| Demographics ofGreenland | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid of Greenland in 2020 | |
| Population | 57,792 (2022 est.) |
| Growth rate | -0.02% (2022 est.) |
| Birth rate | 13.79 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Death rate | 8.96 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 73.98 years |
| • male | 71.28 years |
| • female | 76.82 years |
| Fertility rate | 1.91 children born/woman (2022 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | 8.75 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Net migration rate | -5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 20.82% |
| 65 and over | 10.36% |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 1.08 male(s)/female (2022 est.) |
| At birth | 1.05 male(s)/female |
| Under 15 | 1.03 male(s)/female |
| 65 and over | 0.84 male(s)/female |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Greenlander |
| Language | |
| Official | Greenlandic |
| Spoken | Greenlandic, Danish, English |
This is ademography of thepopulation ofGreenland includingpopulation density,ethnicity, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
The population pyramid of Greenland was highly impacted by abirth control program conducted by Danish authorities in the 1960s and 70s.
As of 1 January 2024[update] the resident population of Greenland was estimated to be 56,699, an increase of 90 (0.2%) from the previous year.[1]
| Municipality | Population | % of total | Annual change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq | 24,382 | 43.00% |  +234 (+1.0%) |
| Avannaata Kommunia | 10,846 | 19.13% |  −74 (−0.7%) |
| Qeqqata Kommunia | 9,204 | 16.23% | +13 (+0.1%) |
| Kommune Kujalleq | 6,145 | 10.84% | −60 (−1.0%) |
| Kommune Qeqertalik | 6,058 | 10.68% | −24 (−0.4%) |
Values do not sum to 100% because there were 64 inhabitants living outside the five municipalities; this includes residents in theunincorporatedNortheast Greenland National Park.Nuuk is the most populous locality in Greenland with 19,872 inhabitants, which is about 35% of Greenland's total population.
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 29 867 | 26 616 | 56 483 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 2 142 | 1 930 | 4 072 | 7.21 |
| 5–9 | 2 004 | 1 942 | 3 946 | 6.99 |
| 10–14 | 2 088 | 2 022 | 4 110 | 7.28 |
| 15–19 | 2 130 | 2 111 | 4 241 | 7.51 |
| 20–24 | 2 350 | 2 283 | 4 633 | 8.20 |
| 25–29 | 2 159 | 2 081 | 4 240 | 7.51 |
| 30–34 | 1 954 | 1 864 | 3 818 | 6.76 |
| 35–39 | 1 730 | 1 440 | 3 170 | 5.61 |
| 40–44 | 2 008 | 1 690 | 3 698 | 6.55 |
| 45–49 | 2 980 | 2 537 | 5 517 | 9.77 |
