 | 47 398 695 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 989 957 | 936 296 | 1 926 253 | 4.06 |
| 5–9 | 1 182 657 | 1 111 874 | 2 294 531 | 4.84 |
| 10–14 | 1 310 725 | 1 227 805 | 2 538 530 | 5.36 |
| 15–19 | 1 259 328 | 1 178 983 | 2 438 311 | 5.14 |
| 20–24 | 1 228 307 | 1 164 436 | 2 392 743 | 5.05 |
| 25–29 | 1 283 969 | 1 247 891 | 2 531 860 | 5.34 |
| 30–34 | 1 373 686 | 1 371 909 | 2 745 595 | 5.79 |
| 35–39 | 1 588 932 | 1 607 493 | 3 196 425 | 6.74 |
| 40–44 | 1 949 687 | 1 935 067 | 3 884 754 | 8.20 |
| 45–49 | 1 982 307 | 1 949 746 | 3 932 053 | 8.30 |
| 50–54 | 1 847 825 | 1 852 726 | 3 700 551 | 7.81 |
| 55–59 | 1 688 389 | 1 740 775 | 3 429 164 | 7.23 |
| 60–64 | 1 464 713 | 1 552 291 | 3 017 004 | 6.37 |
| 65–69 | 1 187 562 | 1 303 094 | 2 490 656 | 5.25 |
| 70–74 | 1 024 938 | 1 190 297 | 2 215 235 | 4.67 |
| 75–79 | 791 421 | 990 173 | 1 781 594 | 3.76 |
| 80–84 | 533 545 | 773 766 | 1 307 311 | 2.76 |
| 85–89 | 366 344 | 630 406 | 996 750 | 2.10 |
| 90–94 | 140 288 | 309 931 | 450 219 | 0.95 |
| 95–99 | 30 128 | 86 008 | 116 136 | 0.25 |
| 100+ | 2 574 | 10 446 | 13 020 | 0.03 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 3 483 339 | 3 275 975 | 6 759 314 | 14.26 |
| 15–64 | 15 667 143 | 15 601 317 | 31 268 460 | 65.97 |
| 65+ | 4 076 800 | 5 294 121 | 9 370 921 | 19.77 |
Median age:
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Source:Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)[24][25][22][26]
Notable events in Spanish demographics:
| Average population [c] | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates[d][22] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1858 | 15,526,000 | 546,200 | 433,900 | 112,300 | 35.2 | 28.0 | 7.2 | 4.66 | |
| 1859 | 15,584,000 | 559,000 | 449,000 | 110,000 | 35.9 | 28.8 | 7.1 | -3.4 | 4.75 |
| 1860 | 15,642,000 | 573,500 | 429,000 | 144,500 | 36.7 | 27.4 | 9.3 | -5.6 | 4.86 |
| 1861 | 15,699,000 | 611,600 | 417,800 | 193,800 | 39.0 | 26.6 | 12.4 | -8.8 | 5.16 |
| 1862 | 15,754,000 | 607,100 | 430,700 | 176,400 | 38.5 | 27.3 | 11.2 | -7.7 | 5.09 |
| 1863 | 15,809,000 | 598,100 | 461,700 | 136,400 | 37.8 | 29.2 | 8.6 | -5.2 | 5.00 |
| 1864 | 15,864,000 | 621,500 | 499,500 | 122,000 | 39.2 | 31.5 | 7.7 | -4.2 | 5.19 |
| 1865 | 15,920,000 | 614,900 | 538,600 | 76,300 | 38.6 | 33.8 | 4.8 | -1.3 | 5.11 |
| 1866 | 15,976,000 | 611,700 | 463,700 | 148,000 | 38.3 | 29.0 | 9.3 | -5.8 | 5.07 |
| 1867 | 16,032,000 | 624,200 | 487,200 | 137,000 | 38.8 | 30.4 | 8.4 | -5.1 | 5.09 |
| 1868 | 16,088,000 | 579,600 | 548,700 | 30,900 | 35.9 | 34.1 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 4.72 |
| 1869 | 16,144,000 | 602,300 | 550,600 | 51,700 | 37.2 | 34.1 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 4.90 |
| 1870 | 16,201,000 | 598,300 | 512,200 | 86,100 | 36.8 | 31.6 | 5.2 | -1.8 | 4.84 |
| 1871 | 16,258,000 | 4.83 | |||||||
| 1872 | 16,315,000 | 4.83 | |||||||
| 1873 | 16,372,000 | 4.82 | |||||||
| 1874 | 16,429,000 | 4.81 | |||||||
| 1875 | 16,487,000 | 4.80 | |||||||
| 1876 | 16,545,000 | 4.79 | |||||||
| 1877 | 16,603,000 | 4.78 | |||||||
| 1878 | 16,677,000 | 601,500 | 508,300 | 93,200 | 36.1 | 30.5 | 5.6 | -1.2 | 4.78 |
| 1879 | 16,768,000 | 601,100 | 511,500 | 89,600 | 35.8 | 30.5 | 5.3 | 0.1 | 4.74 |
| 1880 | 16,859,000 | 598,200 | 507,300 | 90,900 | 35.5 | 30.1 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 4.70 |
| 1881 | 16,951,000 | 629,600 | 511,800 | 117,800 | 37.1 | 30.2 | 6.9 | -1.5 | 4.91 |
| 1882 | 17,043,000 | 617,000 | 534,900 | 82,100 | 36.2 | 31.4 | 4.8 | 0.6 | 4.79 |
| 1883 | 17,136,000 | 610,700 | 559,600 | 51,100 | 35.6 | 32.7 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 4.71 |
| 1884 | 17,230,000 | 631,800 | 526,500 | 105,300 | 36.7 | 30.6 | 6.1 | -0.7 | 4.86 |
| 1885 | 17,323,000 | 629,000 | 657,700 | -28,700 | 36.3 | 38.0 | -1.7 | 7.1 | 4.80 |
| 1886 | 17,418,000 | 638,200 | 509,600 | 128,600 | 36.7 | 29.2 | 7.5 | -1.9 | 4.86 |
| 1887 | 17,513,000 | 631,800 | 573,400 | 58,400 | 36.1 | 32.8 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 4.78 |
| 1888 | 17,600,000 | 640,200 | 529,500 | 110,700 | 36.4 | 30.1 | 6.3 | -1.4 | 4.82 |
| 1889 | 17,678,000 | 647,600 | 545,100 | 102,500 | 36.6 | 30.8 | 5.8 | -1.4 | 4.82 |
