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Demographics of France

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Demographics ofFrance
PopulationIncrease 68,606,000 (January 2025)[1]
DensityIncrease 124.3/km2 (322/sq mi) (2022)[2]
Growth rateDecrease 0.3% (2023)
Birth rateDecrease 9.7 births/1,000 population (2023)[3]
Death ratePositive decrease 9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023)[3]
Life expectancyIncrease 83.2 (2023)
 • maleIncrease 80.0
 • femaleIncrease 85.7
Fertility rateDecrease 1.59 (2024)[4]
Infant mortality ratePositive decrease 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)[5]
Net migration rateNeutral increase 1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 yearsDecrease 16.96% (2024)
15–64 yearsIncrease 60.87% (2024)
65 and overNegative increase 22.17% (2024)
Nationality
NationalityFrench (77%)
Major ethnic
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialFrench (official)
SpokenLanguages of France
Population density 1999, all territories are shown at the same geographic scale
Animated population pyramid of Metropolitan France 1901–2020. Those born during the world wars andSpanish flu are marked in dark.
Population density in France byarrondissement in 2018

The demography ofFrance is monitored by theInstitut national d'études démographiques (INED) and theInstitut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). As of 1 January 2025, 66,352,000 people lived inMetropolitan France, while 2,254,000 lived in overseas France, for a total of 68,606,000 inhabitants in the French Republic.[6] In January 2022, the population of France officially reached the 68,000,000 mark. In the 2010s and until 2017, the population of France grew by 1 million people every three years - an average annual increase of 340,000 people, or +0.6%.[7]

France was historically Europe's most populous country. During theMiddle Ages, more than one-quarter of Europe's total population wasFrench;[8] by the seventeenth century, this had decreased slightly to one-fifth. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, other European countries, such as Germany and Russia, had caught up with France and overtaken it in number of people. The country's population sharply increased with thebaby boom following World War II, as it did in other European countries.

According to INSEE, from the year 2004, 200,000 immigrants entered the country annually. One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa. Between 2009 and 2012, the number of Europeans migrating to France increased sharply (an annual increase of 12%), but this percentage decreased steadily until 2022, supplanted by a rise in the number of immigrants from Africa.[9][10][11]

The nationalbirth rate, after dropping for a time, began to rebound in the 1990s, and the country'sfertility rate was close to thereplacement level until about 2014. According to a 2006INSEE study, the natural increase was close to 300,000 people a year, a level that had "not been reached in more than thirty years."[12] With atotal fertility rate of 1.59 (forFrance métropolitaine) in 2024,[13] France remains one of the above-average fertile countries in theEuropean Union,[14][15][16] but it is now far from the replacement level.

In 2021, the total fertility rate of France was 1.82, and 7.7% was the percentage of births, where this was a women's 4th or more child.

Among the 802,000 babies born in metropolitan France in 2010, 80.1% had two French parents, 13.3% had one French parent, and 6.6% had two non-French parents.[17][18][19]

Between 2006 and 2008, about 22% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in theMaghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).[20] Censuses on race and ethnic origin were banned by the French government in 1978.[21]

Historical overview

[edit]

1800 to 20th century

[edit]
Population pyramid before and after the First World War
1914
1920
Two centuries of population growth

Starting around 1800, the historical evolution of the population in France has been atypical in Europe. Unlike the rest of Europe, there was no strong population growth in France in the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Thebirth rate in France diminished much earlier than in the rest of Europe in part because from the late 18th century inheritance laws dictated equal distribution of estates between heirs. The country's large population gaveNapoleon a seemingly limitless supply of men for theGrande Armée, but the birth rate began to fall in the late 18th century;[22] thus population growth was quite slow in the 19th century, and the nadir was reached in the first half of the 20th century when France, surrounded by the rapidly growing populations of Germany and the United Kingdom, had virtually zero growth. The slow growth of France's population in the 19th century was reflected in the country's very low emigration rate.

The French population only grew by 8.6% between 1871 and 1911, while Germany's grew by 60% and Britain's by 54%.[23]

French concerns about the country's slow population growth began after its defeat in theFranco-Prussian War. For four years in the 1890s, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. The National Alliance for the Growth of the French Population (ANAPF) was formed in 1896, and the Cognacq-Jay and other prizes were created for the parents of large families.Émile Zola's 1899 novelFécondité  [fr] is representative of contemporary concerns about the birthrate. France lost 10% of its active male population in World War I; the 1.3 million French deaths, along with even more births forgone by potential fathers being off at war, caused a drop of 3 million in the French population, and helped makeDénatalité a national obsession; by 1920 ANAPF had 40,000 members, and in July that yeara new law strictly regulated abortion and contraception.[22][23]

ANAPF proposed that parents of large families receive extra votes, and the belief that women's suffrage in other countries caused birth rates to decline helped defeat proposals before World War II topermit women to vote. The birth rate declined again after a brief baby boom from 1920 to 1923, and reached an all-time low during peacetime in the late 1930s. During the "hollow years" of the decade, the number of newconscripts declined because of the lack of births during World War I. From 1935 deaths exceeded births; the press widely discussed the country's decreasing population. Both left and right supported pro-natalist policies; even theFrench Communist Party ended its opposition to anti-birth control and anti-abortion laws in 1936, and its leader,Maurice Thorez, advocated for the "protection of family and childhood".[22][23]

New laws in November 1938 and July 1939, thecode de la famille, provided enough financial incentives for large families to double the income of a family with six children. TheVichy government approved of the laws and implemented them as part of itsTravail, famille, patrie national motto, as did the postwarProvisional Government of the French Republic.[23][22][24] Also, France encouraged immigration, chiefly from other European countries such as Italy, Poland, and Spain. (In fact, with its low birth rate, stagnating or declining native-born population, and role as a destination for migrants from other parts of Europe, France's situation before World War II was not unlikethat of Germany today.)

After World War II

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
180629,107,000—    
182130,462,000+0.30%
183132,569,000+0.67%
184134,230,000+0.50%
185135,783,000+0.44%
187236,103,000+0.04%
188137,672,000+0.47%
189138,343,000+0.18%
190138,962,000+0.16%
191139,605,000+0.16%
192139,108,000−0.13%
193141,524,000+0.60%
194640,125,230−0.23%
195041,647,258+0.94%
196045,464,797+0.88%
197050,528,219+1.06%
198053,731,387+0.62%
199056,577,000+0.52%
200058,858,198+0.40%
201062,765,235+0.64%
202065,269,154+0.39%
202566,351,959+0.33%
Source:[25]

France experienced a baby boom after 1945; it reversed a long-term record of low birth rates.[22][26] The government's pro-natalist policy of the 1930s, however, does not explain this sudden recovery, which was often portrayed in France as a "miracle". It was also atypical of the Western world: although there was ababy boom in other Western countries after the war, the baby boom in France was much stronger, and lasted longer than in most other Western countries (the United States was one of the few exceptions). In the 1950s and 1960s, France's population grew at 1% per year: the highest growth in the history of France, higher even than the high growth rates of the 18th or 19th century.

Since 1975, France's population growth rate has significantly diminished, but it still remains slightly higher than that of the rest of Europe, and much higher than at the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century. In the first decade of the third millennium, population growth in France was the highest in Europe, matched only by that of theRepublic of Ireland, which, until recently, has also historically undergone stagnant growth and even decline relative to the rest of Europe. However, population growth of France is still lower than that of the United States, largely because of the latter's highernet migration rate.

Historical summary

[edit]

The following compares the past, present, and future size of the French population with other entities in Europe and in the world. All statements refer to France as understood in its modern borders; this pertains also to other countries. Historians suggest that France was the most populous state in Europe from at least the period ofCharlemagne and theFrankish Empire, if not earlier, to the 19th century. Population statistics prior to the modern era are historical estimates as official counts were not made.

  • Until 1795 metropolitan France was the most populous country of Europe, ahead of Russia, and the fourth most populous country in the world, behind only China, India and Japan;
  • Between 1795 and 1866, metropolitan France was the second most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, and the fourth most populous country in the world, behind China, India and Russia (having become more populous than Japan during this period);
  • Between 1866 and 1909, metropolitan France was the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany;
  • Between 1909 and 1933, metropolitan France was the fourth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom;
  • Between 1933 and 1991, metropolitan France was the fifth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy;
  • In 1991, metropolitan France recovered its rank as the fourth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom, overtakingItaly. Worldwide, France's ranking has fallen to twentieth most populous country;
  • In 2005 it was projected that if current demographic trends continued (i.e. declining population in Germany, and slightly rising population in France and the UK), around 2050 metropolitan France could again surpass the population of Germany, becoming the most populous state in the European Union.[27] In contrast, 2009 UN projections say that the stronger-growingUnited Kingdom could be more populous than France in 2050, leaving France third amongst European nations, behind Russia and the UK.[citation needed]

In the above list, Turkey is not considered a European country. Turkey was less populous than metropolitan France until 1992 but in 2024 wasmore populous than France, the UK and Germany.[28]

millionyear3040506070180018501900195020002050population (million)France Population
Viewsource data.
Promillyears-100-80-60-40-2002040180018301860189019201950198020102040Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)France Population Change
Viewsource data.