| 50–54 | 2 599 | 2 123 | 4 722 | 8.36 |
| 55–59 | 2 092 | 1 546 | 3 638 | 6.44 |
| 60–64 | 1 425 | 1 036 | 2 461 | 4.36 |
| 65–69 | 1 071 | 731 | 1 802 | 3.19 |
| 70–74 | 629 | 594 | 1 223 | 2.17 |
| 75–79 | 319 | 365 | 684 | 1.21 |
| 80–84 | 143 | 229 | 372 | 0.66 |
| 85–89 | 39 | 80 | 119 | 0.21 |
| 90–94 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 0.02 |
| 95–99 | 1 | 2 | 3 | <0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 6 234 | 5 894 | 12 128 | 21.47 |
| 15–64 | 21 427 | 18 711 | 40 138 | 71.06 |
| 65+ | 2 206 | 2 011 | 4 217 | 7.47 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 29 855 | 26 798 | 56 653 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 2 058 | 1 987 | 4 045 | 7.14 |
| 5–9 | 1 994 | 1 855 | 3 849 | 6.79 |
| 10–14 | 1 991 | 1 840 | 3 831 | 6.76 |
| 15–19 | 1 851 | 1 760 | 3 611 | 6.37 |
| 20–24 | 1 972 | 1 943 | 3 915 | 6.91 |
| 25–29 | 2 363 | 2 268 | 4 631 | 8.17 |
| 30–34 | 2 398 | 2 338 | 4 736 | 8.36 |
| 35–39 | 2 096 | 1 902 | 3 998 | 7.06 |
| 40–44 | 1 793 | 1 517 | 3 310 | 5.84 |
| 45–49 | 1 630 | 1 289 | 2 919 | 5.15 |
| 50–54 | 2 215 | 1 922 | 4 137 | 7.30 |
| 55–59 | 2 577 | 2 174 | 4 751 | 8.39 |
| 60–64 | 2 108 | 1 615 | 3 723 | 6.57 |
| 65–69 | 1 285 | 992 | 2 277 | 4.02 |
| 70–74 | 776 | 618 | 1 394 | 2.46 |
| 75–79 | 485 | 433 | 918 | 1.62 |
| 80–84 | 194 | 219 | 413 | 0.73 |
| 85–89 | 52 | 92 | 144 | 0.25 |
| 90–94 | 13 | 29 | 42 | 0.07 |
| 95+ | 4 | 5 | 9 | 0.02 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 6 043 | 5 682 | 11 725 | 20.70 |
| 15–64 | 20 886 | 18 728 | 39 614 | 69.92 |
| 65+ | 2 926 | 2 388 | 5 314 | 9.38 |
| Year | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | Infant mortality rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 12,000 | 416 | 306 | 110 | 35.6 | 26.2 | 9.4 | ||
| 1901 | 12,000 | 461 | 301 | 160 | 38.7 | 25.3 | 13.4 | ||
| 1902 | 12,000 | 426 | 259 | 167 | 35.5 | 21.6 | 13.9 | ||
| 1903 | 12,000 | 428 | 327 | 101 | 35.1 | 26.8 | 8.3 | ||
| 1904 | 12,000 | 535 | 283 | 252 | 43.5 | 23.0 | 20.5 | ||
| 1905 | 13,000 | 487 | 292 | 195 | 39.0 | 23.4 | 15.6 | ||
| 1906 | 13,000 | 493 | 366 | 127 | 39.1 | 29.0 | 10.1 | ||
| 1907 | 13,000 | 476 | 362 | 114 | 37.2 | 28.3 | 8.9 | ||
| 1908 | 13,000 | 543 | 378 | 165 | 42.1 | 29.3 | 12.8 | ||
| 1909 | 13,000 | 564 | 448 | 116 | 43.1 | 34.2 | 8.9 | ||
| 1910 | 13,000 | 443 | 354 | 89 | 33.6 | 26.8 | 6.7 | ||
| 1911 | 13,000 | 577 | 562 | 15 | 43.1 | 41.9 | 1.1 | ||
| 1912 | 14,000 | 482 | 389 | 93 | 35.7 | 28.8 | 6.9 | ||
| 1913 | 14,000 | 592 | 390 | 202 | 43.5 | 28.7 | 14.9 | ||
| 1919 | 14,000 | 531 | 458 | 73 | 38.8 | 33.4 | 5.3 | ||
