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Demographics of Saudi Arabia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the people inhabiting Saudi Arabia. For Saudi citizens, seeSaudis.

Demographics ofSaudi Arabia
Saudi Arabiapopulation pyramid in 2020
Population	35,300,280 (Saudi Census 2024)
Density	14.967 people per sq. km of land (2022)^[1]
Growth rate	1.49% (2019)^{[citation needed]}
Birth rate	13.9 births/1,000 population (2023)^[2]
Death rate	3.45 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy	76.91 years
• male	75.33 years
• female	78.56 years
Fertility rate	2.14 children born/woman, including 2.8 for Saudi citizens and 0.9 for non-Saudis (2022)^[3]
Net migration rate	590,000 (2017)^[4]
Age structure
0–14 years	24.44%
15–64 years	72.36%
65 and over	3.20%
Nationality
Nationality	Saudis
Major ethnic	Arabs
Language
Official	Arabic
Spoken	Arabic

Demographics of Saudi Arabia, Data ofFAO, year 2005; Number of inhabitants in thousands.

Saudi Arabia is the seventh largest state in theArab world, with a reported population of 35,300,280 as of 2024.^[5]^[6]^[7] 41.6% of inhabitants are immigrants.^[8] Saudi Arabia has experienced a population explosion in the last 40 years,^[9] and continues to grow at a rate of 1.62% per year.^[8]

Until the 1960s, most of the population was nomadic or semi-nomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population is now settled. 80% of Saudis live in ten major urban centers:Riyadh,Jeddah,Mecca,Medina,Hofuf,Ta'if,Buraydah,Khobar,Yanbu,Dhahran, andDammam.^[10] Some cities and oases have densities of more than 1,000 people per square kilometer. Saudi Arabia's population is characterized by rapid growth, far more men than women, and alarge cohort of youths.

Saudi Arabia hosts one of the pillars ofIslam, which obliges all Muslims to make theHajj, or pilgrimage toMecca, at least once during their lifetime if they are able to do so. Thecultural environment in Saudi Arabia is highly conservative;the country adheres to the interpretation of Islamic religious law (Sharia).

Most citizens of Saudi Arabia are ethnicallyArabs, the majority of whom are tribal. However, more than 40% of Saudi Arabia's population are non-citizens.^[11] According to a random survey, most non-citizens living in Saudi Arabia come from the Indian Subcontinent and Arab countries.^[12] Many Arabs from nearby countries are employed in the country, particularly Egyptians,^[13] as the Egyptian community developed from the 1950s onwards.^[14] There also are significant numbers ofAsian expatriates, mostly fromIndia,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Indonesia,Philippines,Syria andYemen. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was also a significantcommunity of South Korean migrant labourers, numbering in the hundreds of thousands, but due to the rapid economic growth and development in South Korea, most have since returned home; the South Korean government's statistics showed only 1,200 of their nationals living in Saudi Arabia (most of them being professionals and business personnels) as of 2005^[update].^[15]^[16] There are more than 100,000 Westerners in Saudi Arabia, most of whom live in private compounds in the major cities such asRiyadh,Jeddah,Yanbu andDhahran. The government prohibits non-Muslims from entering the city of Mecca.

Population

[edit]

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
0	1,000,000	—
600	2,500,000	+0.15%
1000	2,000,000	−0.06%
1500	2,000,000	+0.00%
1800	2,000,000	+0.00%
1900	2,140,000	+0.07%
1950	3,121,000	+0.76%
1960	4,041,000	+2.62%
1970	5,772,000	+3.63%
1980	9,801,000	+5.44%
1990	16,139,000	+5.11%
2000	20,045,000	+2.19%
2010	27,448,000	+3.19%
2020	32,013,414	+1.55%
Source:^[17]^[18]

As of 2022, the country had a reported population of 32,175,224.^[19]