| 1890 | 17,757,000 | 615,500 | 577,500 | 38,000 | 34.7 | 32.5 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 4.55 |
| 1891 | 17,836,000 | 632,900 | 566,000 | 66,900 | 35.5 | 31.7 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 4.67 |
| 1892 | 17,916,000 | 645,400 | 554,300 | 91,100 | 36.0 | 30.9 | 5.1 | -0.6 | 4.71 |
| 1893 | 17,996,000 | 644,938 | 541,121 | 103,817 | 35.8 | 30.1 | 5.8 | -1.3 | 4.71 |
| 1894 | 18,076,000 | 632,538 | 556,120 | 76,418 | 35.0 | 30.8 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 4.60 |
| 1895 | 18,151,000 | 636,130 | 527,192 | 108,938 | 35.1 | 29.1 | 6.0 | -1.9 | 4.63 |
| 1896 | 18,238,000 | 654,796 | 539,145 | 115,651 | 35.9 | 29.6 | 6.3 | -1.6 | 4.75 |
| 1897 | 18,320,000 | 625,249 | 520,165 | 105,084 | 34.1 | 28.4 | 5.7 | -1.3 | 4.51 |
| 1898 | 18,402,000 | 612,288 | 518,750 | 93,538 | 33.3 | 28.2 | 5.1 | -0.6 | 4.41 |
| 1899 | 18,454,000 | 632,588 | 533,109 | 99,479 | 34.3 | 28.9 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 4.53 |
| 1900 | 18,520,000 | 627,848 | 536,716 | 91,132 | 33.9 | 29.0 | 4.9 | –1.4 | 4.49 |
| 1901 | 18,610,000 | 650,649 | 517,575 | 133,074 | 35.0 | 27.8 | 7.1 | -1.2 | 4.71 |
| 1902 | 18,720,000 | 666,687 | 488,289 | 178,398 | 35.6 | 26.1 | 9.6 | -4.8 | 4.70 |
| 1903 | 18,810,000 | 685,265 | 470,387 | 214,878 | 36.4 | 25.0 | 11.4 | -2.4 | 4.68 |
| 1904 | 18,980,000 | 649,878 | 486,889 | 162,989 | 34.2 | 25.7 | 8.6 | -1.8 | 4.67 |
| 1905 | 19,110,000 | 670,651 | 491,369 | 179,282 | 35.1 | 25.7 | 9.4 | -2.1 | 4.66 |
| 1906 | 19,250,000 | 650,385 | 499,018 | 151,367 | 33.8 | 25.9 | 7.8 | -1.0 | 4.61 |
| 1907 | 19,380,000 | 646,371 | 472,007 | 174,364 | 33.3 | 24.4 | 9.0 | -1.3 | 4.57 |
| 1908 | 19,530,000 | 658,008 | 460,946 | 197,062 | 33.7 | 23.6 | 10.1 | -2.9 | 4.52 |
| 1909 | 19,670,000 | 650,498 | 466,648 | 183,850 | 33.1 | 23.7 | 9.3 | -4.2 | 4.48 |
| 1910 | 19,770,000 | 646,975 | 456,158 | 190,817 | 32.7 | 23.1 | 9.7 | -0.6 | 4.43 |
| 1911 | 19,950,000 | 628,443 | 466,525 | 161,918 | 31.5 | 23.4 | 8.1 | -3.6 | 4.39 |
| 1912 | 20,040,000 | 637,860 | 426,297 | 211,563 | 31.8 | 21.3 | 10.6 | -4.1 | 4.35 |
| 1913 | 20,170,000 | 617,850 | 449,349 | 168,501 | 30.6 | 22.3 | 8.4 | -1.5 | 4.30 |
| 1914 | 20,310,000 | 608,207 | 450,340 | 157,867 | 29.9 | 22.2 | 7.8 | -1.9 | 4.26 |
| 1915 | 20,430,000 | 631,462 | 452,479 | 178,983 | 30.9 | 22.1 | 8.8 | 0 | 4.22 |
| 1916 | 20,610,000 | 599,011 | 441,673 | 157,338 | 29.1 | 21.4 | 7.6 | -1.3 | 4.20 |
| 1917 | 20,740,000 | 602,139 | 465,722 | 136,417 | 29.0 | 22.5 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 4.19 |
| 1918 | 20,910,000 | 612,637 | 695,758 | -83,121 | 29.3 | 33.3 | -4.0 | 8.3 | 4.17 |
| 1919 | 21,000,000 | 585,963 | 482,752 | 103,211 | 27.9 | 23.0 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 4.16 |
| 1920 | 21,130,000 | 623,339 | 494,540 | 128,799 | 29.5 | 23.4 | 6.1 | 0.5 | 4.14 |
| 1921 | 21,270,000 | 648,892 | 455,469 | 193,423 | 30.5 | 21.4 | 9.1 | 2.2 | 4.08 |
| 1922 | 21,510,000 | 656,093 | 441,330 | 214,763 | 30.5 | 20.5 | 10.0 | 0.7 | 4.02 |
| 1923 | 21,740,000 | 662,576 | 449,683 | 212,893 | 30.5 | 20.7 | 9.8 | 1.7 | 4.02 |
| 1924 | 21,990,000 | 653,085 | 430,590 | 222,495 | 29.7 | 19.6 | 10.1 | -2.4 | 3.92 |
| 1925 | 22,160,000 | 644,741 | 432,400 | 212,341 | 29.1 | 19.5 | 9.6 | 1.2 | 3.82 |
| 1926 | 22,400,000 | 663,401 | 420,838 | 242,563 | 29.6 | 18.8 | 10.8 | -1.4 | 3.87 |
| 1927 | 22,610,000 | 636,028 | 419,816 | 216,212 | 28.1 | 18.6 | 9.6 | 1.7 | 3.70 |
| 1928 | 22,860,000 | 666,240 | 413,002 | 253,238 | 29.1 | 18.1 | 11.1 | 0.3 | 3.80 |
| 1929 | 23,120,000 | 653,668 | 407,486 | 246,182 | 28.3 | 17.6 | 10.7 | -1.2 | 3.69 |
| 1930 | 23,340,000 | 660,860 | 394,488 | 266,372 | 28.3 | 16.9 | 11.4 | -4.1 | 3.68 |
| 1931 | 23,510,000 | 649,276 | 408,977 | 240,299 | 27.6 | 17.4 | 10.2 | 6.3 | 3.58 |
| 1932 | 23,897,000 | 670,670 | 388,900 | 281,770 | 28.3 | 16.5 | 11.8 | -2.4 | 3.64 |
| 1933 | 24,122,000 | 667,866 | 394,750 | 273,116 | 27.9 | 16.5 | 11.4 | -2.0 | 3.59 |
| 1934 | 24,349,000 | 641,889 | 392,793 | 249,096 | 26.4 | 16.1 | 10.2 | -0.8 | 3.38 |
| 1935 | 24,578,000 | 636,725 | 388,757 | 247,968 | 25.9 | 15.8 | 10.1 | -0.7 | 3.31 |
| 1936 | 24,810,000 | 617,220 | 417,108 | 200,112 | 24.9 | 16.8 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 3.18 |