[29]

years11.522.533.54180018301860189019201950198020102040Total Fertility RateTotal Fertility Rate
Viewsource data.

Population

[edit]

Historical population figures

[edit]

Demographic statistics according to theCIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Please note:

  • figures are formetropolitan Franceonly, not includingoverseas departments and territories, as formerFrench colonies and protectorates. Algeria and itsdépartements, although they were an integral part of metropolitan France until 1962, are not included in the figures.
  • to make comparisons easier, figures provided below are for the territory of metropolitan France within the borders of 2004. This was the real territory of France from 1860 to 1871, and again since 1919. Figures before 1860 have been adjusted to includeSavoy andNice, which only became part of France in 1860. Figures between 1795 and 1815do not include the Frenchdépartements in modern-day Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, although they were an integral part of France during that period. Figures between 1871 and 1919 have been adjusted to includeAlsace and part ofLorraine, which both were at the time part of the German Empire.
  • figures before 1801 are modern estimates which do not include for the Roman Empire parts of Gaul that were in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg; figures from 1801 (included) onwards are based on the official French censuses.

Source:[30]

YearPopulationYearPopulationYearPopulation
50 BC2,500,000180629,648,000189640,158,000
15,500,000181130,271,000190140,681,000
1207,200,000181630,573,000190641,067,000
4005,500,000182131,578,000191141,415,000
8507,000,000182632,665,000192139,108,000
122616,000,000183133,595,000192640,581,000
134520,200,000183634,293,000193141,524,000
140016,600,000184134,912,000193641,502,000
145719,700,000184636,097,000194640,506,639
158020,000,000185136,472,000195442,777,162
159418,500,000185636,715,000196246,519,997
160020,000,000186137,386,000196849,780,543
167018,000,000186638,067,000197552,655,864
170021,000,000187237,653,000198254,334,871
171519,200,000187638,438,000199056,615,155
174024,600,000188139,239,000199958,520,688
179228,000,000188639,783,000200661,399,733
180129,361,000189139,946,000201664,513,000

Population growth over time

[edit]
Historical population of France

Source:Louis Henry and Yves Blayo.[31]

Years174017451750175517601765177017751780178517901795
Total population in France métropolitaine (in millions)24.624.624.525.025.726.126.627.027.5527.6528.128.1
Annualpopulation growth rate (%)13202814191521416036
Years1800180518101815182018251830183518401845185018551860
Total population in France métropolitaine (in millions)29.129.530.030.331.2532.3533.334.034.935.736.3537.037.3
Annual population growth rate (%)12181031362921252418179

Life expectancy and mortality

[edit]
See also:List of French departments by life expectancy
Life expectancy in theregions ofmetropolitan France in 2023 for male[32]
Life expectancy in the regions ofmetropolitan France in 2023 for female[32]

Life expectancy in Metropolitan France from 1818 to 1950. Source:Our World In Data.

Death rate 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Years181618201825183018351840184518501855186018651870[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France40.139.238.539.639.540.443.643.337.543.340.136.4
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France29.642.641.844.343.143.544.343.344.042.7
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France43.543.143.242.443.943.143.744.145.543.3
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France44.143.543.545.545.147.547.945.945.245.0
Years1901190219031904190519061907190819091910[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France46.948.048.448.048.347.748.249.350.051.3
Years1911191219131914191519161917191819191920[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France48.151.651.338.236.340.243.134.847.651.5
Years1921192219231924192519261927192819291930[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France52.654.954.655.254.354.055.755.454.256.8
Years1931193219331934193519361937193819391940[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France56.957.257,758.358.358.859.159.059.649.6
Years1941194219431944194519461947194819491950[33]
Life expectancy in Metropolitan France57.757.453.347.254.962.463.965.864.966.4
Life expectancy in France since 1816
Life expectancy in France since 1960 by sex
Period[34]Life expectancy in
Years		Period[34]Life expectancy in
Years
1950–195567.21985–199076.1
1955–196069.31990–199577.3
1960–196570.71995–200078.4
1965–197071.42000–200579.6
1970–197572.42005–201080.9
1975–198073.62010–201581.9
1980–198574.72015-202082.4

Age structure

[edit]

Age structures of the France métropolitaine from the year 1740 to 2021. Source:Louis Henry and Yves Blayo.[31][35]

Median age (2021INSEE est.[36])
total: 41.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th
male: 39.6 years
female: 42.6 years
Ages174017451750175517601765177017751780178517901795
0–19 years42.142.241.641.141.241.041.140.740.040.1540.140.3
20–59 years49.649.750.350.750.350.155050.3551.2551.351.450.95
60 years and over8.38.18.18.28.58.858.98.958.758.558.58.75
Total (%)100100100100100100100100100100100100
This is an average size of a nuclear family in the France métropolitaine of the mid-20th century. Photo taken in the Île de Ré.
Ages1800180518101815182018251830183518401845185018551860
0–19 years41.041.2541.141.640.740.5540.640.2539.638.9538.437.736.95
20–59 years50.0549.7549.748.7549.2549.4549.650.2550.951.451.9552.6552.65
60 years and over8.959.09.29.6510.0510.09.89.59.59.659.659.6510.4
Total (%)100100100100100100100100100100100100100
Ages2000201020202021[35]
0–19 years25.824.824.123.9
20–59 years53.852.649.449.3
60–64 years4.66.06.16.1
65 years and over15.816.620.420.7
Total (%)100100100100
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.))
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 62.4
youth dependency ratio: 28.7
elderly dependency ratio: 33.7
potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.)

Fertility

[edit]
Fertility rate of France overtime from 1946 to 2023

France has a high fertility rate compared to other European countries; this rate has increased after reaching a historic low in the early 1990s.

The table below gives the average number of children according to the place of birth of women. An immigrant woman is a woman who was born outside France and who did not have French citizenship at birth.[40]

In 2021 there was 11.8 births/1,000 population. Total fertility rate (2020 data byINSEE[13]) 1.83 children born/woman.

Mother's mean age at first birth[41]
28.5 years (2015)
At 1.83 children born per woman,[13] France has the highesttotal fertility rate in theEuropean Union (as of 2020)
Fertlity rate in 2014[42]Average number of children in France
(1991–1998)		Average number of children in country of origin
(1990–1999)
All women living inmetropolitan France1,991.74
Women born in Metropolitan France1,881.70
Immigrant women2,752.16
Women born inoverseas France1.86
Immigrant women (country of birth)
Spain1,811.521.23
Italy1,811.601.24
Portugal2,021.961.49
Other EU1.661.44
Turkey3,123.212.16
Other Europe2,221.681.41
Algeria3,692.571.78
Morocco3,472.973.28
Tunisia3,502.902.73
Other Africa2,912.865.89
Asia (mostly China)2,111.772.85
The Americas and Oceania2,232.002.54

Total fertility rate in the 19th century

[edit]

Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources:Our World In Data andGapminder Foundation.[43]

Years18001801180218031804180518061807180818091810[43]
Total Fertility Rate inMetropolitan France4.414.364.314.264.214.164.14.0543.953.9
Years18601861186218631864186518661867186818691870[43]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France3.43.513.463.533.513.533.533.553.493.493.44
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[43]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France3.083.593.513.533.513.573.493.443.443.36
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[43]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France3.43.43.383.383.323.263.223.163.122.95
Years189118921893189418951896189718981899[43]
Total Fertility Rate in Metropolitan France3.032.963.022.942.862.982.922.872.88

Births by country of birth of the parents

[edit]

About 22% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in the Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world).[20]

As of 2022, 32.4% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born parent and 28.5% had at least one parent born outside of Europe (EU 28) (parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France).[17][19]

The table below gives the number of children born in metropolitan France according to the place of birth of both parents.