Age structure

[edit]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Provisional Estimates):^[20]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	20 231 425	14 781 989	35 013 414	100%
0–4	1 477 523	1 421 656	2 899 179	8.28%
5–9	1 536 843	1 479 509	3 016 352	8.61%
10–14	1 343 659	1 297 303	2 640 962	7.54%
15–19	1 228 939	1 177 551	2 406 490	6.87%
20–24	1 429 072	1 248 976	2 678 048	7.65%
25–29	1 850 713	1 492 533	3 343 246	9.55%
30–34	2 002 357	1 393 121	3 395 478	9.70%
35–39	2 394 363	1 414 266	3 808 629	10.88%
40–44	2 181 209	1 227 215	3 408 424	9.73%
45–49	1 676 347	850 177	2 526 524	7.22%
50–54	1 208 823	549 702	1 758 525	5.02%
55–59	807 534	404 701	1 212 235	3.46%
60–64	500 209	296 964	797 173	2.28%
65-69	241 585	201 494	443 079	1.27%
70-74	153 697	140 182	293 879	0.84%
75-79	94 134	82 602	176 736	0.50%
80+	104 418	104 037	208 455	0.60%
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	4 358 025	4 198 468	8 556 493	24.44%
15–64	15 279 566	10 055 206	25 334 772	72.36%
65+	593 834	528 315	1 122 149	3.20%

According to theCIA World Factbook the population of Saudi Arabia has a large young population ages 0–19 years and an increasing middle-age population ages 20–35 years.^[8] With a growing population reaching adulthood, global economists and theSaudi government have become concerned that there are more Saudis seeking jobs than are available.^[21] The nation has also seen a rise in its older population aslife expectancy has risen throughout the last 40 years.^[21]

Density

[edit]

Population Density: 15.322 people per km² of land (2017).^[1]

Urbanization

[edit]

The following data has been retrieved from theCIA World Factbook:^[22]

Urban population: 85% of total population (2023)

Rate of urbanization: 1.69% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

Historically, some of the population of Saudi Arabia followed anomadic lifestyle, while most lived in villages and small towns run by emirs. Following the discovery of oil in the 1930s, the Kingdom became far more settled as people moved to centers of high economic activity.^[8] Significant population growth can be seen in the rise ofurbanization throughout Saudi Arabia, which has grown 2 percent in the past ten years.^[23] The largest Saudi cities have become flooded with new residents as more people move to urban cities to find better employment opportunities, and overcrowding has become a major issue across the nation.^[23]

Vital statistics

[edit]

Births and deaths^[24]^[25]^[3]

Year	Population	Live births	Crude birth rate	TFR	Saudi TFR	Non-Saudi TFR
2011	25,091,867			2.814	3.792	1.309
2012	26,168,861			2.797	3.735	1.370
2013	27,624,004			2.689	3.641	1.351
2014	28,309,273			2.695	3.625	1.380
2015	29,816,382			2.646	3.520	1.440
2016	30,954,198			2.665	3.470	1.577
2017	30,977,355			2.686	3.462	1.681
2018	30,196,281			2.683	3.383	1.659
2019	30,063,799			2.510	3.163	1.482
2020	31,552,510			2.289	2.985	1.167
2021	30,784,383			2.189	2.792	1.072
2022	32,175,224	484,719^[26]	15.1	2.135	2.798	0.905
2023	33,702,731			2.0	2.8	0.9
2024	35,300,280			2.0	2.7	0.8

Saudi Arabia is ranked 111th in comparison to the world with a birth rate of 18.51 births per 1,000 people in 2019.^[8] The nation's death rate is ranked 220th worldwide with 3.3 deaths per 1,000 people.^[8] Although birth rates have decreased in the last two decades, rates of decline fail to match the significant decline in death rates.^[27] Because of this, Saudi Arabia has experienced a population explosion in the last 40 years,^[9] and continues to grow at a rate of 1.63% per year.^[8] Saudi Arabia's population growth continues to be 0.295% higher than population growth rates in the Middle East and North Africa.^[28] Infant mortality rates have declined dramatically in the past twenty years from 25.3 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1995 to 6.3 deaths in 2017, according to theWorld Bank.^[29] Saudi Arabia has a substantially lower infant mortality rate in comparison to theMiddle East and North Africa region, which continues to face a high of 19.3 deaths for every 1,000 live births as of 2017. This significant reduction can be attributed to rising access to modern healthcare across the country, ranking 26th worldwide for healthcare system quality.^[30] The construction of new hospitals and primary healthcare centers across the Kingdom, as well as healthcare duringpregnancy and increased use of vaccinations account for a decline in infant mortality and increasedlife expectancy.^[31]