| 1937 | 25,043,000 | 568,977 | 475,310 | 93,667 | 22.7 | 19.0 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 2.89 |
| 1938 | 25,279,000 | 508,726 | 487,546 | 21,180 | 20.1 | 19.3 | 0.1 | 9.3 | 2.56 |
| 1939 | 25,517,000 | 422,345 | 472,611 | -50,266 | 16.6 | 18.5 | -2.0 | 11.4 | 2.12 |
| 1940 | 25,757,000 | 631,285 | 428,416 | 202,869 | 24.5 | 16.6 | 7.9 | 1.5 | 3.09 |
| 1941 | 25,999,000 | 511,157 | 487,748 | 23,409 | 19.7 | 18.8 | 0.9 | 8.5 | 2.47 |
| 1942 | 26,244,000 | 530,845 | 387,844 | 143,001 | 20.2 | 14.8 | 5.4 | 1.5 | 2.53 |
| 1943 | 26,491,000 | 606,971 | 352,587 | 254,384 | 22.9 | 13.3 | 9.6 | -4.7 | 2.88 |
| 1944 | 26,620,000 | 602,091 | 349,114 | 253,796 | 22.6 | 13.1 | 9.5 | -3.9 | 2.84 |
| 1945 | 26,770,000 | 621,558 | 330,581 | 290,977 | 23.2 | 12.3 | 10.9 | -1.2 | 2.91 |
| 1946 | 27,030,000 | 585,381 | 353,371 | 232,010 | 21.7 | 13.1 | 8.6 | -4.2 | 2.70 |
| 1947 | 27,150,000 | 588,732 | 330,341 | 258,391 | 21.7 | 12.2 | 9.5 | 6.8 | 2.67 |
| 1948 | 27,593,000 | 642,041 | 305,310 | 336,731 | 23.3 | 11.1 | 12.2 | -4.3 | 2.88 |
| 1949 | 27,811,000 | 601,759 | 321,541 | 280,218 | 21.6 | 11.6 | 10.1 | -3.0 | 2.68 |
| 1950 | 28,009,000 | 565,378 | 305,934 | 259,444 | 20.2 | 10.9 | 9.3 | -1.2 | 2.45 |
| 1951 | 28,236,000 | 567,474 | 327,236 | 240,238 | 20.1 | 11.6 | 8.5 | -0.1 | 2.47 |
| 1952 | 28,474,000 | 593,019 | 276,735 | 316,284 | 20.8 | 9.7 | 11.1 | -2.7 | 2.51 |
| 1953 | 28,713,000 | 589,188 | 278,522 | 310,666 | 20.5 | 9.7 | 10.8 | -2.4 | 2.55 |
| 1954 | 28,955,000 | 577,886 | 264,668 | 313,218 | 20.0 | 9.1 | 10.8 | -2.4 | 2.59 |
| 1955 | 29,199,000 | 598,970 | 274,188 | 324,782 | 20.5 | 9.4 | 11.1 | -2.7 | 2.62 |
| 1956 | 29,445,000 | 608,121 | 290,410 | 317,711 | 20.7 | 9.9 | 10.8 | -2.4 | 2.66 |
| 1957 | 29,693,000 | 646,784 | 293,502 | 353,282 | 21.8 | 9.9 | 11.9 | -3.5 | 2.69 |
| 1958 | 29,943,000 | 653,216 | 260,683 | 392,533 | 21.8 | 8.7 | 13.1 | -4.7 | 2.72 |
| 1959 | 30,195,000 | 654,474 | 269,591 | 384,883 | 21.7 | 8.9 | 12.7 | -4.1 | 2.74 |
| 1960 | 30,455,000 | 663,375 | 268,941 | 394,434 | 21.8 | 8.8 | 13.0 | -3.5 | 2.77 |
| 1961 | 30,744,000 | 654,616 | 263,441 | 391,175 | 21.3 | 8.6 | 12.7 | -2.2 | 2.79 |
| 1962 | 31,067,000 | 658,816 | 278,575 | 380,241 | 21.2 | 9.0 | 12.2 | -1.7 | 2.8 |
| 1963 | 31,393,000 | 671,520 | 282,460 | 389,060 | 21.4 | 9.0 | 12.4 | -1.9 | 2.88 |
| 1964 | 31,723,000 | 697,697 | 273,955 | 423,742 | 22.0 | 8.6 | 13.4 | -2.9 | 3.01 |
| 1965 | 32,056,000 | 676,361 | 274,271 | 402,090 | 21.1 | 8.6 | 12.5 | -2.0 | 2.94 |
| 1966 | 32,394,000 | 669,919 | 276,173 | 393,746 | 20.7 | 8.5 | 12.2 | -1.7 | 2.91 |
| 1967 | 32,734,000 | 680,125 | 280,494 | 399,631 | 20.8 | 8.6 | 12.2 | -1.7 | 2.85 |
| 1968 | 33,079,000 | 667,311 | 282,628 | 384,683 | 20.2 | 8.5 | 11.6 | -1.1 | 2.86 |
| 1969 | 33,427,000 | 666,568 | 303,402 | 363,166 | 19.9 | 9.1 | 10.9 | -0.4 | 2.87 |
| 1970 | 33,779,000 | 663,667 | 286,067 | 377,600 | 19.6 | 8.5 | 11.2 | -3.5 | 2.88 |
| 1971 | 34,040,642[27] | 672,092 | 308,516 | 363,576 | 19.7 | 9.0 | 10.6 | 0.2 | 2.88 |
| 1972 | 34,408,338 | 672,405 | 285,508 | 386,897 | 19.5 | 8.3 | 11.2 | 0.2 | 2.86 |
| 1973 | 34,800,600 | 672,963 | 301,803 | 371,160 | 19.3 | 8.7 | 10.7 | -1.6 | 2.84 |
| 1974 | 35,117,294 | 688,711 | 300,403 | 388,308 | 19.6 | 8.5 | 11.0 | 1.9 | 2.89 |
| 1975 | 35,569,375 | 669,378 | 298,192 | 371,186 | 18.8 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 0.1 | 2.75 |
| 1976 | 35,946,425 | 677,456 | 299,007 | 378,449 | 18.9 | 8.3 | 10.5 | 0.1 | 2.68 |
| 1977 | 36,329,199 | 656,357 | 294,324 | 362,033 | 18.1 | 8.1 | 10.0 | 0 | 2.59 |
| 1978 | 36,694,077 | 636,892 | 296,781 | 340,111 | 17.3 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 0.1 | 2.48 |
| 1979 | 37,035,719 | 601,992 | 291,213 | 310,779 | 16.2 | 7.8 | 8.4 | 0 | 2.36 |
| 1980 | 37,346,940 | 571,018 | 289,344 | 281,674 | 15.2 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 0.2 | 2.22 |
| 1981 | 37,635,389 | 533,008 | 293,386 | 239,622 | 14.1 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 0.2 | 2.09 |
| 1982 | 37,881,873 | 515,706 | 286,655 | 229,051 | 13.6 | 7.6 | 6.0 | -0.5 | 1.96 |
| 1983 | 38,090,151 | 485,352 | 302,569 | 182,783 | 12.7 | 7.9 | 4.8 | -0.5 | 1.84 |
| 1984 | 38,252,899 | 473,281 | 299,409 | 173,872 | 12.4 | 7.8 | 4.5 | -0.4 | 1.73 |