| 1915 | 14,000 | 545 | 428 | 117 | 39.8 | 31.2 | 8.5 | ||
| 1916 | 14,000 | 545 | 447 | 98 | 39.5 | 32.4 | 7.1 | ||
| 1917 | 14,000 | 547 | 312 | 235 | 39.4 | 22.4 | 16.9 | ||
| 1918 | 14,000 | 550 | 328 | 222 | 39.3 | 23.4 | 15.9 | ||
| 1919 | 14,000 | 510 | 614 | −104 | 36.2 | 43.5 | −7.4 | ||
| 1920 | 14,000 | 569 | 429 | 140 | 40.1 | 30.2 | 9.9 | ||
| 1921 | 14,000 | 610 | 565 | 45 | 42.7 | 39.5 | 3.1 | ||
| 1922 | 15,000 | 545 | 396 | 149 | 37.3 | 27.1 | 10.2 | ||
| 1923 | 15,000 | 563 | 326 | 237 | 38.0 | 22.0 | 16.0 | ||
| 1924 | 15,000 | 580 | 426 | 154 | 38.4 | 28.2 | 10.2 | ||
| 1925 | 15,000 | 660 | 582 | 78 | 42.9 | 37.8 | 5.1 | ||
| 1926 | 16,000 | 619 | 340 | 279 | 39.7 | 21.8 | 17.9 | ||
| 1927 | 16,000 | 615 | 322 | 293 | 38.7 | 20.3 | 18.4 | ||
| 1928 | 16,000 | 680 | 366 | 314 | 42.0 | 22.6 | 19.4 | ||
| 1929 | 17,000 | 743 | 353 | 390 | 45.0 | 21.4 | 23.6 | ||
| 1930 | 17,000 | 768 | 383 | 385 | 45.7 | 22.8 | 22.9 | ||
| 1931 | 17,000 | 779 | 431 | 348 | 46.1 | 25.5 | 20.6 | ||
| 1932 | 17,000 | 728 | 625 | 103 | 43.3 | 37.1 | 6.2 | ||
| 1933 | 17,000 | 776 | 370 | 406 | 45.6 | 21.8 | 23.8 | ||
| 1934 | 17,000 | 807 | 503 | 304 | 46.4 | 28.9 | 17.5 | ||
| 1935 | 18,000 | 813 | 835 | −22 | 46.5 | 47.7 | −1.3 | ||
| 1936 | 18,000 | 740 | 811 | −71 | 42.0 | 46.1 | −4.0 | ||
| 1937 | 18,000 | 767 | 474 | 293 | 43.1 | 26.6 | 16.5 | ||
| 1938 | 18,000 | 731 | 375 | 356 | 40.4 | 20.7 | 19.7 | ||
| 1939 | 18,000 | 762 | 680 | 82 | 41.6 | 37.2 | 4.5 | ||
| 1940 | 19,000 | 873 | 356 | 517 | 46.9 | 19.1 | 27.8 | ||
| 1941 | 19,000 | 815 | 364 | 451 | 42.7 | 19.1 | 23.6 | ||
| 1942 | 20,000 | 904 | 448 | 456 | 46.1 | 22.9 | 23.3 | ||
| 1943 | 20,000 | 796 | 429 | 367 | 39.8 | 21.5 | 18.4 | ||
| 1944 | 20,000 | 911 | 491 | 420 | 44.7 | 24.1 | 20.6 | ||
| 1945 | 21,000 | 818 | 408 | 410 | 39.5 | 19.7 | 19.8 | ||
| 1946 | 21,000 | 920 | 416 | 504 | 43.6 | 19.7 | 23.9 | ||
| 1947 | 22,000 | 953 | 490 | 463 | 44.1 | 22.7 | 21.4 | ||
| 1948 | 22,000 | 883 | 499 | 384 | 40.5 | 22.9 | 17.6 | 5.695 | |
| 1949 | 22,000 | 989 | 898 | 91 | 44.7 | 40.6 | 4.1 | 6.045 | |
| 1950 | 23,000 | 1,129 | 539 | 590 | 50.0 | 23.8 | 26.1 | 6.930 | |
| 1951 | 23,000 | 999 | 550 | 449 | 42.9 | 23.6 | 19.3 | 5.770 | |
| 1952 | 24,000 | 1,034 | 475 | 559 | 43.1 | 19.8 | 23.3 | 5.960 | |
| 1953 | 25,000 | 1,109 | 398 | 711 | 44.9 | 16.1 | 28.8 | 6.150 | |
| 1954 | 26,000 | 1,136 | 388 | 748 | 44.4 | 15.2 | 29.2 | 6.310 | |
| 1955 | 27,000 | 1,234 | 375 | 859 | 46.4 | 14.1 | 32.3 | 6.605 | |
| 1956 | 27,000 | 1,293 | 351 | 942 | 47.2 | 12.8 | 34.4 | 6.670 | |
| 1957 | 29,000 | 1,361 | 337 | 1,024 | 47.6 | 11.8 | 35.8 | 6.925 | |