UN estimates

[edit]

The Population Department of theUnited Nations prepared the following estimates. Population estimates account for under numeration in population censuses.^[32]

	Mid-year population (thousands)	Live births (thousands)	Deaths (thousands)	Natural change (thousands)	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)	Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)	Life expectancy (in years)
1950	3 090	165	77	88	53.3	24.8	28.5	7.58	196.4	40.99
1951	3 184	169	79	90	53.2	24.9	28.3	7.58	194.7	41.21
1952	3 279	174	80	93	52.9	24.5	28.4	7.58	191.4	41.73
1953	3 377	178	81	97	52.8	24.1	28.6	7.59	188.0	42.29
1954	3 478	183	82	100	52.5	23.7	28.8	7.59	184.7	42.84
1955	3 582	187	83	104	52.3	23.3	29.1	7.59	181.5	43.33
1956	3 690	192	84	108	52.0	22.8	29.3	7.59	178.2	43.87
1957	3 802	197	85	112	51.9	22.3	29.5	7.60	175.0	44.41
1958	3 917	202	86	117	51.6	21.9	29.8	7.60	171.7	44.88
1959	4 037	208	87	121	51.5	21.5	30.0	7.62	168.5	45.34
1960	4 166	214	87	126	51.3	21.0	30.4	7.63	165.3	45.94
1961	4 306	220	88	132	51.2	20.5	30.7	7.63	162.0	46.48
1962	4 459	227	89	138	51.0	20.0	31.1	7.64	158.8	47.10
1963	4 622	235	90	145	51.0	19.5	31.5	7.65	155.4	47.61
1964	4 795	244	91	153	51.0	19.1	31.9	7.67	151.9	48.15
1965	4 979	252	92	160	50.8	18.5	32.2	7.66	148.1	48.78
1966	5 173	261	93	168	50.6	18.1	32.6	7.66	144.0	49.34
1967	5 381	271	94	178	50.6	17.5	33.1	7.66	139.5	50.05
1968	5 605	281	94	187	50.3	16.8	33.5	7.63	134.5	50.92
1969	5 845	291	94	198	50.0	16.1	33.9	7.60	129.2	51.82
1970	6 106	303	93	209	49.8	15.4	34.5	7.58	123.6	52.72
1971	6 397	315	93	223	49.6	14.6	35.0	7.56	117.8	53.77
1972	6 724	330	92	237	49.4	13.8	35.6	7.54	111.8	54.79
1973	7 089	345	91	253	49.0	13.0	36.0	7.48	105.6	55.93
1974	7 484	361	91	270	48.6	12.2	36.4	7.43	99.6	57.02
1975	7 898	378	90	287	48.2	11.5	36.7	7.37	94.1	58.07
1976	8 320	387	90	297	46.9	10.8	36.0	7.33	88.6	58.97
1977	8 755	397	88	309	45.7	10.1	35.6	7.30	83.5	59.95
1978	9 211	409	87	322	44.7	9.5	35.3	7.26	78.7	60.87
1979	9 682	422	86	336	43.9	8.9	35.0	7.23	74.1	61.70
1980	10 172	436	84	352	43.2	8.3	34.9	7.19	69.6	62.70
1981	10 678	450	83	367	42.5	7.8	34.6	7.13	65.4	63.47
1982	11 201	464	82	383	41.7	7.3	34.4	7.05	61.4	64.30
1983	11 746	478	81	398	41.0	6.9	34.1	6.95	57.6	65.05
1984	12 310	492	80	412	40.2	6.6	33.6	6.84	54.0	65.69
1985	12 890	504	80	424	39.3	6.2	33.1	6.70	50.6	66.33
1986	13 483	514	79	435	38.4	5.9	32.5	6.55	47.3	66.92
1987	14 090	523	79	444	37.3	5.6	31.7	6.36	44.1	67.40
1988	14 714	533	78	455	36.4	5.3	31.1	6.17	41.1	67.97
1989	15 353	541	77	463	35.4	5.1	30.4	6.00	38.3	68.49
1990	16 005	547	77	470	34.4	4.8	29.6	5.83	35.6	68.95
1991	16 654	554	77	477	33.4	4.7	28.8	5.66	33.1	69.37
1992	17 281	558	76	482	32.4	4.4	28.0	5.49	30.9	69.93
1993	17 846	563	76	487	31.5	4.3	27.3	5.32	28.8	70.30
1994	18 368	564	75	489	30.8	4.1	26.7	5.14	26.9	70.71
1995	18 889	566	75	491	30.0	4.0	26.0	4.95	25.2	71.01
1996	19 410	570	75	495	29.4	3.9	25.5	4.77	23.6	71.27
1997	19 938	576	76	500	28.9	3.8	25.1	4.59	22.1	71.48
1998	20 473	582	75	507	28.5	3.7	24.8	4.42	20.8	71.88
1999	21 010	588	75	513	28.0	3.6	24.4	4.25	19.6	72.14
2000	21 547	596	75	521	27.7	3.5	24.2	4.12	18.5	72.47
2001	22 086	593	73	519	26.9	3.3	23.5	3.91	17.5	72.97
2002	22 623	586	73	513	25.9	3.2	22.7	3.71	16.5	73.34
2003	23 151	574	72	502	24.8	3.1	21.7	3.50	15.6	73.63
2004	23 662	563	70	493	23.8	3.0	20.8	3.34	14.8	74.15
2005	24 398	557	70	487	23.1	2.9	20.2	3.24	14.0	74.59
2006	25 383	581	70	511	23.1	2.8	20.3	3.21	13.2	74.81
2007	26 400	608	71	537	23.2	2.7	20.5	3.18	12.5	75.05
2008	27 437	619	72	547	22.7	2.6	20.1	3.06	11.8	75.27
2009	28 484	630	73	557	22.3	2.6	19.7	2.95	11.2	75.43
2010	29 412	641	73	568	21.9	2.5	19.4	2.85	10.5	75.76
2011	30 151	651	73	579	21.6	2.4	19.2	2.81	9.8	76.23
2012	30 822	654	74	580	21.2	2.4	18.8	2.78	9.3	76.46
2013	31 482	653	77	576	20.8	2.4	18.3	2.74	8.8	76.63
2014	32 126	647	80	567	20.2	2.5	17.7	2.69	8.2	76.76
2015	32 750	639	83	556	19.5	2.5	17.0	2.64	7.8	76.92
2016	33 416	632	87	545	19.0	2.6	16.4	2.59	7.3	77.06
2017	34 193	644	90	554	18.9	2.6	16.3	2.58	6.9	77.16
2018	35 018	653	93	560	18.7	2.7	16.0	2.55	6.6	77.21
2019	35 827	659	95	564	18.5	2.7	15.8	2.50	6.3	77.30
2020	35 997	666	106	560	18.2	2.9	15.3	2.47	6.0	76.24
2021	35 950	629	103	526	17.5	2.9	14.6	2.43	5.7	76.94