| 1985 | 38,407,829 | 456,298 | 312,532 | 143,766 | 11.9 | 8.1 | 3.7 | -0.5 | 1.64 |
| 1986 | 38,531,195 | 438,750 | 310,413 | 128,337 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 3.3 | -0.5 | 1.56 |
| 1987 | 38,638,052 | 426,782 | 310,073 | 116,709 | 11.0 | 8.0 | 3.0 | -0.6 | 1.50 |
| 1988 | 38,731,578 | 418,919 | 319,437 | 99,482 | 10.8 | 8.3 | 2.6 | -0.8 | 1.45 |
| 1989 | 38,802,300 | 408,434 | 324,796 | 83,638 | 10.5 | 8.4 | 2.2 | -0.9 | 1.40 |
| 1990 | 38,853,227 | 401,425 | 333,142 | 68,283 | 10.3 | 8.6 | 1.8 | -1.1 | 1.36 |
| 1991 | 38,881,416 | 395,989 | 337,691 | 58,298 | 10.2 | 8.7 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1.33 |
| 1992 | 39,051,336 | 396,747 | 331,515 | 65,232 | 10.2 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 1.32 |
| 1993 | 39,264,034 | 385,786 | 339,661 | 46,125 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 1.2 | 3.8 | 1.26 |
| 1994 | 39,458,489 | 370,148 | 338,242 | 31,906 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 0.8 | 3.8 | 1.21 |
| 1995 | 39,639,726 | 363,469 | 346,227 | 17,242 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 1.18 |
| 1996 | 39,808,374 | 362,626 | 351,449 | 11,177 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 1.17 |
| 1997 | 39,971,329 | 369,035 | 349,521 | 19,514 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 1.19 |
| 1998 | 40,143,449 | 365,193 | 360,511 | 4,682 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 1.15 |
| 1999 | 40,303,568 | 380,130 | 371,102 | 9,028 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 1.20 |
| 2000 | 40,470,182 | 397,632 | 360,391 | 37,241 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 0.9 | 3.9 | 1.23 |
| 2001 | 40,665,545 | 406,380 | 360,131 | 46,249 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 8.0 | 1.24 |
| 2002 | 41,035,271 | 418,846 | 368,618 | 50,228 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 1.2 | 18.1 | 1.26 |
| 2003 | 41,827,836 | 441,881 | 384,828 | 57,053 | 10.5 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 15.8 | 1.31 |
| 2004 | 42,547,454 | 454,591 | 371,934 | 82,657 | 10.6 | 8.7 | 1.9 | 15.7 | 1.33 |
| 2005 | 43,296,335 | 466,371 | 387,355 | 79,016 | 10.7 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 14.7 | 1.35 |
| 2006 | 44,009,969 | 482,957 | 371,478 | 111,479 | 10.9 | 8.4 | 2.5 | 15.1 | 1.36 |
| 2007 | 44,784,659 | 492,527 | 385,361 | 107,166 | 10.9 | 8.5 | 2.4 | 17.4 | 1.40 |
| 2008 | 45,668,938 | 519,779 | 386,324 | 133,455 | 11.4 | 8.4 | 3.0 | 9.6 | 1.46 |
| 2009 | 46,239,271 | 494,997 | 384,933 | 110,064 | 10.7 | 8.3 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 1.39 |
| 2010 | 46,486,621 | 486,575 | 382,047 | 104,528 | 10.5 | 8.2 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.38 |
| 2011 | 46,667,175 | 471,999 | 387,911 | 84,088 | 10.2 | 8.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.34 |
| 2012 | 46,818,216 | 454,648 | 402,950 | 51,698 | 9.7 | 8.6 | 1.1 | -3.4 | 1.32 |
| 2013 | 46,712,650 | 425,715 | 390,419 | 35,296 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 0.8 | -5.4 | 1.27 |
| 2014 | 46,495,744 | 427,595 | 395,830 | 31,765 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 0.6 | -3.1 | 1.32 |
| 2015 | 46,384,379 | 420,290 | 422,568 | -2,278 | 9.0 | 9.1 | -0.1 | 0.8 | 1.33 |
| 2016 | 46,418,884 | 410,583 | 410,611 | -28 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 1.34 |
| 2017 | 46,497,393 | 393,181 | 424,523 | -31,342 | 8.4 | 9.1 | -0.7 | 3.9 | 1.31 |
| 2018 | 46,645,070 | 372,777 | 427,721 | -54,944 | 7.9 | 9.1 | -1.2 | 7.0 | 1.26 |
| 2019 | 46,918,951 | 360,617 | 418,703 | -58,086 | 7.6 | 8.8 | -1.2 | 9.7 | 1.24 |
| 2020 | 47,318,050 | 341,315 | 493,776 | -152,461 | 7.2 | 10.4 | -3.2 | 5.0 | 1.19 |
| 2021 | 47,400,798 | 337,380 | 450,744 | -113,354 | 7.1 | 9.5 | -2.4 | 4.2 | 1.19 |
| 2022 | 47,486,727 | 329,251 | 464,417 | -135,166 | 6.9 | 9.8 | -2.9 | 15.5 | 1.16 |
| 2023 | 48,085,361 | 320,656 | 436,124 | -115,468 | 6.7 | 9.1 | -2.4 | 13.7 | 1.12 |
| 2024 | 48,630,010 | 318,005 | 436,118 | -118,113 | 6.5 | 8.9 | -2.4 | 11.6 | 1.10 |
| 2025 | 49,077,984 |
