| Demographics ofRomania | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid ofRomania as of 2024 | |
| Population |  19,051,562 (2023)[1] |
| Density | 83.4/km2 (216/sq mi) |
| Growth rate | 1.19% (2023) |
| Birth rate |  9.292 births/1,000 population (2023) |
| Death rate |  13.393 deaths/1,000 population (2023) |
| Life expectancy | 76.6 years (2023) |
| • male | 72.9 years |
| • female | 80.5 years |
| Fertility rate | 1.71 children born/woman (2022)[2] |
| Infant mortality rate | 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)[3][4] |
| Net migration rate | −0.24 migrants/1,000 population (2015) |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 3,073,902 (16.1%) |
| 15–64 years | 12,253,533 (64.3%) |
| 65 and over | 3,726,380 (19.6%) |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 0.95 males/female (2014) |
| At birth | 1.06 males/female |
| Under 15 | 1.05 males/female |
| 15–64 years | 1.02 males/female |
| 65 and over | 0.73 males/female |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | noun: Romanian(s),adjective: Romanian |
| Major ethnic |  Romanians (89.33%)[5] |
| Minor ethnic |  Hungarians (6.05%)Romanis (3.44%) Other groups (1.18%) |
| Language | |
| Official | Romanian |
| Spoken | Romanian and other minority languages |
Demographic features of thepopulation ofRomania includepopulation density,ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.
About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnicRomanians (as per2021 census), whose native language,Romanian, is anEastern Romance language, descended fromLatin (more specifically fromVulgar Latin) with someSlavic,French,Turkish,German,Hungarian,Greek andItalian borrowings.
Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of anEastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity"[6] inEastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either bySlavic peoples (namelySouth Slavic andEast Slavic peoples) or by theHungarians. TheHungarian minority in Romania constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population.[7] With a population of about 19,054,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to theUnited Nations (UN).[8]
The2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a majorrefugee crisis in Europe.[9] In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of theRussian-Ukrainian war, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 188,270 people fled to neighbouring Romania.[8]
Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021.[10] Among the causes ofpopulation decline are highmortality, a lowfertility rate since 1990, and tremendous levels ofemigration.[10]
In 1990, Romania's population was estimated at 23.21 million.[11] Between 1990 and 2006, the estimated population loss exceeded 1.5 million,[11] though the actual figure is likely higher due to the surge in labor migration after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in their host countries.[12]
Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INS):
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Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed ofminorities in Romania. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. BeforeWorld War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas ofBessarabia and northernBukovina (to the formerSoviet Union, nowMoldova andUkraine) and southernDobrudja (toBulgaria). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population eitherleft or were deported after World War II, a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. Duringthe interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),[14][15] a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One reason for the decline of Romanian Germans is that after theRomanian Revolution there has been a mass migration ofTransylvania Saxons to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaperGuardian to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'.[16]
Of a total population of three quarter millionJews before World War II, about a third were killed during theHolocaust.[17] Mass emigration, mostly toIsrael andUnited States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).[18]
Hungarians (Magyars;seeHungarians in Romania, especially inHarghita,Covasna, andMureș counties) andRoma (seeRomani people in Romania) are the principal minorities, with a decliningGerman population (Banat Swabians inTimiș;Transylvanian Saxons inSibiu,Brașov and elsewhere), and smaller numbers ofCzechs,Slovaks,Serbs,Croats, andBanat Bulgarians (inBanat),Ukrainians (especially inMaramureș andBukovina),Greeks of Romania (especially inBrăila andConstanța),Turks andTatars (mainly inConstanța),Armenians,Russians (Lipovans,Old Believers inTulcea),Jews and others. Since theRomanian Revolution of 1989, Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU (Chinese, Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis,Africans) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks).[19] In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.[20][21]
Minority populations are greatest inTransylvania and theBanat, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of theKingdom of Hungary (after 1867Austria-Hungary) until the end ofWorld War I. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.
The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,[22] with significant populations inMureș (8.9%) andCălărași (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.[23]
In 2007, theCouncil of Europe (CoE) estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania,[24] based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people[25]) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people[26]) with a maximum percentage of 12%, available at the time; the highest estimate, generated for the year 1991 and originating from aSecuritate report, is considered unreliable, and Romanian post-communist censuses have consistently produced far lower figures.[27] The CoE's average estimate is equivalent to 8.32% of the population,[28][29] a figure difficult to verify due to the mobility of Romani and the reluctance of some to disclose their ethnicity.[30]
After the Hungarians and the Roma, theUkrainians of Romania are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.[31] Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live inMaramureș County (where they make up 6.77% of the population).