| 1958 | 30,000 | 1,410 | 290 | 1,120 | 47.2 | 9.7 | 37.5 | 6.815 | |
| 1959 | 31,000 | 1,491 | 285 | 1,206 | 47.6 | 9.1 | 38.5 | 7.145 | |
| 1960 | 33,000 | 1,586 | 256 | 1,330 | 48.6 | 7.8 | 40.7 | 7.245 | |
| 1961 | 34,000 | 1,644 | 292 | 1,352 | 48.8 | 8.7 | 40.1 | 7.310 | |
| 1962 | 35,000 | 1,610 | 361 | 1,249 | 46.1 | 10.3 | 35.8 | 7.085 | |
| 1963 | 36,000 | 1,671 | 279 | 1,392 | 46.2 | 7.7 | 38.5 | 7.035 | |
| 1964 | 38,000 | 1,797 | 329 | 1,468 | 47.4 | 8.7 | 38.7 | 7.270 | |
| 1965 | 39,000 | 1,738 | 337 | 1,401 | 44.3 | 8.6 | 35.7 | 6.960 | |
| 1966 | 41,000 | 1,781 | 329 | 1,452 | 43.5 | 8.0 | 35.5 | 6.995 | |
| 1967 | 43,000 | 1,685 | 314 | 1,371 | 39.3 | 7.3 | 32.0 | 6.395 | |
| 1968 | 45,000 | 1,576 | 333 | 1,243 | 35.3 | 7.4 | 27.8 | 5.845 | |
| 1969 | 46,000 | 1,310 | 311 | 999 | 28.5 | 6.8 | 21.7 | 4.580 | |
| 1970 | 46,000 | 1,144 | 283 | 861 | 24.7 | 6.1 | 18.6 | 3.900 | |
| 1971 | 47,000 | 1,028 | 289 | 739 | 21.8 | 6.1 | 15.7 | 3.245 | |
| 1972 | 48,000 | 948 | 295 | 653 | 19.6 | 6.1 | 13.5 | 2.770 | |
| 1973 | 49,000 | 940 | 339 | 601 | 19.2 | 6.9 | 12.3 | 2.690 | 36.2 |
| 1974 | 50,000 | 866 | 332 | 534 | 17.5 | 6.7 | 10.8 | 2.300 | 28.9 |
| 1975 | 50,000 | 815 | 313 | 502 | 17.5 | 6.3 | 11.2 | 2.345 | 36.8 |
| 1976 | 50,000 | 859 | 348 | 511 | 17.3 | 7.0 | 10.3 | 2.255 | 32.6 |
| 1977 | 49,000 | 918 | 373 | 545 | 18.6 | 7.2 | 11.4 | 2.349 | 42.5 |
| 1978 | 49,000 | 870 | 309 | 561 | 17.7 | 6.4 | 11.3 | 2.197 | 26.4 |
| 1979 | 50,000 | 900 | 393 | 507 | 18.2 | 8.1 | 10.0 | 2.187 | 37.8 |
| 1980 | 50,000 | 1,034 | 380 | 654 | 20.5 | 7.6 | 12.8 | 2.435 | 31.9 |
| 1981 | 51,000 | 1,056 | 381 | 675 | 20.6 | 7.5 | 13.1 | 2.332 | 31.3 |
| 1982 | 52,000 | 1,052 | 408 | 644 | 20.6 | 8.2 | 12.4 | 2.236 | 37.1 |
| 1983 | 52,000 | 994 | 433 | 561 | 18.9 | 8.3 | 10.6 | 2.054 | 37.2 |
| 1984 | 53,000 | 1,054 | 439 | 615 | 20.0 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 2.107 | 28.5 |
| 1985 | 53,000 | 1,152 | 435 | 717 | 21.4 | 8.2 | 13.2 | 2.241 | 24.3 |
| 1986 | 54,000 | 1,055 | 445 | 610 | 19.7 | 8.3 | 11.4 | 2.044 | 22.7 |
| 1987 | 54,000 | 1,104 | 445 | 659 | 20.4 | 8.2 | 12.2 | 2.083 | 26.3 |
| 1988 | 55,000 | 1,213 | 432 | 781 | 22.1 | 7.9 | 14.3 | 2.317 | 16.5 |
| 1989 | 55,000 | 1,210 | 455 | 755 | 21.9 | 8.2 | 13.7 | 2.299 | 21.5 |
| 1990 | 56,000 | 1,258 | 467 | 791 | 22.6 | 8.4 | 14.2 | 2.444 | 32.6 |
| 1991 | 56,000 | 1,192 | 458 | 734 | 21.5 | 8.3 | 13.2 | 2.421 | 34.4 |
| 1992 | 55,000 | 1,237 | 441 | 796 | 22.4 | 8.0 | 14.4 | 2.607 | 12.9 |
| 1993 | 55,000 | 1,180 | 432 | 748 | 21.3 | 7.8 | 13.5 | 2.578 | 26.3 |
| 1994 | 56,000 | 1,139 | 445 | 694 | 20.5 | 8.0 | 12.5 | 2.516 | 22.8 |