Birth country of parentsYears
19981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
NumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumber%NumberNumberNumberNumber%
Both parents born in France566 447576 537601 268595 286580 999575 985574 687575 659590 163579 515585 427578 052583 60072.7%604 077598 473583 864579 10670.75%
One parent born in France, other foreign-born101 51198 687101 498102 013103 930106 677110 258114 090119 159119 587121 845125 058129 02516.1%119 114119 957119 643123 85515.13%
Father born in EU28, mother born in France13 19412 85813 06012 44711 73211 44210 81110 66710 45510 1889 9759 5269 5491.2%9 9619 6379 4149 2351.13%
Father not born in EU28, mother born in France44 89143 80745 61246 45947 69549 79052 24454 17656 88656 62657 95560 36262 4787.8%55 20955 48855 39756 3706.89%
Father born in France, mother born in EU2813 02012 64712 41111 88111 43911 11910 93010 82710 79410 57510 56210 58510 4181.3%10 1049 7619 77210 0581.23%
Father born in France, mother not born in EU2830 40629 37530 41531 22633 06434 32636 27338 42041 02442 19843 35344 58546 5805.8%43 84045 07145 06048 1925.89%
Both parents foreign-born70 12269 56772 01673 64676 70178 80282 87184 60687 57486 88388 77290 31089 59911.2%100 203102 617108 003115 60414.12%
Both parents born in EU286 6816 1575 7805 5245 1595 3695 4265 3725 7785 8916 2766 4426 6940.8%7 7988 4198 8849 7261.19%
Both parents not born in EU2860 28160 63663 29965 40668 78870 55274 53776 34878 70078 02079 40580 64179 6989.9%89 16391 04995 721102 31912.50%
Father born in EU27, mother not born in EU281 1881 0471 1161 0351 0381 0751 1501 1001 2561 1901 2261 2681 2580.2%1 4691 4361 4941 5540.19%
Father not born in EU27, Mother born in EU281 9721 7271 8211 6811 7161 8061 7581 7861 8401 7821 8651 9591 9490.2%1 7731 7131 9042 0050.24%
Total of newborns738 080744 791774 782770 945761 630761 464767 816774 355796 896785 985796 044793 420802 224100%823 394821 047811 510818 565100%

Births by citizenship of the parents

[edit]

As of 2022, 74.0% of newborns in France had two parents with French citizenship, 14.4% had one French parent, and 11.5% had two non-French parents.[17][44]

The table below gives the number of children born in metropolitan France according to the citizenship of both parents.

Citizenship of parentsYear
19981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014
NumberNumberNumber%NumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumber%NumberNumberNumberNumber
Both French parents630 995633 788657 57684.9%648 506633 294629 014628 062630 481645 879635 082640 596634 153642 81680.1%659 834651 577638 576634 027
One French parent, other non-French57 89761 57766 6368.6%69 95474 59078 31884 01388 96594 88896 314100 464103 704106 62213.3%105 767108 905109 809115 647
French mother, father with European citizenship (EU28)9 1469 1759 5541.2%9 3978 8669 0198 7498 5038 5718 5098 3498 1978 8291.1%8 3008 2708 1208 019
French mother, father with non-European citizenship (EU28)25 11726 72029 5923.8%31 46333 82035 75638 92341 06143 69843 60345 57946 75346 4565.8%44 60045 59945 86647 184
French father, mother with European citizenship (EU28)7 5357 5517 4091.0%7 2357 3597 0977 1727 3247 3957 4207 6427 8627 8741.0%7 8567 7477 9018 162
French father, mother with non-European citizenship (EU28)16 09918 13120 0812.6%21 85924 54526 44629 16932 07735 22436 78238 89440 89243 4635.4%45 01147 28947 92252 282
Both non-French parents49 18849 42650 5706.5%52 48553 74654 13255 74154 90956 12954 58954 98455 56352 7866.6%57 79360 56563 12568 891
Both parents with European citizenship (EU28)6 7156 3596 1660.8%5 8085 5075 5895 6705 6676 0856 2146 6236 8036 9580.9%7 8958 5569 17610 217
Both parents with non-European citizenship (EU28)41 26841 84542 9855.5%45 26546 80746 92148 36447 44048 09146 30146 16746 43543 4545.4%47 41949 26250 86055 056
Father with European citizenship (EU28), mother with non-European citizenship (EU28)4405025650.1%5895716857337979379671 0621 1411 2350.2%1 4001 5551 7002 091
Father with non-European citizenship (EU28), mother with European citizenship (EU28)7657208540.1%8238619379741 0051 0161 1071 1321 1841 1390.2%1 0791 1921 3891 527
Total of newborns738 080744 791774 782100%770 945761 630761 464767 816774 355796 896785 985796 044793 420802 224100%823 394821 047811 510818 565

Population projections

[edit]
Population projections of France by the UN up to 2100

The population of France isprojected to hit the 70 million mark between the year 2025/2030 and to overtake Germany's between 2050/2060, with 75.6 million French for 71 million Germans in 2060, while the UK is predicted to overtake France by 2030. By 2080, the population of France is estimated to reach 78.8 million (including the overseas departments, but not the overseas territories).

Figures from eurostat for metropolitan France and the overseas departments:[45]

YearPopulation
201064,677,000
202067,658,000
203070,396,000
204072,767,000
205074,297,000
206075,599,000
207077,109,000
208078,842,000

Vital statistics

[edit]
Live births and deaths over time in Metropolitan France

The vital statistics below refer toMetropolitan France and do not include theOverseas France, territories and New Caledonia. Source:[46][47][48][49]

Notable events in French demographics:

Average population (1 January)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude Migration Rate
(per 1000)		Total fertility rate[fn 1][43][50]Infant mortality rate
(per 1,000 live births)		Life expectancy at birth (males)Life expectancy at birth (females)
182531,274,0001,026,604830,512196,09232.826.66.23.78
182631,452,0001,013,095831,746181,34932.226.45.8-0.13.77
182731,621,0001,009,338837,695171,64331.926.55.4-0.13.76
182831,796,0001,017,752835,011182,74132.026.35.7-0.23.75
182931,979,0001,010,968840,616170,35231.626.35.30.43.74
183032,160,0001,012,875848,371164,50431.526.45.10.53.73
183132,340,0001,014,306856,790157,51631.426.54.90.73.72
183232,513,0001,002,536932,04870,48830.828.72.13.23.70
183332,681,0001,007,921867,915140,00630.826.64.20.93.68
183432,857,0001,010,067869,227140,84030.726.44.31.13.67
183533,024,0001,012,143872,340139,80330.626.44.20.83.65
183633,203,0001,007,882876,027131,85530.326.43.91.43.63
183733,380,0001,006,457875,199131,25830.226.24.01.43.62
183833,563,0001,005,661874,507131,15430.026.13.91.63.59
183933,743,0001,004,376875,827128,54929.826.03.81.53.57
184033,930,0001,006,871874,993131,87829.725.83.91.63.56
184134,110,0001,008,019879,842128,17729.625.83.81.53.55
184234,285,0001,006,447881,184125,26329.425.73.71.53.54
184334,459,0001,004,610880,290124,32029.125.53.61.53.53
184434,639,0001,006,905880,632126,27329.125.43.71.63.53
184534,819,0001,008,275884,048124,22729.025.43.61.63.52
184635,009,0001,006,504884,852121,65228.825.33.52.03.51
184735,191,0001,007,731889,309118,42228.625.33.41.83.51
184835,372,0001,008,504894,575113,92928.525.33.21.93.50
184935,559,0001,009,620901,009108,61128.425.33.12.23.50
185036,209,0001,007,933906,758101,17527.825.12.715.33.49
185136,405,0001,009,204915,06294,14227.725.12.60.73.49
185236,583,0001,011,000907,866103,13427.624.82.80.63.42
185336,785,0001,015,758913,744102,01427.624.82.81.43.38
185436,985,0001,010,424911,37799,04727.324.72.61.53.31
185537,166,0001,003,411909,93693,47527.024.52.50.93.24
185637,383,000997,618912,01285,60626.724.42.32.13.40
185737,573,0001,002,226913,48188,74526.724.32.41.73.36
185837,756,000996,487915,93780,55026.424.32.11.43.46
185937,945,000999,194913,29085,90426.324.12.32.23.41
186038,231,0001,001,674907,05894,61626.223.72.52.73.40
186138,420,0001,000,230909,41690,81426.023.72.41.83.51
186238,602,000994,079904,98189,09825.823.52.31.63.46
186338,795,000991,460912,12179,33925.523.52.01.53.53
186438,985,000996,693915,53081,16325.623.52.11.63.51
186539,189,000988,360920,44167,91925.223.51.70.13.53
186639,386,000993,812924,50869,30425.223.51.80.63.53
186739,571,000987,245924,12163,12425.023.41.60.33.55
186839,752,000977,836922,64055,19624.623.21.40.13.49
186939,931,000979,202923,32555,87724.523.11.40.03.49
187039,402,000968,823888,43380,39024.622.62.0-8.13.44
187136,102,000861,540863,495-1,95523.923.90.0-81.23.08
187236,992,000933,517897,18936,32825.224.30.924.13.59
187337,360,000954,782903,46751,31525.524.21.311.33.51
187437,617,000963,260904,98258,27825.624.11.57.63.53
187537,885,000965,093909,38155,71225.524.01.54.83.51
187638,185,000969,370911,28058,09025.423.91.56.53.57
187738,355,000967,870910,17457,69625.223.71.52.73.49
187838,562,000972,944905,26367,68125.223.51.72.13.44
187938,822,000985,360902,23083,13025.423.22.12.43.44
188039,170,000987,084892,96494,12025.222.82.43.63.36
188139,407,000991,083896,17694,90725.122.72.42.33.40
188239,618,000986,554890,52796,02724.922.52.42.03.40
188339,819,000983,606890,87792,72924.722.42.31.53.38
188440,006,000981,067885,12395,94424.522.12.41.43.38
188540,195,000975,789885,58390,20624.322.02.21.03.32
188640,365,000977,762883,60194,16124.221.92.31.33.26
188740,548,000972,301878,25394,04824.021.72.31.13.22
188840,720,000970,464873,60396,86123.821.42.41.03.16
188940,861,000969,328871,20298,12623.721.32.40.53.12
189040,989,000968,980866,778102,20223.621.12.50.22.95
189141,138,000968,126868,21999,90723.521.12.40.03.03
189241,279,000968,671866,877101,79423.521.02.50.22.96
189341,419,000970,506870,62499,88223.421.02.4-0.13.02
189441,562,000969,124867,140101,98423.320.92.4-0.22.94
189541,703,000969,852866,554103,29823.320.82.5-0.12.86
189641,835,000968,508865,401103,10723.120.72.5-0.52.98
189741,981,000967,217866,082101,13523.020.62.4-0.12.92
189842,128,000965,074867,46997,60522.920.62.3-0.22.87
189942,275,000962,662868,14794,51522.820.52.2-0.42.88
190042,421,000885,200859,95025,25020.920.30.6-17.92.80
190140,710,000917,075825,31591,76022.520.32.3-42.02.903
190240,810,000904,434801,379103,05522.219.62.52.02.853
190340,910,000884,498794,56689,93221.619.42.20.32.784
190441,000,000877,091802,53674,55521.419.61.8−0.62.748
190541,050,000865,604812,33853,26621.119.81.3−0.12.706
190641,100,000864,745820,05144,69421.020.01.1−1.12.700
190741,100,000829,632830,871−1,23920.220.2−0.32.52.576
190841,190,000848,982784,41564,56720.619.01.6−0.42.636
190941,240,000824,739792,79831,94120.019.20.81.92.557
191041,350,000828,140737,87790,26320.017.82.2−0.52.571
191141,420,000793,506813,653−20,14719.219.6−0.53.22.462
191241,530,000801,642726,84874,79419.317.51.80.42.485
191341,620,000795,851736,93758,91419.117.71.4−1.22.468
191441,630,000757,931774,931−17,00018.218.6−0.4−23.92.335
191540,620,000482,968747,968−265,00011.918.4−6.5−8.31.519
191640,020,000384,676697,676−313,0009.617.4−7.8−7.21.230
191739,420,000412,744712,744−300,00010.518.1−15.2−3.81.342
191838,670,000472,816867,816−395,00012.222.4−10.28.41.559
191938,600,000506,960739,901−232,94113.119.2−6.013.81.590
192038,900,000838,137675,676162,46121.517.44.22.02.695
192139,140,000816,555697,904118,65120.917.83.01.32.601
192239,310,000764,373692,32272,05119.417.61.89.42.423
192339,750,000765,888670,32695,56219.316.92.48.22.407
192440,170,000757,873683,29674,57718.917.01.95.32.356
192540,460,000774,455712,21162,24419.117.61.54.72.388
192640,710,000771,690716,96654,72419.017.61.30.22.368
192740,770,000748,102679,80968,29318.316.81.51.22.290
192840,880,000753,570678,26975,30118.416.61.81.62.305
192941,020,000734,140742,732−8,59217.918.1−0.28.02.241
193041,340,000754,020652,953101,06718.215.82.42.72.295
193141,550,000737,611682,81654,79517.816.41.3−2.32.247
193241,510,000726,299663,70562,59417.516.01.5−1.32.226
193341,520,000682,394664,13318,26116.416.00.40.82.111
193441,570,000681,518637,71343,80516.415.31.1−1.62.141
193541,550,000643,870661,722−17,85215.515.9−0.4−0.82.070
193641,500,000634,344645,844−11,50015.315.6−0.31.02.092
193741,530,000621,453632,896−11,44315.015.2−0.31.02.099
193841,560,000615,582650,832−35,25014.815.7−0.8−0.42.128
193941,510,000615,599645,677−30,07814.815.6−0.7−19.12.166
194040,690,000561,281740,281−179,00013.818.2−4.4-26.82.003
194139,420,000522,261675,261−153,00013.217.1−3.9−1.21.854
194239,220,000575,261656,261−81,00014.716.7−2.1−7.12.043
194338,860,000615,780626,780−11,00015.816.1−0.32.02.186
194438,770,000629,878666,878−37,00016.217.2−1.024.02.249
194539,660,000645,899643,8992,00016.316.20.111.62.310
194640,125,230843,904545,880298,02420.913.57.40.72.99877.859.965.2
194740,448,254870,472538,157332,31521.413.28.23.23.03771.161.266.7
194840,910,569870,836513,210357,62621.212.58.71.13.02055.962.768.8
194941,313,195872,661573,598299,06321.013.87.20.93.00460.362.267.6
195041,647,258862,310534,480327,83020.612.87.80.92.94752.063.469.2
195142,010,088826,722565,829260,89319.613.46.20.72.80650.863.168.9
195242,300,981822,204524,831297,37319.412.47.00.52.77745.264.470.2
195342,618,354804,696556,983247,71318.813.05.80.52.70441.964.370.3
195442,885,138810,754518,892291,86218.812.16.81.22.71440.765.071.2
195543,227,872805,917526,322279,59518.612.16.42.82.68438.665.271.5
195643,627,467806,916545,700261,21618.412.46.03.92.67436.265.271.7
195744,058,683816,467532,107284,36018.412.06.45.02.69533.865.572.2
195844,563,043812,215500,596311,61918.111.27.03.12.68431.466.873.4
195945,014,662829,249509,114320,13518.311.37.12.92.75229.666.873.2
196045,464,797819,819520,960298,85917.911.46.53.22.74027.467.073.6
196145,903,656838,633500,289338,34418.210.87.34.02.82425.767.574.4
196246,422,000832,353541,147291,20617.711.56.218.62.79625.767.073.9
196347,573,406868,876557,852311,02418.211.76.53.72.89625.666.873.8
196448,059,029877,804520,033357,77118.210.87.43.12.91523.467.774.8
196548,561,800865,688543,696321,99217.811.26.61.52.84921.967.574.7
196648,953,792863,527528,782334,74517.610.86.81.82.80121.767.875.2
196749,373,537840,568543,033297,53517.011.06.01.12.67120.767.875.2
196849,723,072835,796553,441282,35516.711.15.72.02.58820.467.875.2
196950,107,735842,245573,335268,91016.711.45.33.12.53419.667.475.1
197050,528,219850,381542,277308,10416.710.76.13.62.48018.268.475.9
197151,016,234881,284554,151327,13317.210.86.42.82.49717.268.375.9
197251,485,953877,506549,900327,60617.010.66.32.12.41916.068.576.2
197351,915,873857,186558,782298,40416.410.75.72.12.30915.468.776.3
197452,320,725801,218552,551248,66715.310.54.70.62.11214.668.976.7
197552,600,000745,065560,353184,71214.110.63.50.31.92713.869.076.9
197652,798,338720,395557,114163,28113.610.53.11.11.82912.569.277.2
197753,019,005744,744536,221208,52314.010.13.90.91.86211.469.777.8
197853,271,566737,062546,916190,14613.810.23.60.31.82210.769.877.9
197953,481,073757,354541,805215,54914.110.14.00.71.85510.070.178.3
198053,731,387800,376547,107253,26914.910.24.70.81.94510.070.278.4
198154,028,630805,483554,823250,66014.910.24.61.11.9469.770.478.5
198254,335,000797,223543,104254,11914.610.04.71.11.9129.570.778.9
198354,649,984748,525559,655188,87013.710.23.41.11.7849.170.778.8
198454,894,854759,939542,490217,44913.89.94.00.81.8028.371.279.3
198555,157,303768,431552,496215,93513.910.03.90.71.8148.371.379.4
198655,411,238778,468546,926231,54214.09.84.20.71.8318.071.579.7
198755,681,780767,828527,466240,36213.89.44.30.81.8017.872.080.3
198855,966,142771,268524,600246,66813.79.34.41.01.8057.872.380.5
198956,269,810765,473529,283236,19013.69.44.21.31.7887.572.580.6
199056,577,000762,407526,201236,20613.49.34.20.51.7787.372.781.0
199156,840,661759,056524,685234,37113.39.24.10.61.7707.372.981.2
199257,110,533743,658521,530222,12813.09.13.90.61.7336.873.281.5
199357,369,161711,610532,263179,34712.49.33.10.31.6606.573.381.5
199457,565,008710,993519,965191,02812.39.03.301.6635.973.681.8
199557,752,535729,609531,618197,99112.69.23.4−0.21.7134.973.881.9
199657,935,959734,338535,775198,56312.79.23.4−0.31.7334.874.182.0
199758,116,018726,768530,319196,44912.59.13.4−0.31.7264.774.582.3
199858,298,962738,080534,005204,07512.69.13.5−0.11.7644.674.782.4
199958,496,613744,791537,661207,13012.79.23.52.71.7914.374.982.5
200058,858,198774,782530,864243,91813.19.04.12.81.8744.475.282.8
200159,266,572770,945531,073239,87213.08.94.03.11.8774.575.482.9
200259,685,899761,630535,144226,48612.78.93.83.21.8644.175.783.0
200360,101,841761,464552,339209,12512.69.23.53.21.8744.075.882.9
200460,505,421767,816509,429258,38712.68.44.33.31.8983.976.783.8
200560,963,264774,355527,533246,82212.78.64.03.21.9203.676.783.8
200661,399,733796,896516,416280,48012.98.44.61.81.9803.677.184.2
200761,795,238785,985521,016264,96912.78.44.31.21.9593.677.484.4
200862,134,866796,044532,131263,91312.88.54.21.11.9903.677.684.3
200962,465,709793,420538,166255,25412.78.64.20.61.9893.777.784.4
201062,765,235802,224540,469261,75512.88.64.20.72.0163.678.084.6
201163,070,344792,996534,795258,20112.58.54.10.71.9963.578.485.0
201263,375,971790,290559,227231,06312.48.83.61.51.9923.578.584.8
201363,697,865781,621558,408223,21312.38.83.51.71.9733.678.785.0
201464,027,958781,167547,003234,16412.28.53.60.71.9743.579.285.4
201564,300,821760,421581,770178,65111.89.02.8−0.21.9253.779.085.1
201664,468,792744,697581,073163,62411.59.02.50.11.8913.779.385.3
201764,639,133730,242593,606136,63611.39.22.11.11.8583.979.585.3
201864,844,037719,737596,552123,18511.19.21.92.01.8363.879.585.4
201965,096,768714,029599,408114,62111.09.21.80.91.8273.879.785.6
202065,269,154696,664654,59942,06510.710.00.61.91.7823.079.185.1
202165,505,213701,819644,20157,61810.79.80.94.31.7933.779.285.2
202265,846,255686,654658,43428,13010.49.90.52.61.7573.979.485.2
202366,017,385639,533623,95915,5749.79.50.22.41.63980.085.6
202466,192,959626,776627,513–7379.59.5–0.02.41.5980.185.7
202566,351,959