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1859–60 | 3,864,848[32]−4,424,961[33] |
| 1884 | 4,648,123 |
| 1889 | 5,038,342 |
| 1894 | 5,406,249 |
| 1899 | 5,956,690 |
| Ethnicity | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Romanians | 92.15 | |
| Hungarians | 1.82 | |
| Germans | 0.13 | |
| Austrians | – | |
| Russians | 0.08 | |
| Bulgarians | 0,13 | |
| Turks | 0.40 | |
| Serbs | 0.07 | |
| Greeks | 0.34 | |
| Italians | 0.15 | |
| Foreigners without protection | 4,68 | |
| Others | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | 0.00 | |
| Total | 5,956,690 |
| Orthodoxy | 91.5% | |||
| Judaism | 4.5% | |||
| Catholicism | 2.5% | |||
| Protestantism | 0.4% | |||
| Muslim | 0.7% | |||
| Ethnicity | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Romanians | 93.47 | |
| Hungarians | 0.96 | |
| Germans | 0.11 | |
| Austrians | 0.63 | |
| Russians | 0.06 | |
| Bulgarians | 0.16 | |
| Turks | 0.47 | |
| Serbs | 0.06 | |
| Greeks | 0.24 | |
| Italians | 0.15 | |
| Foreigners without protection | 3.63 | |
| Others | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 0.01 | |
| Total | 7,234,920 |
| Orthodoxy | 93.1% | |||
| Judaism | 3.3% | |||
| Catholicism | 2.2% | |||
| Protestantism | 0.3% | |||
| Muslim | 0.7% | |||
| Ethnicity | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Romanians | 12,981,324 | 71.9 |
| Hungarians | 1,425,507 | 7.9 |
| Germans | 745,421 | 4.1 |
| Jews | 728,115 | 4.0 |
| Ruthenians andUkrainians | 582,115 | 3.2 |
| Russians | 409,150 | 2.3 |
| Bulgarians | 366,384 | 2.0 |
| Roma (Gypsies) | 262,501 | 1.5 |
| Turks | 154,772 | 0.9 |
| Gagauzians | 105,750 | 0.6 |
| Czechs andSlovaks | 51,842 | 0.3 |
| Serbs,Croats andSlovenes | 51,062 | 0.3 |
| Poles | 48,310 | 0.3 |
| Greeks | 26,495 | 0.2 |
| Tatars | 22,141 | 0.1 |
| Armenians | 15,544 | <0.1 |
| Hutsuls | 12,456 | <0.1 |
| Albanians | 4,670 | <0.1 |
| Others | 56,355 | 0.3 |
| Undeclared | 7,114 | <0.1 |
| Total | 18,057,028 | 100.0 |
| Ethnic group | census 19481 | census 19562 | census 19663 | census 19774 | census 19925 | census 20026 | census 20117 | census 20218 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | %* | Number | % | %* | |
| Romanians | 13,597,613 | 85.7 | 14,996,114 | 85.7 | 16,746,510 | 87.7 | 18,999,565 | 88.1 | 20,408,542 | 89.5 | 19,399,597 | 89.5 | 16,792,868 | 83.5 | 88.9 | 14,801,442 | 77.7 | 89.3 |
| Hungarians | 1,499,851 | 9.4 | 1,587,675 | 9.1 | 1,619,592 | 8.5 | 1,713,928 | 7.9 | 1,624,959 | 7.1 | 1,431,807 | 6.6 | 1,227,623 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 1,002,151 | 5.3 | 6.0 |
| Roma (Gypsies) | 53,425 | 0.3 | 104,216 | 0.6 | 64,197 | 0.3 | 227,398 | 1.05 | 401,087 | 1.8 | 535,140 | 2.5 | 621,573 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 569,477 | 3.0 | 3.4 |
| Ukrainians | 37,582 | 0.2 | 60,479 | 0.4 | 54,705 | 0.3 | 55,510 | 0.3 | 65,764 | 0.3 | 61,098 | 0.3 | 50,920 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 45,835 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Germans | 343,913 | 2.2 | 384,708 | 2.2 | 382,595 | 2.0 | 359,109 | 1.6 | 119,462 | 0.5 | 59,764 | 0.3 | 36,042 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 22,907 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Turks | 28,782 | 0.2 | 14,329 | 0.2 | 18,040 | 0.1 | 23,422 | 0.1 | 29,832 | 0.1 | 32,098 | 0.2 | 27,698 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 20,945 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Russians | 39,332 | 0.2 | 38,731 | 0.2 | 39,483 | 0.2 | 21,206 | 0.2 | 7,983 | 0.1 | 35,791 | 0.2 | 23,864 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 19,394 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Lipovans | 11,090 | 0.1 | 30,623 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Tatars | 23,369 | 0.1 | 24,596 | 0.1 | 18,156 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