Viewsource data.

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]

The following data has been retrieved from theCIA World Factbook as of 2018.

Total population:

Male: 74.2 years.

Female: 77.3 years.

Nationality and ethnicity

[edit]

Ethnic makeup of Saudi citizens in Saudi Arabia^[33]
Ethnic groups
Arabs			90%
Afro-Arabs			10%

The ethnic composition of Saudi citizens is 90%Arabs and 10%Afro-Arabs,^[33] though there still are smaller numbers ofIndians,^[34]Pakistanis,^[35] andTurks in Saudi Arabia.^[36] However, 38.3% of the residents (or about 13.3 million people) are non-citizens,^[8] and many of them aremigrant workers.^[37]

Languages

[edit]

Theofficial language of Saudi Arabia isArabic.Saudi Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. The large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which areUrdu (4,000,000) which afterArabic is widely used especially among the South Asian community, which makes the largest community of expatriate,Bengali (2,500,000),Indonesian (850,000),Filipino/Tagalog (700,000),Malayalam (447,000),Rohingya (400,000), andEgyptian Arabic (300,000).^[38]^[39]^[40]^{[circular reference]}

Religion

[edit]

Further information:Religion in Saudi Arabia

Religions of Saudi Arabia (2012 )^[33]
Religions		percent
Sunni Islam		90%
Shia Islam		10%