For the purpose of compatibility, all data refers to Metropolitan France.

As of 2024, 435,196 (65.9%) newborn babies had both parents born in France, 15.2% had one foreign-born parent, and 19.0% had two foreign-born parents. In the same year, 476 334 (72.1%) newborn babies had both parents with French citizenship, 14.7% had one French and one foreign parent, and 13.2% had both parents with foreign citizenship.[51]

Current vital statistics for Metropolitan France

[edit]
PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January–September 2024470,300461,800+8,500
January–September 2025458,100468,200–10,100
DifferenceDecrease –12,200 (−2.59%)Negative increase +6,400 (+1.39%)Decrease –18,600
Source:[52][53]

Total fertility rates by region

[edit]
2024[54]
RegionsTFR
Ile-de-France1.70
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur1.68
Centre-Val de Loire1.67
Hauts-de-France1.66
Normandy1.62
Pays de la Loire1.62
Metropolitan France1.59
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes1.59
Brittany1.55
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté1.54
Occitania (administrative region)Occitania1.47
Grand Est1.47
Nouvelle-Aquitaine1.45
Corsica1.19

Total fertility rate by department

[edit]

[55]

2024
DepartmentsTFR
Ain1.58
Aisne1.73
Allier1.65
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence1.65
Hautes-Alpes1.61
Alpes-Maritimes1.56
Ardèche1.60
Ardennes1.60
Ariège1.36
Aube1.55
Aude1.57
Aveyron1.51
Bouches-du-Rhône1.73
Calvados1.45
Cantal1.46
Charente1.59
Charente-Maritime1.46
Cher1.70
Corrèze1.44
Corse-du-Sud1.13
Haute-Corse1.26
Côte-d'Or1.36
Côtes-d'Armor1.70
Creuse1.53
Dordogne1.52
Doubs1.53
Drôme1.74
Eure1.75
Eure-et-Loir1.77
Finistère1.51
Gard1.66
Haute-Garonne1.39
Gers1.57
Gironde1.38
Hérault1.40
Ille-et-Vilaine1.49
Indre1.55
Indre-et-Loire1.48
Isère1.64
Jura1.50
Landes1.50
Loir-et-Cher1.70
Loire1.73
Haute-Loire1.59
Loire-Atlantique1.54
Loiret1.81
Lot1.51
Lot-et-Garonne1.62
Lozère1.44
Maine-et-Loire1.66
Manche1.63
Marne1.53
Haute-Marne1.65
Mayenne1.92
Meurthe-et-Moselle1.32
Meuse1.58
Morbihan1.63
Moselle1.44
Nièvre1.59
Nord1.61
Oise1.78
Orne1.71
Pas-de-Calais1.72
Puy-de-Dôme1.45
Pyrénées-Atlantiques1.38
Hautes-Pyrénées1.52
Pyrénées-Orientales1.63
Bas-Rhin1.40
Haut-Rhin1.59
Rhône1.57
Haute-Saône1.66
Saône-et-Loire1.63
Sarthe1.71
Savoie1.55
Haute-Savoie1.59
Paris1.26
Seine-Maritime1.65
Seine-et-Marne1.78
Yvelines1.85
Deux-Sèvres1.57
Somme1.56
Tarn1.51
Tarn-et-Garonne1.68
Var1.66
Vaucluse1.79
Vendée1.57
Vienne1.51
Haute-Vienne1.52
Vosges1.61
Yonne1.75
Territoire de Belfort1.59
Essonne1.95
Hauts-de-Seine1.58
Seine-Saint-Denis2.02
Val-de-Marne1.69
Val-d'Oise2.01
Metropolitan France1.59
Guadeloupe1.75
Martinique1.52
Guyane3.05
La Réunion2.12
Mayotte3.58
France1.62

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.I.2015):[56]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total31 138 55033 162 27164 300 821100
0–41 932 1401 847 1723 779 3125.88
5–92 031 8481 942 2223 974 0706.18
10–142 024 5181 934 2673 958 7866.16
15–191 996 7181 892 3573 889 0756.08
20–241 877 1691 839 4753 716 6445.78
25–291 882 6181 933 6063 816 2245.93
30–341 960 6332 030 7843 991 4176.21
35–391 973 5992 014 4893 988 0886.20
40–442 155 8832 185 5884 341 4716.75
45–492 155 3082 206 4954 361 8036.78
50–542 111 7832 195 4314 307 2136.70
55–591 992 5062 120 7444 113 2506.40
60–641 912 8392 077 5373 990 3766.21
65–691 713 3891 892 0993 605 4895.61
70–741 138 6871 319 7392 458 4263.82
75–79938 4431 228 9412 167 3843.37
80–84731 1051 133 9391 865 0442.90
85–89420 854829 0231 249 8771.94
90–94161 109427 905589 0140.92
95–9923 41291 245114 6570.18
100+3 98919 21223 2020.04
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–145 988 5065 723 66111 712 16718.21
15–6420 019 05620 496 50740 515 56363.01
65+5 130 9886 942 10312 073 09118.78
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Excluding diplomatic personnel outside the country and including members ofalien armed forces not living in military camps and foreign diplomatic personnel not living in embassies or consulates.):[56]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total31 679 65233 767 80265 447 454100
0–41 760 8931 687 1563 448 0495.27
5–91 987 7731 899 7863 887 5595.94
10–142 094 5461 994 6024 089 1486.25
15–192 067 6051 953 6634 021 2686.14
20–241 920 7461 841 8503 762 5965.75
25–291 790 5161 806 2713 596 7875.50
30–341 924 3912 013 9463 938 3376.02
35–391 993 2742 096 3264 089 6006.25
40–441 982 7752 048 7584 031 5336.16
45–492 140 1312 174 5454 314 6766.59
50–542 117 2922 178 4274 295 7196.56
55–592 074 8142 187 1454 261 9596.51
60–641 918 2432 101 1184 019 3616.14
65–691 772 1952 011 3863 783 5815.78
70–741 673 6631 941 8693 615 5325.52
75–79992 8571 236 6662 229 5233.41
80–84750 1131 068 4601 818 5732.78
85–89478 291865 7821 344 0732.05
90–94193 641481 583675 2241.03
95–9942 044157 385199 4290.30
100–1043 37119 25122 6220.03
105–1093841 5751 959<0.01
110+94252346<0.01
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–145 843 2125 581 54411 424 75617.46
15–6419 929 78720 402 04940 331 83661.62
65+5 906 6537 784 20913 690 86220.92

Births in mainland France by place of birth of parents

[edit]

INSEE counts individuals born alive in mainland France according to the detailed place of birth of the parents:[57]