| Serbs | 45,447 | 0.3 | 46,517 | 0.3 | 44,236 | 0.3 | 34,429 | 0.2 | 29,408 | 0.1 | 22,561 | 0.1 | 18,076 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 12,026 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Croats | 7,500 | 0.0 | 4,085 | 0.0 | 6,807 | 0.0 | 5,408 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4,842 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| Slovenes | 175 | 0.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Slovaks | 35,143 | 0.2 | 23,331 | 0.2 | 22,151 | 0.1 | 21,286 | 0.1 | 19,594 | 0.1 | 17,226 | 0.2 | 13,654 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 10,232 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Czechs | 11,821 | 0.0 | 9,978 | 0.0 | 7,683 | 0.0 | 5,797 | 0.0 | 3,941 | 0.0 | 2,477 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,576 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Bulgarians | 13,408 | 0.1 | 12,040 | 0.1 | 11,193 | 0.1 | 10,372 | 0.0 | 9,851 | 0.1 | 8,025 | 0.0 | 7,336 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5,975 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Greeks | 8,696 | 0.1 | 11,166 | 0.0 | 9,088 | 0.0 | 6,262 | 0.0 | 3,940 | 0.0 | 6,472 | 0.0 | 3,668 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,086 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Jews | 138,795 | 0.9 | 146,264 | 0.8 | 42,888 | 0.2 | 24,667 | 0.1 | 8,955 | 0.0 | 5,785 | 0.0 | 3,271 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,378 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Poles | 6,753 | 0.0 | 7,627 | 0.0 | 5,860 | 0.0 | 4,641 | 0.0 | 4,232 | 0.0 | 3,559 | 0.0 | 2,543 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,137 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Armenians | 6,987 | 0.0 | 6,441 | 0.0 | 3,436 | 0.0 | 2,342 | 0.0 | 1,957 | 0.0 | 1,780 | 0.0 | 1,361 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,213 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Macedonians | 1,176 | 0.0 | 6,867 | 0.0 | 731 | 0.0 | 1,264 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,089 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| Csangos | 1,266 | 0.0 | 1,536 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||||||||
| Aromanians | 982 | 0.0 | 21,736 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Others | 15,897 | 0.1 | 17,522 | 0.1 | 6,990 | <0.1 | 5,731 | <0.1 | 9,368 | <0.1 | 28,303 | 0.1 | 23,741 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 25,028 | 0.2 | |
| Undeclared | 1,236,810 | 6.14 | 2,484,926 | 13.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | 15,872,624 | 17,489,450 | 19,103,163 | 21,559,910 | 22,810,035 | 21,680,974 | 20,121,641 | 19,053,815 | ||||||||||
| 1 The results of the 1948 census are according to language.2 Source:[37]3 Source:[37]4 Source:[37]5 Source:[37]6 Source:[38]7 Source:[39]8 Source:[40]%*:of those declared ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||
.png)
Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources:Our World In Data andGapminder Foundation.[41]
| Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860[41] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.22 | 5.08 | 4.94 | 4.8 | 4.66 | 4.52 | 4.38 | 4.24 | 4.11 | 3.97 | 4.23 |
| Years | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870[41] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.29 | 4.29 | 4.07 | 4.82 | 4.64 | 4.19 | 4.25 | 4.48 | 4.56 | 4.61 |
| Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880[41] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.49 | 4.29 | 4.36 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 4.96 | 4.74 | 4.22 | 4.97 | 5.05 |
| Years | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890[41] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.56 | 5.41 | 5.74 | 5.55 | 5.78 | 5.65 | 5.49 | 5.68 | 5.44 | 5.16 |
| Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899[41] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.67 | 5.23 | 5.43 | 5.48 | 5.67 | 5.45 | 5.75 | 4.92 | 5.63 |
| Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates[41] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 6,050,000 | 235,000 | 146,000 | 89,000 | 38.8 | 24.2 | 14.7 | 5.20 |
| 1901 | 6,120,000 | 241,000 | 160,000 | 81,000 | 39.3 | 26.2 | 13.2 | 5.27 |
| 1902 | 6,210,000 | 242,000 | 172,000 | 70,000 | 39.0 | 27.7 | 11.3 | 5.23 |
| 1903 | 6,290,000 | 252,000 | 156,000 | 96,000 | 40.1 | 24.8 | 15.3 | 5.37 |
| 1904 | 6,390,000 | 256,000 | 156,000 | 100,000 | 40.1 | 24.4 | 15.6 | 5.37 |
| 1905 | 6,480,000 | 248,000 | 160,000 | 88,000 | 38.3 | 24.7 | 13.6 | 5.13 |
| 1906 | 6,570,000 | 262,000 | 157,000 | 105,000 | 39.9 | 23.9 | 16.0 | 5.35 |
| 1907 | 6,680,000 | 274,000 | 176,000 | 98,000 | 41.1 | 26.3 | 14.8 | 5.51 |
| 1908 | 6,770,000 | 273,000 | 185,000 | 88,000 | 40.3 | 27.4 | 13 | 5.40 |
| 1909 | 6,860,000 | 282,000 | 188,000 | 94,000 | 41.1 | 27.4 | 13.7 | 5.51 |
| 1910 | 6,970,000 | 274,000 | 173,000 | 101,000 | 39.3 | 24.8 | 14.5 | 5.27 |
| 1911 | 7,090,000 | 300,000 | 179,000 | 121,000 | 42.3 | 25.3 | 17.1 | 5.67 |
| 1912 | 7,240,000 | 314,000 | 166,000 | 148,000 | 43.4 | 22.9 | 20.4 | 5.82 |