| 1995 | 56,000 | 1,101 | 480 | 621 | 19.7 | 8.6 | 11.1 | 2.542 | 20.9 |
| 1996 | 56,000 | 1,051 | 444 | 607 | 18.8 | 8.0 | 10.9 | 2.513 | 22.8 |
| 1997 | 56,000 | 1,095 | 492 | 603 | 19.6 | 8.8 | 10.8 | 2.774 | 18.3 |
| 1998 | 56,000 | 980 | 457 | 523 | 17.5 | 8.1 | 9.3 | 2.491 | 20.4 |
| 1999 | 56,000 | 945 | 479 | 466 | 16.8 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 2.482 | 16.9 |
| 2000 | 56,000 | 879 | 450 | 429 | 15.7 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 2.410 | 18.2 |
| 2001 | 56,000 | 942 | 466 | 476 | 16.8 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 2.506 | 10.6 |
| 2002 | 57,000 | 954 | 446 | 508 | 16.9 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 2.608 | 13.6 |
| 2003 | 57,000 | 879 | 411 | 468 | 15.4 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 2.328 | 8.0 |
| 2004 | 57,000 | 892 | 479 | 413 | 15.6 | 8.4 | 7.2 | 2.434 | 13.5 |
| 2005 | 57,000 | 886 | 465 | 421 | 15.5 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 2.326 | 7.9 |
| 2006 | 57,000 | 842 | 440 | 402 | 14.8 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 2.276 | 16.6 |
| 2007 | 57,000 | 853 | 452 | 401 | 15.1 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 2.220 | 10.6 |
| 2008 | 56,000 | 834 | 428 | 406 | 14.9 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 2.249 | 9.6 |
| 2009 | 56,000 | 895 | 437 | 458 | 16.0 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 2.340 | 4.5 |
| 2010 | 56,000 | 869 | 504 | 365 | 15.5 | 9.0 | 6.5 | 2.185 | 8.1 |
| 2011 | 57,000 | 821 | 476 | 345 | 14.4 | 8.3 | 6.1 | 2.097 | 11.0 |
| 2012 | 57,000 | 786 | 459 | 327 | 13.8 | 8.0 | 5.8 | 2.007 | 8.9 |
| 2013 | 56,000 | 820 | 444 | 376 | 14.6 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 2.066 | 8.5 |
| 2014 | 56,000 | 805 | 461 | 344 | 14.4 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 1.985 | 7.5 |
| 2015 | 56,000 | 854 | 472 | 382 | 15.2 | 8.4 | 6.8 | 2.116 | 10.5 |
| 2016 | 56,000 | 830 | 487 | 343 | 14.8 | 8.7 | 6.1 | 2.061 | 7.2 |
| 2017 | 56,000 | 853 | 499 | 354 | 15.2 | 8.9 | 6.3 | 2.123 | 7.0 |
| 2018 | 56,000 | 819 | 487 | 332 | 14.6 | 8.7 | 5.9 | 2.022 | 7.3 |
| 2019 | 56,000 | 849 | 548 | 301 | 15.2 | 9.8 | 5.4 | 2.115 | 11.8 |
| 2020 | 56,000 | 835 | 520 | 315 | 14.9 | 9.3 | 5.6 | 2.109 | 8.4 |
| 2021 | 56,000 | 761 | 531 | 230 | 13.4 | 9.3 | 4.1 | 1.820 | 14.5 |
| 2022 | 57,000 | 748 | 525 | 223 | 13.2 | 9.3 | 3.9 | 1.815 | 12.0 |
| 2023 | 57,000 | 716 | 534 | 182 | 12.7 | 9.4 | 3.3 | 1.769 | 12.6 |
| 2024 | 57,000 | 684 | 521 | 163 | 12.0 | 9.2 | 2.9 | 11.7 |
total population:71.25 years
male:68.6 years
female:74.04 years (2012 est.)