Country of birth of parentNumber of births by country of father (% of total births)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)Number of births by country of mother (% of total births) (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)
Total802 224 (100)792 996 (100)790 290 (100)781 621 (100)781 167 (100)760 421 (100)744 697 (100)730 242 (100)719 737 (100)714 029 (100)696 664 (100)701 819 (100)686 564 (100)802 224 (100)792 996 (100)790 290 (100)781 621 (100)781 167 (100)760 421 (100)744 697 (100)730 242 (100)719 737 (100)714 029 (100)696 664 (100)701 819 (100) 686 564 (100)
France640 598 (79.85)632 207 (79.72)627 365 (79.38)613 424 (78.48)608 646 (77.91)588 148 (77.35)571 275 (76.71)555 974 (76.14)544 720 (75.68)536 243 (75.10)524 718 (75.32)534 294 (76.13)514 002 (74.87)655 627 (81.73)644 323 (81.25)638 518 (80.80)624 148 (79.85)617 739 (79.08)596 823 (78.49)579 072 (77.76)563 785 (77.21)552 501 (77.21)543 297 (76.09)532 658 (76.46)542 566 (77.31)523 979 (76.32)
Foreigners161 626 (20.15)160 789 (20.28)162 925 (20.62)168 197 (21.52)172 521 (22.09)172 273 (22.65)173 422 (23.29)174 268 (23.86)175 017 (24.32)177 786 (24.90)171 946 (24.68)167 525 (23.87)172 562 (25.13)146 597 (18.27)148 673 (18.75)151 772 (19.20)157 473 (20.15)163 428 (20.92)163 598 (21.51)165 625 (22.24)166 457 (22.79)167 236 (23.24)170 732 (23.91)164 006 (23.54)159 253 (22.69)162 585 (23.68)
Foreigners detail :
Europe22 010 (2.74)24 795 (3.13)25 489 (3.23)26 516 (3.39)27 545 (3.53)28 264 (3.72)28 673 (3.85)28 794 (3.94)28 699 (3.99)28 680 (4.02)27 904 (4.01)28 101 (4.00)27 425 (3.99)25 331 (3.16)26 803 (3.38)27 630 (3.50)28 951 (3.70)30 612 (3.92)31 073 (4.09)31 908 (4.28)32 092 (4.39)32 001 (4.45)31 792 (4.45)30 938 (4.44)31 193 (4.44)30 388 (4.43)
Portugal5 954 (0.74)6 299 (0.79)6 358 (0.80)6 465 (0.83)6 615 (0.85)6 514 (0.86)6 408 (0.86)6 100 (0.84)5 820 (0.81)5 679 (0.80)5 303 (0.76)5 090 (0.73)4 800 (0.70)4 349 (0.54)4 430 (0.56)4 405 (0.56)4 593 (0.59)4 903 (0.63)4 964 (0.65)4 967 (0.67)4 657 (0.64)4 545 (0.63)4 499 (0.63)4 099 (0.59)3 957 (0.56)3 869 (0.56)
Romania1 866 (0.23)2 477 (0.31)2 906 (0.37)3 076 (0.39)3 438 (0.44)3 891 (0.51)4 297 (0.58)4 583 (0.63)4 670 (0.65)4 813 (0.67)4 806 (0.69)4 806 (0.68)4 612 (0.67)2 651 (0.33)2 964 (0.37)3 434 (0.43)3 592 (0.46)4 046 (0.52)4 453 (0.59)4 825 (0.65)5 112 (0.70)5 059 (0.70)5 210 (0.73)5 096 (0.73)5 127 (0.73)4 872 (0.71)
Italy1 458 (0.18)1 584 (0.20)1 550 (0.20)1 521 (0.19)1 628 (0.21)1 753 (0.23)1 788 (0.24)1 752 (0.24)1 770 (0.25)1 867 (0.26)1 857 (0.27)1 992 (0.28)1 894 (0.28)1 231 (0.15)1 283 (0.16)1 278 (0.16)1 320 (0.17)1 440 (0.18)1 520 (0.20)1 652 (0.22)1 702 (0.23)1 817 (0.25)1 830 (0.26)1 993 (0.29)2 123 (0.30)2 069 (0.30)
Serbia1 489 (0.19)1 723 (0.22)1 788 (0.23)1 908 (0.24)1 896 (0.24)1 882 (0.25)1 815 (0.24)1 888 (0.26)1 880 (0.26)1 822 (0.26)1 688 (0.24)1 670 (0.24)1 558 (0.23)1 535 (0.19)1 656 (0.21)1 660 (0.21)1 791 (0.23)1 753 (0.22)1 795 (0.24)1 715 (0.23)1 809 (0.25)1 771 (0.25)1 697 (0.24)1 607 (0.23)1 518 (0.22)1 431 (0.21)
Belgium1 828 (0.23)1 902 (0.24)1 947 (0.25)1 888 (0.24)1 846 (0.24)1 743 (0.23)1 659 (0.22)1 556 (0.21)1 531 (0.21)1 595 (0.22)1 538 (0.22)1 602 (0.23)1 555 (0.23)1 919 (0.24)1 904 (0.24)1 824 (0.23)1 787 (0.23)1 714 (0.22)1 591 (0.21)1 596 (0.21)1 544 (0.21)1 502 (0.21)1 498 (0.21)1 526 (0.22)1 603 (0.23)1 499 (0.22)
Russia840 (0.10)1 387 (0.17)1 606 (0.20)1 645 (0.21)1 675 (0.21)1 712 (0.23)1 599 (0.21)1 653 (0.23)1 609 (0.22)1 554 (0.22)1 453 (0.21)1 371 (0.20)1 339 (0.20)1 828 (0.23)2 373 (0.30)2 646 (0.33)2 715 (0.35)2 817 (0.36)2 779 (0.37)2 722 (0.37)2 711 (0.37)2 520 (0.35)2 560 (0.36)2 404 (0.35)2 253 (0.32)2 161 (0.31)
Germany1 548 (0.19)1 690 (0.21)1 562 (0.20)1 529 (0.20)1 564 (0.20)1 470 (0.19)1 427 (0.19)1 384 (0.19)1 332 (0.19)1 282 (0.18)1 259 (0.18)1 260 (0.18)1 206 (0.18)1 963 (0.24)1 928 (0.24)1 870 (0.24)1 820 (0.23)1 881 (0.24)1 730 (0.23)1 805 (0.24)1 666 (0.23)1 700 (0.24)1 640 (0.23)1 535 (0.22)1 566 (0.22)1 365 (0.20)
Spain912 (0.11)1 046 (0.13)1 059 (0.13)1 070 (0.14)1 181 (0.15)1 312 (0.17)1 344 (0.18)1 197 (0.16)1 233 (0.17)1 193 (0.17)1 276 (0.18)1 162 (0.17)1 142 (0.17)1 129 (0.14)1 191 (0.15)1 177 (0.15)1 366 (0.17)1 471 (0.19)1 598 (0.21)1 639 (0.22)1 527 (0.21)1 630 (0.23)1 548 (0.22)1 575 (0.23)1 681 (0.24)1 542 (0.22)
United Kingdom1 866 (0.23)1 487 (0.19)1 309 (0.17)1 359 (0.17)1 194 (0.15)1 170 (0.15)1 154 (0.15)1 139 (0.16)1 080 (0.15)1 015 (0.14)977 (0.14)1 094 (0.16)1 017 (0.15)1 407 (0.18)1 401 (0.18)1 290 (0.16)1 230 (0.16)1 220 (0.16)1 139 (0.15)1 131 (0.15)1 152 (0.16)1 132 (0.16)1 085 (0.15)1 005 (0.14)1 100 (0.16)1 029 (0.15)
Bulgaria283 (0.04)359 (0.05)418 (0.05)449 (0.06)512 (0.07)541 (0.07)625 (0.08)637 (0.09)695 (0.10)714 (0.10)756 (0.11)682 (0.10)677 (0.10)525 (0.07)537 (0.07)634 (0.08)718 (0.09)769 (0.10)797 (0.10)870 (0.12)851 (0.12)911 (0.13)901 (0.13)948 (0.14)877 (0.12)863(0.13)
 Switzerland662 (0.08)683 (0.09)655 (0.08)663 (0.08)661 (0.08)674 (0.09)721 (0.10)633 (0.09)637 (0.09)630 (0.09)643 (0.09)700 (0.10)621 (0.09)750 (0.09)679 (0.09)747 (0.09)742 (0.09)712 (0.09)732 (0.10)708 (0.10)680 (0.10)734 (0.10)741 (0.10)713 (0.10)718 (0.10)679(0.10)