| 1913 | 7,360,000 | 310,000 | 192,000 | 118,000 | 42.1 | 26.1 | 16.0 | 5.64 |
| 1914 | 7,770,000 | 327,000 | 183,000 | 144,000 | 42.1 | 23.5 | 18.5 | 5.64 |
| 1915 | 7,910,000 | 320,000 | 194,000 | 126,000 | 40.5 | 24.5 | 15.9 | 5.43 |
| Years | 1916 | 1917 | 1918[41] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.84 | 4.25 | 3.67 |
| Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates[41] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1919 | 15,920,000 | 366,000 | 328,000 | 38,000 | 23.0 | 20.6 | 2.4 | 3.08 |
| 1920 | 16,010,000 | 539,000 | 415,000 | 124,000 | 33.7 | 25.9 | 7.7 | 4.52 |
| 1921 | 16,240,000 | 620,000 | 372,000 | 248,000 | 38.2 | 22.9 | 15.3 | 5.12 |
| 1922 | 16,500,000 | 614,000 | 376,000 | 238,000 | 37.2 | 22.8 | 14.4 | 4.98 |
| 1923 | 16,770,000 | 609,000 | 372,000 | 237,000 | 36.4 | 22.1 | 14.4 | 4.88 |
| 1924 | 16,990,000 | 623,000 | 383,000 | 240,000 | 36.7 | 22.5 | 14.1 | 4.92 |
| 1925 | 17,190,000 | 606,000 | 362,000 | 244,000 | 35.2 | 21.1 | 14.1 | 4.72 |
| 1926 | 17,460,000 | 608,000 | 373,000 | 235,000 | 34.8 | 21.4 | 13.4 | 4.66 |
| 1927 | 17,690,000 | 603,000 | 393,000 | 210,000 | 34.1 | 22.2 | 11.9 | 4.57 |
| 1928 | 17,970,000 | 624,000 | 352,000 | 272,000 | 34.7 | 19.6 | 15.1 | 4.65 |
| 1929 | 17,640,000 | 601,000 | 378,000 | 223,000 | 34.1 | 21.4 | 12.6 | 4.57 |
| 1930 | 17,870,000 | 625,000 | 347,000 | 278,000 | 35.0 | 19.4 | 15.6 | 4.69 |
| 1931 | 18,190,000 | 605,000 | 379,000 | 226,000 | 33.3 | 20.8 | 12.4 | 4.46 |
| 1932 | 18,427,000 | 662,000 | 399,000 | 263,000 | 35.9 | 21.7 | 14.3 | 4.81 |
| 1933 | 18,653,000 | 598,000 | 348,000 | 250,000 | 32.1 | 18.7 | 13.4 | 4.30 |
| 1934 | 18,914,000 | 612,416 | 390,668 | 221,748 | 32.4 | 20.7 | 11.7 | 4.34 |
| 1935 | 19,088,000 | 585,503 | 402,720 | 182,783 | 30.7 | 21.1 | 9.6 | 4.11 |
| 1936 | 19,319,000 | 608,906 | 382,179 | 226,727 | 31.5 | 19.8 | 11.7 | 4.22 |
| 1937 | 19,535,000 | 601,310 | 377,954 | 223,356 | 30.8 | 19.3 | 11.4 | 4.13 |
| 1938 | 19,750,000 | 585,423 | 379,445 | 205,978 | 29.6 | 19.2 | 10.4 | 3.97 |
| 1939 | 19,934,000 | 563,817 | 370,348 | 193,469 | 28.3 | 18.6 | 9.7 | 3.79 |
| Years | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945[41] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 3.55 | 3.08 | 2.87 | 3.14 | 2.91 | 2.63 |
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2022) |
Source: National Institute of Statistics[45]
| Average population (July 1) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates[fn 1] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946 | 15,760,000 | 391,273 | 296,439 | 94,834 | 24.8 | 18.8 | 6.0 | 3.32 | |
| 1947 | 15,860,000 | 370,562 | 349,331 | 21,231 | 23.4 | 22.0 | 1.3 | 5.0 | 3.14 |
| 1948 | 15,893,000 | 379,868 | 248,238 | 131,630 | 23.9 | 15.6 | 8.3 | −6.2 | 3.20 |
| 1949 | 16,084,000 | 444,065 | 219,881 | 224,184 | 27.6 | 13.7 | 13.9 | −2.1 | 3.70 |
| 1950 | 16,311,000 | 426,820 | 202,010 | 224,810 | 26.2 | 12.4 | 13.8 | 0.1 | 3.14 |
| 1951 | 16,464,000 | 412,534 | 210,021 | 202,513 | 25.1 | 12.8 | 12.3 | −3.0 | 3.01 |
| 1952 | 16,630,000 | 413,217 | 195,287 | 217,930 | 24.8 | 11.7 | 13.1 | −3.2 | 2.97 |
| 1953 | 16,847,000 | 401,717 | 194,752 | 206,965 | 23.8 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 0.6 | 2.76 |
| 1954 | 17,040,000 | 422,346 | 195,091 | 227,255 | 24.8 | 11.4 | 13.3 | −2.0 | 2.98 |
| 1955 | 17,325,000 | 442,864 | 167,535 | 275,329 | 25.6 | 9.7 | 15.9 | 0.6 | 3.07 |
| 1956 | 17,583,000 | 425,704 | 174,847 | 250,857 | 24.2 | 9.9 | 14.3 | 0.4 | 2.89 |
| 1957 | 17,829,000 | 407,819 | 181,923 | 225,896 | 22.9 | 10.2 | 12.7 | 1.1 | 2.73 |
| 1958 | 18,056,000 | 390,500 | 156,493 | 234,007 | 21.6 | 8.7 | 13.0 | −0.4 | 2.58 |
| 1959 | 18,226,000 | 368,007 | 186,767 | 181,240 | 20.2 | 10.2 | 9.9 | −0,6 | 2.43 |
| 1960 | 18,403,414 | 352,241 | 160,720 | 191,521 | 19.1 | 8.7 | 10.4 | −0.8 | 2.33 |
| 1961 | 18,566,932 | 324,859 | 161,936 | 162,923 | 17.5 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 0 | 2.17 |
| 1962 | 18,680,721 | 301,985 | 172,429 | 129,556 | 16.2 | 9.2 | 6.9 | −0.8 | 2.04 |
| 1963 | 18,813,131 | 294,886 | 155,767 | 139,119 | 15.7 | 8.3 | 7.4 | −0.4 | 2.01 |
| 1964 | 18,927,081 | 287,383 | 152,476 | 134,907 | 15.2 | 8.1 | 7.1 | −1.1 | 1.96 |
| 1965 | 19,027,367 | 278,362 | 163,393 | 114,969 | 14.6 | 8.6 | 6.0 | −0.8 | 1.91 |
| 1966 | 19,140,783 | 273,678 | 157,445 | 116,233 | 14.3 | 8.2 | 6.1 | −0.1 | 1.90 |
| 1967 | 19,284,814 | 527,764 | 179,129 | 348,635 | 27.4 | 9.3 | 18.1 | −10.7 | 3.66 |