In 2024, 236,666 (74.4%) babies were born to mothers with Spanish nationality (including naturalized immigrants), 31,897 (10%) to mothers with an American nationality (both North and South America), 23,765 (7.5%) to mothers with an African nationality (including North Africa), 18,358 (5.8%) to mothers with a European nationality (both EU and non-EU countries of Europe), and 7,184 (2.3%) to mothers with an Asian nationality.[28]
| Country | |
|---|---|
| National Total | 320,656 |
 Spain | 220,218 |
| Foreign | 100,438 |
| Europe (excluding Spain) | 18,696 |
 Germany | 849 |
 Austria | 59 |
 Belgium | 222 |
 Bulgaria | 822 |
 Denmark | 48 |
 Finland | 60 |
 France | 1,192 |
 Ireland | 106 |
 Italy | 1,220 |
 Norway | 40 |
 Netherlands | 334 |
 Poland | 657 |
 Portugal | 599 |
 United Kingdom | 1,046 |
 Romania | 5,849 |
 Russia | 1,116 |
 Sweden | 131 |
 Switzerland | 393 |
 Ukraine | 1,731 |
| Rest of Europe | 2,222 |
| Africa | 26,960 |
 Morocco | 20,801 |
| Rest of Africa | 6,159 |
| America | 47,336 |
 Argentina | 2,893 |
 Bolivia | 2,113 |
 Brazil | 2,555 |
 Cuba | 1,747 |
 Chile | 528 |
 Colombia | 10,018 |
 Ecuador | 4,625 |
 United States of America | 580 |
 Peru | 4,298 |
 Uruguay | 559 |
 Venezuela | 5,529 |
| Rest of America | 11,891 |
| Asia | 7,395 |
 China | 1,503 |
 Pakistan | 2,725 |
| Rest of Asia | 3,167 |
In 2024, 212,191 (66.7%) babies were born to Spanish-born mothers, 52,167 (16.4%) to American-born mothers (North and South America), 27,412 (8.6%) to African-born mothers, 18,297 (5.8%) to European-born mothers (all countries of Europe except for Spain), and 7,895 (2.5%) to Asian-born mothers.[30]
| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
|---|---|---|---|
| January—September 2024 | 236,472 | 334,336 | –97,864 |
| January—September 2025 | 238,715 | 343,174 | –104,459 |
| Difference | +2,243 (+0.95%) |  +8,838 (+2.64%) | –6,595 |
| Source:[31][32] | |||
Total fertility rate (TFR) in Spain byAutonomous communities as of 2023:[33]
| Autonomous communities | TFR |
|---|---|
 Region of Murcia | 1.36 |
 Melilla | 1.33 |
 Ceuta | 1.24 |
 Andalusia | 1.20 |
 Navarre | 1.19 |
 Castilla–La Mancha | 1.18 |
 Aragon | 1.17 |
 Valencian Community | 1.16 |
 Extremadura | 1.16 |
 Basque Country | 1.15 |
 La Rioja | 1.13 |
| Spain | 1.12 |
 Catalonia | 1.11 |
 Community of Madrid | 1.10 |
 Castile and León | 1.06 |
 Balearic Islands | 1.05 |
 Galicia | 0.99 |
 Cantabria | 0.97 |
 Asturias | 0.94 |
 Canary Islands | 0.84 |
| Provinces andIslands | TFR |
|---|---|
 El Hierro | 0.75 |
 Tenerife | 0.79 |
 La Gomera | 0.81 |
 Gran Canaria | 0.83 |
 La Palma | 0.84 |
 Ourense | 0.91 |
 Province of Zamora | 0.92 |
 Pontevedra | 0.96 |
| Cantabria | 0.96 |
 Menorca | 0.97 |
 León | 0.98 |
 Formentera | 0.98 |
 Fuerteventura | 0.99 |
 A Coruña | 1.00 |
 Salamanca | 1.02 |
 Lanzarote | 1.02 |
 Palencia | 1.03 |
| Illes Balears | 1.05 |
 Lugo | 1.06 |
 Province of Ávila | 1.06 |
 Barcelona | 1.07 |
 Mallorca | 1.07 |
 Málaga | 1.08 |
 Biscay | 1.09 |
 Soria | 1.09 |
| Madrid | 1.10 |
 Cáceres | 1.10 |
 Burgos | 1.11 |
 Valladolid | 1.12 |
 Segovia | 1.13 |
 Guadalajara | 1.13 |
 Province of Cuenca | 1.14 |
 Province of Valencia | 1.14 |
 Huesca | 1.15 |
 Province of Alicante | 1.15 |
 Cádiz | 1.15 |
 Huelva | 1.15 |
 Zaragoza | 1.16 |
 Ciudad Real | 1.16 |
 Albacete | 1.17 |
 Gipuzkoa | 1.19 |
 Badajoz | 1.19 |
| Andalucía | 1.19 |
 Jaén | 1.19 |
 Teruel | 1.20 |
 Granada | 1.20 |
 Girona | 1.21 |
 Tarragona | 1.21 |
 Álava | 1.22 |
 Province of Toledo | 1.22 |
 Province of Castellón | 1.22 |
 Province of Seville | 1.23 |
 Córdoba | 1.24 |
 Lleida | 1.25 |
 Almería | 1.44 |
As of January 2025:[35]
.svg)
| Rank | Name | Autonomous community | Pop. | Rank | Name | Autonomous community | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Madrid | Community of Madrid | 3,422,416 | 11 | Bilbao | Basque Country | 347,342 | ||
| 2 | Barcelona | Catalonia | 1,686,208 | 12 | Córdoba | Andalusia | 324,902 | ||
| 3 | Valencia | Valencian Community | 824,340 | 13 | Valladolid | Castile and León | 299,816 | ||
| 4 | Zaragoza | Aragon | 691,037 | 14 | Vigo | Galicia | 295,523 | ||
| 5 | Seville | Andalusia | 686,741 | 15 | L'Hospitalet | Catalonia | 282,299 | ||
| 6 | Málaga | Andalusia | 592,346 | 16 | Gijón | Principality of Asturias | 270,219 | ||
| 7 | Murcia | Region of Murcia | 471,982 | 17 | Vitoria-Gasteiz | Basque Country | 257,407 | ||
| 8 | Palma | Balearic Islands | 438,234 | 18 | A Coruña | Galicia | 249,255 | ||