Poland1 026 (0.13)1 026 (0.13)1 070 (0.14)1 088 (0.14)1 115 (0.14)1 135 (0.15)1 072 (0.14)1 054 (0.14)991 (0.14)869 (0.12)759 (0.11)705 (0.10)590 (0.09)1 941 (0.24)1 905 (0.24)1 934 (0.24)1 940 (0.25)2 038 (0.26)1 981 (0.26)1 847 (0.25)1 829 (0.25)1 682 (0.23)1 462 (0.20)1 398 (0.20)1 309 (0.19)1 025 (0.15)
Netherlands389 (0.05)346 (0.04)320 (0.04)343 (0.04)320 (0.04)314 (0.04)267 (0.04)267 (0.04)261 (0.04)235 (0.03)264 (0.04)280 (0.04)285 (0.04)408 (0.05)425 (0.05)381 (0.05)399 (0.05)353 (0.05)353 (0.05)339 (0.05)381 (0.05)337 (0.05)304 (0.04)330 (0.05)328 (0.05)348(0.05)
Greece98 (0.01)70 (0.01)72 (0.01)119 (0.02)121 (0.02)110 (0.01)127 (0.02)100 (0.01)105 (0.01)127 (0.02)115 (0.02)119 (0.02)116 (0.02)102 (0.01)105 (0.01)123 (0.02)138 (0.02)159 (0.02)142 (0.02)179 (0.02)149 (0.02)159 (0.02)160 (0.02)152 (0.02)188 (0.03)163(0.02)
Luxembourg75 (0.01)75 (0.01)91 (0.01)74 (0.01)78 (0.01)87 (0.01)85 (0.01)87 (0.01)91 (0.01)96 (0.01)86 (0.01)80 (0.01)87 (0.01)77 (0.01)69 (0.01)67 (0.01)78 (0.01)76 (0.01)73 (0.01)94 (0.01)99 (0.01)82 (0.01)83 (0.01)85 (0.01)62 (0.01)87 (0.01)
Ireland139 (0.02)131 (0.02)131 (0.02)107 (0.01)105 (0.01)110 (0.01)105 (0.01)94 (0.01)91 (0.01)105 (0.01)100 (0.01)103 (0.01)84 (0.01)159 (0.02)153 (0.02)121 (0.02)143 (0.02)138 (0.02)108 (0.01)96 (0.01)93 (0.01)101 (0.01)88 (0.01)72 (0.01)97 (0.01)90 (0.01)
Hungary82 (0.01)92 (0.01)104 (0.01)98 (0.01)136 (0.02)115 (0.02)129 (0.02)95 (0.01)115 (0.02)113 (0.02)90 (0.01)87 (0.01)78 (0.01)155 (0.02)176 (0.02)200 (0.03)196 (0.03)228 (0.03)235 (0.03)240 (0.03)220 (0.03)221 (0.03)226 (0.03)196 (0.03)212 (0.03)186(0.03)
Sweden90 (0.01)77 (0.01)66 (0.01)65 (0.01)71 (0.01)80 (0.01)66 (0.01)44 (0.01)59 (0.01)44 (0.01)59 (0.01)55 (0.08)59 (0.01)182 (0.02)169 (0.02)136 (0.02)159 (0.02)161 (0.02)125 (0.02)150 (0.02)120 (0.02)118 (0.02)110 (0.02)106 (0.02)108 (0.02)104(0.02)
Slovakia46 (0.01)59 (0.01)60 (0.01)59 (0.01)70 (0.01)64 (0.01)82 (0.01)56 (0.01)70 (0.10)77 (0.01)66 (0.01)57 (0.01)58 (0.01)151 (0.02)152 (0.02)165 (0.02)180 (0.02)187 (0.02)172 (0.02)172 (0.02)169 (0.02)154 (0.02)163 (0.02)134 (0.02)145 (0.02)133(0.02)
Austria63 (0.01)64 (0.01)58 (0.01)63 (0.01)65 (0.01)58 (0.01)41 (0.01)45 (0.01)58 (0.01)58 (0.01)47 (0.01)47 (0.01)39 (0.01)93 (0.01)83 (0.01)97 (0.01)85 (0.01)106 (0.01)87 (0.01)89 (0.01)91 (0.01)71 (0.01)82 (0.01)69 (0.01)64 (0.01)71 (0.01)
Denmark54 (0.01)46 (0.01)35 (0.00)42 (0.01)34 (0.00)46 (0.01)47 (0.01)22 (0.00)37 (0.01)34 (0.00)39 (0.01)37 (0.01)36 (0.01)89 (0.01)70 (0.01)67 (0.01)66 (0.01)64 (0.01)52 (0.01)59 (0.01)47 (0.01)45 (0.01)40 (0.01)42 (0.01)47 (0.01)39 (0.01)
Czech Republic50 (0.01)58 (0.01)68 (0.01)58 (0.01)54 (0.01)72 (0.01)60 (0.01)53 (0.01)46 (0.01)42 (0.01)55 (0.01)44 (0.01)35 (0.01)161 (0.02)155 (0.02)165 (0.02)160 (0.02)185 (0.02)161 (0.02)173 (0.02)150 (0.02)158 (0.02)171 (0.02)156 (0.02)143 (0.02)126 (0.02)
Latvia12 (0.00)28 (0.00)19 (0.00)20 (0.00)30 (0.00)34 (0.00)39 (0.01)28 (0.00)26 (0.00)21 (0.00)28 (0.00)31 (0.00)31 (0.00)61 (0.01)69 (0.01)63 (0.01)89 (0.01)84 (0.01)78 (0.01)91 (0.01)96 (0.01)85 (0.01)113 (0.02)79 (0.01)92 (0.01)87 (0.01)
Lithuania25 (0.00)41 (0.01)34 (0.00)38 (0.00)40 (0.01)44 (0.01)45 (0.01)27 (0.00)41 (0.01)38 (0.01)40 (0.01)42 (0.01)25 (0.00)96 (0.01)132 (0.02)109 (0.01)114 (0.01)112 (0.01)112 (0.01)138 (0.02)113 (0.02)128 (0.02)116 (0.02)116 (0.02)118 (0.02)101 (0.01)
Finland27 (0.00)19 (0.00)19 (0.00)23 (0.00)28 (0.00)19 (0.00)16 (0.00)19 (0.00)15 (0.00)17 (0.00)13 (0.00)23 (0.00)25 (0.00)72 (0.01)65 (0.01)67 (0.01)77 (0.01)70 (0.01)48 (0.01)57 (0.01)68 (0.01)56 (0.01)40 (0.01)46 (0.01)52 (0.01)50 (0.01)
Norway31 (0.00)37 (0.00)25 (0.00)33 (0.00)33 (0.00)22 (0.00)22 (0.00)28 (0.00)19 (0.00)25 (0.00)24 (0.00)34 (0.00)19 (0.00)48 (0.01)43 (0.01)45 (0.01)40 (0.01)42 (0.01)38 (0.00)36 (0.00)37 (0.01)33 (0.00)39 (0.01)37 (0.01)38 (0.01)34 (0.00)
Czechoslovakia36 (0.00)37 (0.00)33 (0.00)30 (0.00)43 (0.01)26 (0.00)25 (0.00)34 (0.00)21 (0.00)19 (0.02)18 (0.00)19 (0.00)14 (0.00)83 (0.01)65 (0.01)77 (0.01)88 (0.01)90 (0.01)81 (0.01)80 (0.01)73 (0.01)82 (0.01)56 (0.01)40 (0.01)44 (0.01)27 (0.00)
Slovenia7 (0.00)7 (0.00)11 (0.00)13 (0.00)13 (0.00)19 (0.00)19 (0.00)3 (0.00)10 (0.00)12 (0.00)12 (0.00)9 (0.00)11 (0.00)25 (0.00)31 (0.00)16 (0.00)30 (0.00)20 (0.00)30 (0.00)25 (0.00)18 (0.00)34 (0.00)24 (0.00)25 (0.00)17 (0.00)24 (0.00)
Cyprus12 (0.00)9 (0.00)6 (0.00)11 (0.00)5 (0.00)11 (0.00)3 (0.00)8 (0.00)3 (0.00)7 (0.00)10 (0.00)13 (0.00)10 (0.00)13 (0.00)10 (0.00)5 (0.00)10 (0.00)10 (0.00)14 (0.00)13 (0.00)12 (0.00)17 (0.00)18 (0.00)15 (0.00)14 (0.00)13 (0.00)
Malta10 (0.00)7 (0.00)4 (0.00)7 (0.00)6 (0.00)0 (0.00)7 (0.00)3 (0.00)3 (0.00)1 (0.00)1 (0.00)1 (0.00)5 (0.00)6 (0.00)2 (0.00)2 (0.00)3 (0.00)8 (0.00)4 (0.00)2 (0.00)5 (0.00)3 (0.00)4 (0.00)6 (0.00)3 (0.00)4 (0.00)
Estonia9 (0.00)9 (0.00)3 (0.00)11 (0.00)7 (0.00)7 (0.00)10 (0.00)13 (0.00)11 (0.00)6 (0.00)7 (0.00)12 (0.00)4 (0.00)34 (0.00)34 (0.00)35 (0.00)40 (0.01)52 (0.01)45 (0.01)28 (0.00)56 (0.01)39 (0.01)39 (0.01)29 (0.00)37 (0.01)39 (0.01)
Iceland6 (0.00)4 (0.00)3 (0.00)6 (0.00)5 (0.00)4 (0.00)4 (0.00)5 (0.00)4 (0.00)4 (0.00)2 (0.00)4 (0.00)1 (0.00)7 (0.00)4 (0.00)8 (0.00)3 (0.00)7 (0.00)3 (0.00)6 (0.00)4 (0.00)5 (0.00)4 (0.00)4 (0.00)3 (0.00)4 (0.00)