Migration

[edit]

Further information:Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia

Pakistani workers at Al Masjid Nabawi (theProphet's Mosque) inMedina

Migration is a significant part of Saudi Arabia's tradition and culture, as the nation's thriving oil economy attracts large numbers of foreign workers from an assortment of countries throughout Asia and the Arab world.^[46] Following economic diversification in response to the oil boom of the 1970s, the Saudi government encouraged skilled and semi-skilled workers to enter the Kingdom as the demand for infrastructure and development intensified.^[47] Saudi Arabia is among the top five immigrant destination countries around the world, currently hosting 5.3 million international migrants in its borders. In 2017, non-native residents accounted for 38% of the Kingdom's total population, more than twice that of the United States whose immigrants make up 15% of the nation's total population.^[48] The majority of Saudi Arabia's foreign born population are males between the ages of 25 and 45. These immigrants make up a larger percentage of the total population in this age group compared to native-born Saudis ages 25–45, according to theUnited Nations 2013 report.^[49] 26.3% of the total migrant population in Saudi Arabia are fromIndia, followed byPakistan (24.2%),Bangladesh (19.5%),Egypt (19.3%), and finally thePhilippines (15.3%).^[49] Most immigrants of the Kingdom are skilled, unskilled, and service industry foreign workers. Although the living and working conditions for immigrant workers are harsh in Saudi Arabia, economic opportunity tends to be much greater than in their homelands.^[46] There are around five millionillegal immigrants in Saudi Arabia, most of which come from Africa and Asia. These immigrants are planned to be deported within the next few years.^[50] There are over 118,000Westerners in Saudi Arabia, most of whom live incompounds orgated communities.^[51]

Foreign residents in Saudi Arabia

[edit]

In the 2022 Saudi Arabia Census, 41.6% of the population had a foreign background.^[52]

Foreign Nationals in Saudi Arabia (2022 Statistical Census)
Rank	Country	Population
1	Bangladesh	2,116,200
2	India	1,884,500
3	Pakistan	1,814,700
4	Yemen	1,803,500
5	Egypt	1,471,400
6	Sudan	819,600
7	Philippines	725,900
8	Syria	449,300
9	Nepal	297,600
10	Jordan	204,200
11	Indonesia	175,300
12	Myanmar	163,700
13	Ethiopia	159,200
14	Afghanistan	132,300
15	Palestine	129,900
16	Uganda	127,900
17	Kenya	91,800
18	Sri Lanka	84,800
19	Nigeria	79,500
20	Lebanon	52,800
21	Kuwait	50,300
22	Morocco	48,800
23	Eritrea	47,300
24	Chad	46,200
25	Somalia	45,700
26	Mali	38,400
27	Niger	33,600
28	Turkey	25,800
29	Tunisia	24,800
30	United States	20,500
31	Mauritania	18,000
32	United Kingdom	17,900
33	Bahrain	16,700
34	China	14,600
35	Ghana	14,200
36	Canada	11,300
37	Algeria	9,700
38	United Arab Emirates	8,300
39	Qatar	7,100
40	Malaysia	6,700
41	Iraq	6,500
42	Thailand	6,300
43	Brunei	6,000
44	France	5,200
45	Burkina Faso	5,000
46	South Africa	4,900
47	Oman	3,700
48	Senegal	2,800
49	Vietnam	2,700
50	Australia	2,600
51	Russia	2,200
52	Spain	1,800
53	Germany	1,700
54	Djibouti	1,700
55	South Korea	1,700
56	Italy	1,500
57	Cameroon	1,400
58	Guinea	1,400
59	Ireland	1,300
60	Madagascar	1,300
61	Tanzania	1,300
62	Ivory Coast	1,100
63	Taiwan	1,000
64	Venezuela	1,000
65	Gambia	950
66	Brazil	950
67	Greece	900
68	Netherlands	850
69	Uzbekistan	800
70	Ukraine	800
71	Kyrgyzstan	750
72	Kazakhstan	700
73	Libya	700
74	Azerbaijan	600
75	Romania	600
76	Colombia	600
77	Tajikistan	600
78	Benin	550
79	Portugal	550
80	Sweden	500

^[53]

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