| 9 | Las Palmas | Canary Islands | 383,516 | 19 | Elche | Valencian Community | 242,317 | ||
| 10 | Alicante | Valencian Community | 358,608 | 20 | Granada | Andalusia | 233,532 | ||
Islander population (The surface of the islands will be given in hectares except for the largest islands of the Canary and Balearic archipelagos, as well as the Plazas de Soberanía.):
.jpg)
TheSpanish Constitution of 1978, in its second article, generically recognises contemporary entities—nationalities and regions—[e] within the context of the Spanish nation.
Spain has been described as ade factoplurinational state.[36][37] The identity of Spain rather accrues of an overlap of different territorial and ethnolinguistic identities than of a sole Spanish identity. In some cases some of the territorial identities may conflict with the dominant Spanish culture. Distinct traditional identities within Spain include theBasques,Canarians,Catalans,Galicians,Andalusians andValencians,[failed verification][38] although to some extent all of the 17 autonomous communities may claim a distinct local identity.Definition of ethnicity or nationality in Spain is fraught politically. The term "Spanish people" (pueblo español) is defined in the 1978 constitution as the political sovereign, i.e. the citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. The same constitution in its preamble speaks of "peoples and nationalities of Spain" (pueblos y nacionalidades de España) and their respective cultures, traditions, languages and institutions.The formerly nomadicGitanos andMercheros are distinctly marked byendogamy and discrimination but they are dispersed through the country.[citation needed]
The nativeCanarians are partly the descendants of the North African population of theCanary Islands prior to Spanish colonization in the 15th century although manySpaniards have varying levels of North African admixture as a result of theIslamic period. Also included are many Spanish citizens who are descendants of people from Spain's former colonies, mostly fromVenezuela,Argentina,Dominican Republic,Ecuador,Peru,Colombia,Morocco andCuba. There is also a sizable number of Spaniards ofEastern European,Maghrebian,Sub Saharan-African,Indian subcontinent andMiddle Eastern descent.[39]
The arrival of thegitanos (Spanish for "gypsies"), aRomani people, began in the 16th century; estimates of the Spanish Roma population range from 750,000 to over one million.[40][41][42][43][44] There are also themercheros (also calledquinquis), a formerly nomadic minority group. Their origin is unclear.
Historically,Sephardic Jews and Moriscos are the main minority groups originating in Spain and with a contribution to Spanish culture.[45] The Spanish government formerly offered Spanish citizenship to Sephardic Jews.[46]
| Racial group | 2025[47] | |
|---|---|---|
| Number | % | |
| White | 39,961,000 | 81.3% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 3,834,000 | 7.8% |
| Multiracial | 786,000 | 1.6% |
| Gypsy or Roma | 639,000 | 1.3% |
| Maghreb or Arab | 491,000 | 1.0% |
| Black | 147,000 | 0.3% |
| Asian | 49,000 | 0.1% |
| Other | 491,000 | 1.0% |
| not stated | 2,801,000 | 5.7% |
| Total | 49,315,949 | 100 |
In terms of emigration vs. immigration, after decades of net emigration after theSpanish Civil War, Spain has experienced massive large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history over the past 30 years. As of 2024, there were 8,915,831 foreign-born people in Spain, making up to 18.31% of the Spanish population[48] Of these, 6,581,028 (13.51%) didn't have Spanish citizenship.[49][50] This makes Spain one of the world'spreferred destinations to immigrate to, being the 4th country in Europe by immigration numbers and the 10th worldwide. Of these, more than 860,000 wereRomanian, and 760,000 wereMoroccan while the number ofEcuadorians was around 390,000.Colombian population amounted to around 300,000. There are also a significant number of British (359,076 as of 2011, but more than one million are estimated to live permanently in Spain) and German (195,842) citizens, mainly inAlicante,Málaga provinces,Balearic Islands andCanary Islands. The largest Asian immigrant group, theChinese, number slightly over 166,000.