| Ethnic groups | percent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inuit | 89.7% | |||
| Danish | 7.8% | |||
| Other Nordic | 1.1% | |||
| Other | 1.4% | |||
| Nationality | Population (2024) |
|---|---|
 Philippines | 921 |
 Thailand | 349 |
 Poland | 138 |
 Iceland | 122 |
 Sri Lanka | 121 |
 Sweden | 78 |
 China | 65 |
 Norway | 63 |
 Germany | 54 |
 USA | 39 |
| Other America | 39 |
The population ofGreenland consists ofGreenlandic Inuit (includingmixed-race people),Danish Greenlanders and otherEuropeans andNorth Americans. The Inuit population makes up approximately 85–90% of the total (2009 est.). 6,792 people from Denmark live in Greenland, which is 12% of its total population.
The average Greenlander has 75% inuit ancestry and 25% European ancestry, tracing about half of their paternal DNA to Danish male ancestors[8][9][10]
In recent years, Greenland experienced a significant increase in immigration from Asia, especially from thePhilippines,Thailand, andChina.
The only official language ofGreenland isGreenlandic.[11] The number of speakers ofGreenlandic is estimated at 50,000 (85–90% of the total population), divided in three main dialects,Kalaallisut (West-Greenlandic, 44,000 speakers and the dialect that is used as official language),Tunumiit (East-Greenlandic, 3,000 speakers) andInuktun (North-Greenlandic, 800 speakers). The remainder of the population mainly speaksDanish;Inuit Sign Language is the language of the deaf community.
The nomadicInuit were traditionallyshamanistic, with a well-developedmythology primarily concerned with propitiating a vengeful andfingerless sea Goddess who controlled the success of theseal andwhale hunts.
The firstNorse colonists werepagan, butErik the Red's sonLeif was converted to Catholic Christianity byKingOlaf Trygvesson on a trip to Norway in 990 and sent missionaries back to Greenland. These swiftly established sixteen parishes, some monasteries, and a bishopric atGarðar.
Rediscovering these colonists and spreading theProtestant Reformation among them was one of the primary reasons for theDanish recolonization in the 18th century. Under the patronage of theRoyal Mission College in Copenhagen, Norwegian and DanishLutherans and GermanMoravian missionaries searched for the missing Norse settlements and began converting the Inuit. The principal figures in theChristianization of Greenland wereHans andPoul Egede andMatthias Stach. TheNew Testament was translated piecemeal from the time of the very first settlement on Kangeq Island, but the first translation of the whole Bible was not completed until 1900. An improved translation using themodern orthography was completed in 2000.[14]
Today, the major religion isProtestant Christianity, mostly members of theLutheranChurch of Denmark. While there is no official census data on religion in Greenland, the LutheranBishop of GreenlandSofie Petersen[15] estimated that 85% of the Greenlandic population were members of its congregation in 2009.[16] Estimates in 2022 put the figure at 93%.[17]
In the 1960s and 70s, Greenland was subject to one of the most impactfuleugenics programs ever implemented. At least 4,500 Inuit women were involuntarily implanted with IUD's without their knowledge or consent - about half the fertile population at the time. Within a generation, the birthrate declined by 50%, which led to multigenerational demographic effects. Public officials at the time blamed the decline in birthrate on poverty and cultural trends, but the extent of the involuntary program became public only in 2022 in an investigation known as thespiral case.[18]