| 1968 | 19,720,984 | 526,091 | 188,509 | 337,582 | 26.7 | 9.6 | 17.1 | 5.1 | 3.63 |
| 1969 | 20,010,178 | 465,764 | 201,225 | 264,539 | 23.3 | 10.1 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 3.19 |
| 1970 | 20,252,541 | 427,034 | 193,255 | 233,779 | 21.1 | 9.5 | 11.5 | 0.4 | 2.89 |
| 1971 | 20,469,658 | 400,146 | 194,306 | 205,840 | 19.5 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 0.6 | 2.66 |
| 1972 | 20,662,648 | 389,153 | 189,793 | 199,360 | 18.8 | 9.2 | 9.6 | −0.3 | 2.55 |
| 1973 | 20,827,525 | 378,696 | 203,559 | 175,137 | 18.2 | 9.8 | 8.4 | −0.5 | 2.44 |
| 1974 | 21,028,841 | 427,732 | 191,286 | 236,446 | 20.3 | 9.1 | 11.2 | −1.7 | 2.72 |
| 1975 | 21,245,103 | 418,185 | 197,538 | 220,647 | 19.7 | 9.3 | 10.4 | −0.2 | 2.62 |
| 1976 | 21,445,698 | 417,353 | 204,873 | 212,480 | 19.5 | 9.6 | 9.9 | −0.6 | 2.58 |
| 1977 | 21,657,569 | 423,958 | 208,685 | 215,273 | 19.6 | 9.6 | 9.9 | −0.2 | 2.60 |
| 1978 | 21,854,622 | 416,598 | 211,846 | 204,752 | 19.1 | 9.7 | 9.4 | −0.4 | 2.54 |
| 1979 | 22,048,305 | 410,603 | 217,509 | 193,094 | 18.6 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 0 | 2.50 |
| 1980 | 22,201,387 | 398,904 | 231,876 | 167,028 | 18.0 | 10.4 | 7.5 | −0.6 | 2.45 |
| 1981 | 22,352,635 | 381,101 | 224,635 | 156,466 | 17.0 | 10.0 | 7.0 | −0.2 | 2.37 |
| 1982 | 22,477,703 | 344,369 | 224,120 | 120,249 | 15.3 | 10.0 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 2.17 |
| 1983 | 22,553,074 | 321,498 | 233,892 | 87,606 | 14.3 | 10.4 | 3.9 | −0.5 | 2.00 |
| 1984 | 22,624,505 | 350,741 | 233,699 | 117,042 | 15.5 | 10.3 | 5.2 | −2.0 | 2.19 |
| 1985 | 22,724,836 | 358,797 | 246,670 | 112,127 | 15.8 | 10.9 | 4.9 | −0.5 | 2.26 |
| 1986 | 22,823,479 | 376,896 | 242,330 | 134,566 | 16.5 | 10.6 | 5.9 | −1.6 | 2.39 |
| 1987 | 22,940,430 | 383,199 | 254,286 | 128,913 | 16.7 | 11.1 | 5.6 | −0.5 | 2.42 |
| 1988 | 23,053,552 | 380,043 | 253,370 | 126,673 | 16.5 | 11.0 | 5.5 | −0.6 | 2.31 |
| 1989 | 23,151,564 | 369,544 | 247,306 | 122,238 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 5.3 | −1.1 | 2.19 |
| 1990 | 23,206,720 | 314,746 | 247,086 | 67,660 | 13.6 | 10.6 | 2.9 | −0.5 | 1.83 |
| 1991 | 23,185,084 | 275,275 | 251,760 | 23,515 | 11.9 | 10.9 | 1.0 | −1.9 | 1.56 |
| 1992 | 22,788,969 | 260,393 | 263,855 | −3,462 | 11.4 | 11.6 | −0.2 | −16.9 | 1.50 |
| 1993 | 22,755,260 | 249,994 | 263,323 | −13,329 | 11.0 | 11.6 | −0.6 | −0.9 | 1.45 |
| 1994 | 22,730,622 | 246,736 | 266,101 | –19,365 | 10.9 | 11.7 | −0.9 | −0.2 | 1.42 |
| 1995 | 22,680,951 | 236,640 | 271,672 | −35,032 | 10.4 | 12.0 | −1.5 | −0.6 | 1.34 |
| 1996 | 22,607,620 | 231,348 | 286,158 | −54,810 | 10.2 | 12.7 | −2.4 | −0.8 | 1.29 |
| 1997 | 22,545,925 | 236,891 | 279,315 | −42,424 | 10.5 | 12.4 | −1.9 | −0.9 | 1.31 |
| 1998 | 22,502,803 | 237,297 | 269,166 | −31,869 | 10.5 | 12.0 | −1.4 | −0.5 | 1.33 |
| 1999 | 22,458,022 | 234,600 | 265,194 | −30,594 | 10.4 | 11.8 | −1.4 | -0.6 | 1.32 |
| 2000 | 22,435,205 | 234,521 | 255,820 | −21,299 | 10.5 | 11.4 | −0.9 | −0.1 | 1.32 |
| 2001 | 22,408,393 | 220,368 | 259,603 | −39,235 | 9.8 | 11.6 | −1.8 | 0.6 | 1.23 |
| 2002 | 21,675,775 | 210,529 | 269,666 | −59,137 | 9.7 | 12.4 | −2.7 | −30.1 | 1.26 |
| 2003 | 21,574,365 | 212,459 | 266,575 | −54,116 | 9.8 | 12.4 | −2.5 | −2.2 | 1.29 |
| 2004 | 21,451,845 | 216,261 | 258,890 | −42,629 | 10.1 | 12.1 | −2.0 | −3.7 | 1.32 |
| 2005 | 21,319,673 | 221,020 | 262,101 | −41,081 | 10.4 | 12.3 | −1.9 | −4.2 | 1.38 |
| 2006 | 21,193,749 | 219,483 | 258,094 | −38,611 | 10.4 | 12.2 | −1.8 | −4.1 | 1.41 |
| 2007 | 20,882,980 | 214,728 | 251,965 | −37,237 | 10.3 | 12.1 | −1.8 | −12.9 | 1.43 |
| 2008 | 20,537,848 | 221,900 | 253,202 | −31,302 | 10.8 | 12.3 | −1.5 | −15.0 | 1.58 |
| 2009 | 20,367,437 | 222,388 | 257,213 | −34,825 | 10.9 | 12.6 | −1.7 | −6.6 | 1.65 |
| 2010 | 20,246,798 | 212,199 | 259,723 | −47,524 | 10.5 | 12.8 | −2.3 | −3.6 | 1.58 |
| 2011 | 20,147,657 | 196,242 | 251,439 | −55,197 | 9.7 | 12.5 | −2.7 | −2.2 | 1.46 |
| 2012 | 20,060,182 | 201,104 | 255,539 | −54,435 | 10.0 | 12.7 | −2.7 | −1.6 | 1.52 |
| 2013 | 19,988,694 | 214,932 | 250,466 | −35,534 | 10.8 | 12.5 | −2.7 | −0.6 | 1.45 |
| 2014 | 19,916,451 | 202,501 | 255,604 | −53,103 | 10.2 | 12.8 | −2.6 | −0.8 | 1.55 |
| 2015 | 19,822,250 | 206,190 | 262,981 | −56,791 | 10.4 | 13.3 | −2.9 | −1.7 | 1.61 |
| 2016 | 19,706,424 | 209,641 | 258,896 | −49,255 | 10.6 | 13.1 | −2.5 | −3.2 | 1.68 |
| 2017 | 19,592,933 | 214,928 | 262,811 | −47,883 | 11.0 | 13.4 | −2.4 | −3.1 | 1.77 |
| 2018 | 19,483,840 | 214,614 | 265,494 | −50,880 | 11.0 | 13.6 | −2.6 | −2.8 | 1.81 |