| Period | Immigration | Emigration | Net Migration |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008S1 | 329,772 | 134,650 | 195,121 |
| 2008S2 | 269,302 | 153,782 | 115,520 |
| 2009S1 | 205,091 | 184,140 | 20,951 |
| 2009S2 | 187,872 | 195,978 | -8,106 |
| 2010S1 | 173,714 | 197,032 | -23,318 |
| 2010S2 | 186,990 | 206,347 | -19,357 |
| 2011S1 | 176,808 | 200,634 | -23,826 |
| 2011S2 | 194,527 | 208,400 | -13,873 |
| 2012S1 | 153,205 | 212,457 | -59,253 |
| 2012S2 | 150,849 | 234,148 | -83,299 |
| 2013S1 | 127,796 | 269,691 | -141,895 |
| 2013S2 | 152,976 | 262,612 | -109,636 |
| 2014S1 | 138,274 | 199,552 | -61,278 |
| 2014S2 | 167,180 | 200,877 | -33,698 |
| 2015S1 | 154,659 | 173,062 | -18,404 |
| 2015S2 | 187,455 | 170,812 | 16,643 |
| 2016S1 | 186,918 | 166,819 | 20,098 |
| 2016S2 | 227,829 | 160,505 | 67,323 |
| 2017S1 | 234,070 | 197,140 | 36,930 |
| 2017S2 | 298,062 | 171,720 | 126,342 |
| 2018S1 | 286,230 | 169,124 | 117,106 |
| 2018S2 | 357,454 | 140,402 | 217,052 |
| 2019S1 | 349,941 | 137,367 | 212,574 |
| 2019S2 | 400,539 | 158,881 | 241,658 |
| 2020S1 | 248,029 | 130,413 | 117,616 |
| 2020S2 | 219,889 | 118,148 | 101,741 |
| 2021S1 | 201,329 | 197,376 | 3,953 |
| 2021S2 | 327,527 | 183,410 | 144,117 |
| 2022S1 | 478,990 | 220,443 | 258,547 |
| Year | Total immigration | Total emigration | Total net migration | Spanish immigration | Spanish emigration | Spanish net migration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 887,960 | 696,866 | 191,094 | 135,651 | 155,533 | -19,882 |
| 2022 | 1,258,894 | 531,889 | 727,005 | 138,420 | 141,124 | -2,704 |
| 2023 | 1,250,991 | 608,695 | 642,296 | 152,963 | 126,901 | 26,062 |
| Country | Population |
|---|---|
| Spain | 39,881,155 |
| Morocco | 1,026,371 |
| Colombia | 715,655 |
 Romania | 538,699 |
| Venezuela | 518,918 |
| Ecuador | 430,837 |
| Argentina | 373,064 |
| Peru | 322,407 |
| United Kingdom | 293,696 |
| France | 215,283 |
| Cuba | 198,639 |
| Ukraine | 197,192 |
 Dominican Republic | 193,653 |
| China | 192,346 |
| Bolivia | 183,734 |
 Honduras | 177,616 |
| Germany | 170,621 |
| Brazil | 167,265 |
| Italy | 154,749 |
 Paraguay | 127,767 |
| Russia | 118,801 |
| Pakistan | 114,693 |
| Bulgaria | 106,680 |
| Portugal | 95,171 |
 Senegal | 91,568 |
| Uruguay | 86,620 |
 Nicaragua | 80,013 |
 Algeria | 79,026 |
 Mexico | 72,669 |
| Chile | 70,307 |
| USA | 64,227 |
 India | 60,679 |
| Switzerland | 59,406 |
| Netherlands | 55,312 |
 Philippines | 54,807 |
| Belgium | 53,460 |
| Poland | 52,289 |
 El Salvador | 34,392 |
 Nigeria | 33,390 |
 Mali | 32,676 |
 Gambia | 27,574 |
 Moldova | 24,134 |
As of 2024, Spain had a foreign population of 6,581,028.[53][54] The largest groups of foreigners were those of Moroccan, Romanian, British, Chinese and Italian citizenship.[53]Meanwhile, in 2024, Spain had a foreign-born population of 8,915,831, being those born in the Americas the largest group, and Europe being the second most common continent of origin after South America.[55]
| Foreign population by region of origin[54] | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | 2,205,961 | |
| European Union | 1,617,911 | |
| Other Europe | 588,050 | |
| Africa | 1,217,706 | |
| South America | 1,173,900 | |
| Central America/Caribbean | 368,461 | |
| North America | 76,628 | |
| Asia | 493,065 | |
| Oceania | 3,580 | |
| Total | 5,542,932 |
| Resident Population groups | Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002[56] | 2004[56] | 2006[56] | 2008[56][57] | 2010[56] | 2012[56] | 2014[56] | 2016[56] | 2018[56] | 2020[56] | 2022[56][57] | 2025 | |||||||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
 Spaniards | 39,297,299 | 95.76% | 38,999,785 | 91.66% | 39,371,997 | 89.46% | 39,790,019 | 87.12% | 40,206,557 | 86.49% | 40,523,263 | 86.55% | 40,553,891 | 87.18% | 40,521,758 | 87.25% | 40,459,614 | 86.74% | 40,335,789 | 85.22% | 40,018,611 | 84.27% | 39,629,735 | 80.36% |
| Foreigners | 1,737,972 | 4.24% | 3,547,669 | 8.34% | 4,637,972 | 10.54% | 5,878,919 | 12.88% | 6,280,064 | 13.51% | 6,294,953 | 13.45% | 5,958,308 | 12.82% | 5,918,341 | 12.75% | 6,198,833 | 13.26% | 6,996,825 | 14.78% | 7,468,116 | 15.73% | 9,686,214 | 19.64% |
| Total | 41,035,271 | 100% | 42,547,454 | 100% | 44,009,969 | 100% | 45,668,938 | 100% | 46,486,621 | 100% | 46,818,216 | 100% | 46,512,199 | 100% | 46,440,099 | 100% | 46,658,447 | 100% | 47,332,614 | 100% | 47,486,727 | 100% | 49,315,949 | 100% |
.png)
| Year | Total | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 1,737,972 | 4.24 |
| 2004 | 3,547,669 | 8.34 |
| 2006 | 4,637,972 | 10.54 |
| 2008 | 5,878,919 | 12.88 |
| 2010 | 6,280,064 | 13.51 |
| 2012 | 6,294,953 | 13.45 |
| 2014 | 5,958,308 | 12.82 |
| 2016 | 5,918,341 | 12.75 |
| 2018 | 6,198,833 | 13.26 |
| 2020 | 6,996,825 | 14.78 |
| 2022 | 7,365,311 | 15.53 |
TheReconquista was the long process by which the Catholics reconquered Spain from Islamic rule by 1492. TheSpanish Inquisition was established in 1478 to complete the religious orthodoxy of the Iberian Peninsula. In the centuries that followed, Spain saw itself as the bulwark of Catholicism and doctrinal purity; since then, Catholicism has been the main religion in Spain.[59][60]
Spanish missionaries carried Catholicism to theAmericas and thePhilippines, establishing various missions in the newly colonized lands. The missions served as a base for both administering colonies as well as spreading Christianity.[61][62][63]