| 2019 | 19,394,228 | 215,467 | 261,445 | −45,978 | 11.1 | 13.5 | −2.4 | −2.0 | 1.86 |
| 2020 | 19,296,076 | 211,273 | 300,114 | −88,841 | 11.0 | 15.6 | −4.6 | −0.3 | 1.80 |
| 2021 | 19,140,432 | 203,418 | 336,678 | −133,260 | 10.6 | 17.6 | −7.2 | −1.7 | 1.81 |
| 2022 | 19,053,345 | 182,083 | 273,526 | −91,443 | 9.6 | 14.4 | −4.8 | 1.1 | 1.71 |
| 2023 | 19,065,215 | 164,004 | 244,624 | −80,620 | 8.6 | 12.8 | −4.2 | 5.1 | 1.54 |
| 2024 | 19,055,961 | 148,916 | 244,735 | –95,819 | 7.8 | 12.8 | −5.0 | 5.2 | 1.37(e) |
| 2025 | 19,036,031* |
* Data as of January 1, 2025. Data as of July 1 are to be released.
Note: The 2011 Romanian census gave a figure of 20,121,641.
The 2021 Romanian census gave a figure of 19,053,815.
The current vital statistics of Romania are as follows
| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
|---|---|---|---|
| January–September 2024 | 112,560 | 183,970 | −71,410 |
| January–September 2025 | 109,163 | 178,307 | −69,144 |
| Difference | −3,397 (−3.01%) |  -5,663 (- 3.07%) | +2,266 |
| Source:[46] | |||
| Regions | TFR |
|---|---|
| Nord-Est | 1.76 |
| Centru | 1.65 |
| Sud-Est | 1.56 |
| Nord-Vest | 1.55 |
 Romania | 1.54 |
| Sud − Muntenia | 1.49 |
| Vest | 1.44 |
| Sud-Vest | 1.38 |
| București - Ilfov | 1.33 |
| Regions | TFR |
|---|---|
| Bihor County | 1.67 |
| Bistrița-Năsăud County | 1.64 |
| Cluj County | 1.34 |
| Maramureș County | 1.47 |
| Satu Mare County | 1.53 |
| Sălaj County | 1.96 |
| Alba County | 1.55 |
| Brașov County | 1.67 |
| Covasna County | 1.63 |
| Hargita County | 1.71 |
| Mureș County | 1.67 |
| Sibiu County | 1.60 |
| Bacău County | 1.61 |
| Botoșani County | 1.64 |
| Iași County | 1.69 |
| Neamț County | 1.62 |
| Suceava County | 2.08 |
| Vaslui County | 1.79 |
| Brăila County | 1.44 |
| Buzău County | 1.50 |
| Constanța County | 1.56 |
| Galați County | 1.63 |
| Tulcea County | 1.49 |
| Vrancea County | 1.55 |
| Argeș County | 1.40 |
| Călărași County | 1.59 |
| Dâmbovița County | 1.38 |
| Giurgiu County | 1.52 |
| Ialomița County | 1.84 |
| Prahova County | 1.45 |
| Teleorman County | 1.43 |
| București | 1.38 |
| Ilfov County | 1.20 |
| Dolj County | 1.50 |
| Gorj County | 1.23 |
| Mehedinți County | 1.25 |
| Olt County | 1.44 |
| Vâlcea County | 1.26 |
| Arad County | 1.57 |
| Caraș-Severin County | 1.43 |
| Hunedoara County | 1.39 |
| Timiș County | 1.38 |
| Romania | 1.54 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 9 387 590 | 9 814 072 | 19 201 662 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 521 481 | 493 753 | 1 015 234 | 5.29 |
| 5–9 | 491 575 | 465 014 | 956 589 | 4.98 |
| 10–14 | 542 113 | 513 007 | 1 055 120 | 5.49 |
| 15–19 | 529 720 | 497 225 | 1 026 945 | 5.35 |
| 20–24 | 516 683 | 488 542 | 1 005 225 | 5.24 |
| 25–29 | 521 145 | 486 568 | 1 007 713 | 5.25 |
| 30–34 | 692 834 | 641 537 | 1 334 371 | 6.95 |
| 35–39 | 666 920 | 624 800 | 1 291 720 | 6.73 |
| 40–44 | 773 295 | 740 280 | 1 513 575 | 7.88 |
| 45–49 | 757 067 | 717 118 | 1 474 185 | 7.68 |
| 50–54 | 802 907 | 770 972 | 1 573 879 | 8.20 |
| 55–59 | 502 848 | 511 124 | 1 013 972 | 5.28 |
| 60–64 | 574 456 | 653 682 | 1 228 138 | 6.40 |
| 65−69 | 536 795 | 676 615 | 1 213 410 | 6.32 |
| 70−74 | 403 858 | 556 959 | 960 817 | 5.00 |
| 75−79 | 234 736 | 370 749 | 605 485 | 3.15 |
| 80−84 | 181 168 | 332 869 | 514 037 | 2.68 |
| 85−89 | 92 247 | 181 016 | 273 263 | 1.42 |
| 90−94 | 34 236 | 68 768 | 103 004 | 0.54 |
| 95−99 | 9 544 | 18 845 | 28 389 | 0.15 |
| 100+ | 1 962 | 4 629 | 6 591 | 0.03 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 1 555 169 | 1 471 774 | 3 026 943 | 15.76 |
| 15–64 | 6 337 875 | 6 131 848 | 12 469 723 | 64.94 |
| 65+ | 1 494 546 | 2 210 450 | 3 704 996 | 19.30 |
Averagelife expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[50]
| Period | Life expectancy in Years |
|---|---|
| 1950–1955 |  61.15 |
| 1955–1960 | 63.287 |
| 1960–1965 | 67.78 |
| 1965–1970 | 67.34 |
| 1970–1975 | 69.02 |
| 1975–1980 | 69.59 |
| 1980–1985 | 69.73 |
| 1985–1990 | 69.52 |
| 1990–1995 | 69.60 |
| 1995–2000 | 69.71 |
| 2000–2005 | 71.47 |
| 2005–2010 | 73.08 |
| 2010–2015 | 74.85 |
| 2015–2020 | ? |
Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namelyBucharest.Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), whileVâlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[52]
The following demographic statistics are from theCIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[53]
c. 19,000,000 (January 2023 est.)
Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Just a slight majority, 54.7% lives in urban areas (est. 2023), and the rate of urbanization is -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)[57]
5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024);[58] down from9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (May 2010);[59] down from 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births in 2002.[60]
definition: age 14 and over can read and write (2021 Census)[62]
The noun form is Romanian(s), and the adjectival form is Romanian.
As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of theNicolae Ceaușescu regime (seeDecree 770), Romania has a higher proportion of its population born in the late 1960s and 1970s than any other Western country exceptSlovenia. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% ofAmericans and 6.33% ofBritons.[64]
Population by ethnicity based on age groups, according to the 2011 census:[65]
| Age group | Total population | Romanians | Hungarians | Roma | Ukrainians | Germans | Turks | Others/Undeclared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 1,045,029 | 766,078 | 52,158 | 73,860 | 2,606 | 890 | 2,348 | 147,089 |
| 5–9 | 1,054,391 | 804,721 | 55,477 | 69,998 | 3,058 | 990 | 2,095 | 118,052 |
| 10–14 | 1,090,226 | 861,915 | 58,081 | 64,776 | 3,285 | 1,072 | 1,996 | 99,101 |
| 15–19 | 1,108,453 | 911,478 | 59,737 | 53,768 | 3,712 | 1,158 | 1,651 | 76,949 |
| 20–24 | 1,366,374 | 1,119,417 | 76,714 | 60,542 | 3,770 | 1,488 | 2,261 | 102,182 |
| 25–29 | 1,303,077 | 1,048,482 | 74,135 | 49,452 | 3,545 | 1,459 | 2,117 | 123,887 |
| 30–34 | 1,522,719 | 1,241,284 | 90,620 | 51,267 | 3,692 | 1,770 | 2,452 | 131,634 |
| 35–39 | 1,538,897 | 1,283,084 | 95,034 | 45,551 | 3,710 | 1,999 | 2,403 | 107,116 |
| 40–44 | 1,743,878 | 1,493,176 | 103,663 | 39,351 | 3,530 | 2,672 | 2,319 | 99,167 |
| 45–49 | 1,076,258 | 924,664 | 66,469 | 24,319 | 3,082 | 1,933 | 1,642 | 54,149 |
| 50–54 | 1,332,266 | 1,156,851 | 80,134 | 25,816 | 3,259 | 2,530 | 1,732 | 61,944 |
| 55–59 | 1,448,043 | 1,255,293 | 94,852 | 23,064 | 3,109 | 3,375 | 1,554 | 66,796 |
| 60–64 | 1,244,286 | 1,084,578 | 82,353 | 15,976 | 2,874 | 2,523 | 1,090 | 54,892 |
| 65–69 | 890,340 | 766,197 | 74,709 | 8,708 | 2,238 | 2,796 | 682 | 35,010 |
| 70–74 | 901,370 | 792,445 | 63,963 | 7,063 | 2,190 | 3,525 | 560 | 31,624 |
| 75–79 | 729,965 | 646,048 | 48,315 | 4,803 | 1,697 | 2,734 | 430 | 25,938 |
| 80–84 | 462,807 | 407,295 | 32,265 | 2,346 | 1,021 | 1,947 | 231 | 17,702 |
| 85+ | 263,262 | 229,862 | 18,944 | 913 | 542 | 1,181 | 135 | 11,685 |
Foreign-born population (according toEurostat):[66]
| 2016 | 2018 | 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population total | 19,760,585 | 19,533,481 | 19,328,838 |
| Total | 347,344 | 510,526 | 723,913 |
 Moldova | 137,406 | 201,628 | 302,001 |
  Italy | 46,172 | 60,543 | 72,473 |
 Spain | 35,857 | 46,645 | 59,978 |
 Ukraine | 14,328 | 25,644 | 47,614 |
 United Kingdom | 10,428 | 22,127 | 34,812 |
 Germany | 10,750 | 20,739 | 34,071 |
 France | 9,262 | 15,887 | 21,960 |
 Bulgaria | 10,882 | 10,540 | 10,029 |
 Hungary | 7,151 | 8,588 | 9,560 |
 Russia | 5,596 | 7,294 | 9,308 |
 Turkey | 6,769 | 7,933 | 9,230 |
 Greece | 5,576 | 6,843 | 7,829 |
 China | 4,235 | 5,485 | 6,125 |
 United States | 3,634 | 5,095 | 5,771 |
 Belgium | 1,808 | 3,120 | 4,970 |
 Israel | 2,121 | 3,727 | 4,718 |
 Vietnam | 111 | 642 | 4,223 |
 Ireland | 1,299 | 2,678 | 3,829 |
 Austria | 1,179 | 2,054 | 3,767 |
 Syria | 2,833 | 3,376 | 3,191 |
 Serbia | 1,897 | 2,484 | 2,845 |
 Portugal | 929 | 1,771 | 2,369 |
 Denmark | 545 | 1,105 | 2,246 |
 Sri Lanka | 89 | 340 | 2,195 |
 Nepal | 18 | 180 | 2,136 |
 Netherlands | 552 | 1,220 | 1,921 |
 Tunisia | 1,362 | 1,652 | 1,672 |
 India | 235 | 421 | 1,572 |
 Cyprus | 560 | 1,012 | 1,508 |
 Iraq | 1,701 | 2,044 | 1,419 |
 Iran | 1,348 | 1,350 | 1,410 |
 Norway | 477 | 941 | 1,375 |
 Sweden | 408 | 898 | 1,356 |
 Morocco | 386 | 876 | 1,343 |
 Philippines | 169 | 467 | 1,206 |
 Switzerland | 361 | 789 | 1,136 |
 Poland | 387 | 970 | 1,061 |
 Pakistan | 404 | 437 | 1,032 |
| Year | Immigration (Permanent) | Emigration (Permanent) | Net Migration (Permanent) | Temporary Immigration | Temporary Emigration | Net Temporary Migration | Total Net Migration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 1,602 | 44,160 | −42,558 | – | – | – | −42,558 |
| 1992 | 1,753 | 31,152 | −29,399 | – | – | – | −29,399 |
| 1993 | 1,269 | 18,446 | −17,177 | – | – | – | −17,177 |
| 1994 | 878 | 17,146 | −16,268 | – | – | – | −16,268 |
| 1995 | 4,458 | 25,675 | −21,217 | – | – | – | −21,217 |
| 1996 | 2,053 | 21,526 | −19,473 | – | – | – | −19,473 |
| 1997 | 6,600 | 19,945 | −13,345 | – | – | – | −13,345 |
| 1998 | 11,907 | 17,536 | −5,629 | – | – | – | −5,629 |
| 1999 | 10,078 | 12,594 | −2,516 | – | – | – | −2,516 |
| 2000 | 11,024 | 14,753 | −3,729 | – | – | – | −3,729 |
| 2001 | 10,350 | 9,921 | 429 | – | – | – | 429 |
| 2002 | 6,582 | 8,154 | −1,572 | – | – | – | −1,572 |
| 2003 | 3,267 | 10,673 | −7,406 | 91,726 | 143,977 | −52,251 | −59,657 |
| 2004 | 2,987 | 13,082 | −10,095 | 98,329 | 194,488 | −96,159 | −106,254 |
| 2005 | 3,704 | 10,938 | −7,234 | 91,040 | 175,297 | −84,257 | −91,491 |
| 2006 | 7,714 | 14,197 | −6,483 | 100,537 | 188,439 | −87,902 | −94,385 |
| 2007 | 9,575 | 8,830 | 745 | 86,267 | 544,074 | −457,807 | −457,062 |
| 2008 | 10,030 | 8,739 | 1,291 | 138,929 | 302,796 | −163,867 | −162,576 |
| 2009 | 8,606 | 10,211 | −1,605 | 135,844 | 246,626 | −110,782 | −112,387 |
| 2010 | 7,059 | 7,906 | −847 | 149,885 | 197,985 | −48,100 | −48,947 |
| 2011 | 15,538 | 18,307 | −2,769 | 147,685 | 195,551 | −47,866 | −50,635 |
| 2012 | 21,684 | 18,001 | 3,683 | 167,266 | 170,186 | −2,920 | 763 |
| 2013 | 23,897 | 19,056 | 4,841 | 153,646 | 161,755 | −8,109 | −3,268 |
| 2014 | 36,644 | 11,251 | 25,393 | 136,035 | 172,871 | −36,836 | −11,443 |
| 2015 | 23,093 | 15,235 | 7,858 | 132,795 | 194,718 | −61,923 | −54,065 |
| 2016 | 27,863 | 22,807 | 5,056 | 137,455 | 207,578 | −70,123 | −65,067 |
| 2017 | 50,199 | 23,156 | 27,043 | 177,435 | 242,193 | −64,758 | −37,715 |
| 2018 | 65,678 | 27,229 | 38,449 | 172,578 | 231,661 | −59,083 | −20,634 |
| 2019 | 64,479 | 26,775 | 37,704 | 202,422 | 233,736 | −31,314 | 6,390 |
| 2020 | 32,250 | 21,031 | 11,219 | 145,519 | 186,818 | −41,299 | −30,080 |
| 2021 | 49,769 | 34,341 | 15,428 | 194,642 | 216,861 | −22,219 | −6,791 |
| 2022 | 54,839 | 48,438 | 6,401 | 293,024 | 202,311 | 90,713 | 97,114 |
| 2023 | 29,830 | 48,612 | −18,782 | 324,091 | 239,244 | 84,847 | 66,065 |
| 2024 | 28,431 | 51,062 | -22,631 | 288,011 | 229,180 | 58,831 | 36,200 |
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Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with theRomanian Orthodox Church. The Greek Catholic orUniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicates that 0.9% of the population isGreek Catholic, as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948.Roman Catholics, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (seeBaptist Union of Romania andConvention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. There are smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.
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