TheSpanish Constitution of 1978 abolishedCatholicism as the official state religion, but recognised the role it plays in Spanish society.[64]From the end of theFrancoist dictatorship to the present day, asecularisation process has taken place that has meant a progressive decrease in religious practice, in the attendance at the different religious rites (baptisms, communions and Catholic marriages) and in the percentage of Spaniards who identify as Catholic.[65] Consequently, a majority of Spaniards today ignore Catholic doctrines on matters such aspre-marital sex, homosexuality and contraception.[66][67] Despite the drop, Catholic identity nevertheless remains an important part of Spain's culture.[65]
As of 2018[update], 68.5% of the population define themselves as Catholic, 26.4% as non-believers or atheists, and 2.6% other religions according to the official Spanish Center for Sociological Research.[68] Among believers, 59% assert they almost never go to any religious service, by contrast, 16.3% attend one or more religious service almost every week.[68][69]
There have been three Popes from what is now Spain, all of them from theCrown of Aragon:Calixtus III,Alexander VI andBenedict XIII.Spanish mysticism provided an important intellectual resource against Protestantism withCarmelites likeTeresa of Ávila, areformist nun andJohn of the Cross, a priest, taking the lead in their reform movement. Later, they becameDoctors of the Church. TheSociety of Jesus was co-founded byIgnatius of Loyola, whoseSpiritual Exercises and movement led to the establishment of hundreds ofcolleges and universities in the world, including 28 in the United States alone. The Society's co-founder,Francis Xavier, was a missionary who reached India and later Japan. In the 1960s, JesuitsPedro Arrupe andIgnacio Ellacuría supported the movement ofLiberation Theology.[citation needed]
A study made by theUnion of Islamic Communities of Spain demonstrated that there were about 1,700,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain as of 2012[update], accounting for 3–4% of the total population of Spain. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating fromMorocco and other African countries. More than 514,000 (30%) of them had Spanish nationality.[70] The recent waves of immigration have also led to an increasing number ofMuslims,Buddhists,Sikhs andHindus. After the Reconquista in 1492, Muslims did not live in Spain for centuries. Their ranks have since been bolstered by recent immigration, especially from Morocco and Algeria.[citation needed]Judaism was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population. Most are arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews. Approximately 80,000Jews are thought to have lived in Spain prior to its expulsion.[71] However the Jewish Encyclopedia states the number over 800,000 to be too large and 235,000 as too small: 165,000 is given as expelled as possibly too small in favour of 200,000, and the numbers of converts after the 1391 pogroms as less. Other sources suggest 200,000 converts mostly after the pogroms of 1391 and upwards of 100,000 expelled. Up until recently, descendants of these Sephardic Jews expelled in 1492 were eligible for Spanish citizenship if they requested it.[72]
Others with no official status:
| Language | Initial language | |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute | Percentage | |
| Spanish | 37,650,425 | 81.53 |
| of which only Spanish | 34,477,775 | 74.66 |
| Catalan (includingValencian andBalearic ) | 4,846,933 | 10.50 |
| Galician | 1,742,974 | 3.77 |
| Arabic | 1,001,792 | 2.17 |
| English | 730,251 | 1.58 |
| Romanian | 664,407 | 1.44 |
| Basque | 658,030 | 1.42 |
| French | 432,209 | 0.94 |
| Portuguese | 251,497 | 0.54 |
| Chinese | 221,331 | 0.48 |
| German | 205,289 | 0.44 |
| Italian | 188,651 | 0.41 |
| Bulgarian | 152,037 | 0.33 |
| Russian | 147,864 | 0.32 |
| Ukrainian | 76,297 | 0.17 |
| Polish | 61,926 | 0.13 |
| Berber | 59,797 | 0.13 |
| Dutch | 51,672 | 0.11 |
| Urdu | 50,983 | 0.11 |
| Guarani | 36,807 | 0.08 |
| Wolof | 34,581 | 0.07 |
| Asturian | 26,584 | 0.06 |
| Other languages | 347,363 | 0.75 |
| Total | 46,181,637 | >100.0 |
About 70% of Spain'sstudents in non-university education attend public schools;[76] 79.1% of students in higher education are enrolled in public universities.[77] The remainder attend private schools or universities, many of which are operated by the Catholic Church.[78]
Compulsory education begins with primary school or general basic education for ages 6–16. It is free in public schools and in many private schools, most of which receivegovernmentsubsidies.[79] Following graduation, students attend either a secondary school offering a general high school diploma or a school of professional study in all fields – law, sciences, humanities, and medicine – and the technical schools offer programs in engineering and architecture.
The Spanish government estimates the number ofGitanos at a maximum of 650,000.
No religion shall have a state character. The public authorities shall take into account the religious beliefs of Spanish society and shall consequently maintain appropriate cooperation relations with the Catholic Church and other confessions.