Other European countries1 464 (0.18)1 916 (0.24)2 099 (0.27)2 635 (0.34)2 956 (0.38)3 225 (0.42)3 565 (0.48)4 187 (0.57)4 365 (0.61)4 566 (0.64)4 513 (0.65)4 870 (0.69)5 392 (0.79)2 081 (0.26)2 540 (0.32)2 782 (0.35)3 239 (0.41)3 696 (0.47)4 033 (0.53)4 364 (0.59)4 851 (0.66)5 070 (0.70)5 241 (0.73)5 300 (0.76)5 549 (0.79)6 254 (0.91)
North Africa67 073 (8.36)70 630 (8.91)71 120 (9.00)73 032 (9.34)74 228 (9.50)73 261 (9.63)72 808 (9.78)71 886 (9.84)70 654 (9.82)69 845 (9.78)66 174 (9.50)62 218 (8.87)62 811 (9.15)58 124 (7.25)58 947 (7.43)59 694 (7.55)62 286 (7.97)64 088 (8.20)64 022 (8.42)64 081 (8.60)63 763 (8.73)62 963 (8.75)62 900 (8.81)58 767 (8.44)54 920 (7.83)54 906 (8.00)
Algeria27 817 (3.47)28 628 (3.61)29 193 (3.69)30 278 (3.87)30 909 (3.96)30 930 (4.07)31 405 (4.22)30 693 (4.20)30 583 (4.25)30 080 (4.21)28 382 (4.07)26 349 (3.75)26 981 (3.93)25 847 (3.22)25 831 (3.26)26 408 (3.34)27 905 (3.57)28 899 (3.70)29 240 (3.85)29 984 (4.03)29 256 (4.01)29 102 (4.04)28 780 (4.03)26 469 (3.80)24 257 (3.46)24 329 (3.54)
Morocco27 689 (3.45)29 678 (3.74)29 237 (3.70)29 356 (3.76)29 661 (3.80)28 610 (3.76)27 779 (3.73)27 617 (3.78)26 441 (3.67)25 881 (3.62)24 300 (3.49)22 718 (3.24)22 214 (3.24)25 074 (3.13)25 563 (3.22)25 367 (3.21)25 908 (3.31)26 283 (3.36)25 719 (3.38)24 891 (3.34)25 304 (3.47)24 372 (3.39)24 016 (3.36)22 547 (3.24)20 959 (2.99)20 564(3.00)
Tunisia10 607 (1.32)11 466 (1.45)11 812 (1.49)12 404 (1.59)12 640 (1.62)12 697 (1.67)12 565 (1.69)12 521 (1.71)12 513 (1.74)12 765 (1.79)12 398 (1.78)12 074 (1.72)12 604 (1.84)6 737 (0.84)7 138 (0.90)7 517 (0.95)7 980 (1.02)8 424 (1.08)8 561 (1.13)8 692 (1.17)8 655 (1.19)8 867 (1.23)9 504 (1.33)9 167 (1.32)9 106 (1.30)9 492 (1.38)
Egypt960 (0.12)858 (0.11)878 (0.11)994 (0.13)1 018 (0.13)1 024 (0.13)1 059 (0.14)1 055 (0.14)1 117 (0.16)1 119 (0.16)1 094 (0.16)1 077 (0.15)1 012 (0.15)466 (0.06)415 (0.05)402 (0.05)493 (0.06)482 (0.06)502 (0.07)514 (0.07)548 (0.08)622 (0.09)600 (0.08)584 (0.08)598 (0.09)521 (0.08)
Black Africa/Non-French West Indies29 814 (3.72)38 285 (4.83)39 277 (4.97)41 445 (5.30)43 086 (5.52)44 093 (5.80)45 106 (6.06)47 280 (6.47)49 869 (6.93)53 268 (7.46)53 092 (7.62)53 240 (7.59)57 496 (8.37)31 598 (3.94)34 523 (4.35)35 367 (4.48)37 365 (4.78)39 043 (5.00)39 591 (5.21)40 600 (5.45)42 316 (5.79)44 453 (6.18)47 923 (6.71)47 420 (6.81)46 965 (6.69)50 682 (7.38)
Ivory Coast2 209 (0.28)3 446 (0.43)3 658 (0.46)4 093 (0.52)4 360 (0.56)4 470 (0.59)4 601 (0.62)5 082 (0.70)5 715 (0.79)6 832 (0.96)6 915 (0.99)7 150 (1.02)8 388 (1.22)2 483 (0.31)3 257 (0.41)3 535 (0.45)3 829 (0.49)4 077 (0.52)4 144 (0.54)4 308 (0.58)4 817 (0.66)5 445 (0.76)6 403 (0.90)6 295 (0.90)6 500 (0.93)7 647 (1.11)
Congo3 908 (0.49)6 367 (0.80)6 361 (0.80)6 752 (0.86)6 872 (0.88)6 823 (0.90)7 022 (0.94)7 317 (1.00)7 444 (1.03)7 299 (1.02)7 050 (1.01)6 697 (0.95)6 867 (1.00)4 000 (0.50)5 612 (0.71)5 772 (0.73)6 119 (0.78)6 372 (0.82)6 210 (0.82)6 384 (0.86)6 560 (0.90)6 603 (0.92)6 519 (0.91)6 153 (0.88)5 929 (0.84)6 003 (0.87)
Senegal3 811 (0.48)4 354 (0.55)4 679 (0.59)4 966 (0.64)5 213 (0.67)5 274 (0.69)5 352 (0.72)5 570 (0.76)5 915 (0.82)6 090 (0.85)6 061 (0.87)5 969 (0.85)6 347 (0.92)3 548 (0.44)3 589 (0.45)3 901 (0.49)4 107 (0.53)4 330 (0.55)4 279 (0.56)4 348 (0.58)4 581 (0.63)4 761 (0.66)4 954 (0.69)5 039 (0.72)4 798 (0.68)5 244 (0.76)
Guinea1 356 (0.17)1 895 (0.24)2 045 (0.26)2 214 (0.28)2 390 (0.31)2 526 (0.33)2 593 (0.35)2 990 (0.41)3 179 (0.44)4 412 (0.62)4 543 (0.65)4 950 (0.71)5 659 (0.82)1 499 (0.19)1 756 (0.22)1 858 (0.24)1 970 (0.25)2 136 (0.27)2 251 (0.30)2 279 (0.31)2 595 (0.36)2 792 (0.39)3 852 (0.54)3 936 (0.56)4 203 (0.60)4 814 (0.70)
Mali3 875 (0.48)4 407 (0.56)4 337 (0.54)4 504 (0.58)4 476 (0.57)4 492 (0.59)4 429 (0.59)4 732 (0.65)4 799 (0.67)4 755 (0.67)4 786 (0.69)4 847 (0.69)5 073 (0.74)3 129 (0.39)3 061 (0.39)2 959 (0.37)3 143 (0.40)3 079 (0.39)3 074 (0.40)3 263 (0.44)3 272 (0.45)3 412 (0.47)3 413 (0.48)3 391 (0.49)3 379 (0.48)3 541 (0.52)
Comoros2 033 (0.25)2 535 (0.32)2 840 (0.36)2 803 (0.36)2 902 (0.37)3 097 (0.41)3 156 (0.42)3 494 (0.48)3 564 (0.50)3 751 (0.53)3 705 (0.53)3 796 (0.54)3 948 (0.58)2 090 (0.26)2 208 (0.28)2 298 (0.29)2 386 (0.31)2 513 (0.32)2 679 (0.35)2 689 (0.36)2 952 (0.40)3 077 (0.43)3 237 (0.45)3 191 (0.46)3 229 (0.46)3 408 (0.50)
Cameroon2 311 (0.29)2 778 (0.35)2 743 (0.35)2 882 (0.37)3 057 (0.39)3 170 (0.42)3 387 (0.45)3 269 (0.45)3 593 (0.50)3 750 (0.53)3 652 (0.52)3 715 (0.53)3 898 (0.57)3 235 (0.40)3 200 (0.40)3 110 (0.39)3 272 (0.42)3 409 (0.44)3 424 (0.45)3 568 (0.48)3 370 (0.46)3 608 (0.50)3 675 (0.51)3 600 (0.52)3 500 (0.50)3 647 (0.53)
Nigeria343 (0.04)532 (0.07)578 (0.07)683 (0.09)817 (0.10)954 (0.13)1 034 (0.14)1 226 (0.17)1 525 (0.21)1 949 (0.27)1 792 (0.26)1 810 (0.26)1 698 (0.25)585 (0.07)676 (0.09)776 (0.10)948 (0.12)1 014 (0.13)1 082 (0.14)1 139 (0.15)1 317 (0.18)1 686 (0.23)2 078 (0.29)1 911 (0.27)1 871 (0.27)1 758 (0.26)
Haiti1 408 (0.18)1 795 (0.23)1 747 (0.22)1 695 (0.22)1 770 (0.23)1 714 (0.23)1 780 (0.24)1 809 (0.25)1 716 (0.24)1 679 (0.24)1 655 (0.24)1 639 (0.23)1 611 (0.23)1 706 (0.21)1 718 (0.22)1 650 (0.21)1 636 (0.21)1 641 (0.21)1 632 (0.21)1 663 (0.22)1 666 (0.23)1 617 (0.22)1 605 (0.22)1 522 (0.22)1 522 (0.22)1 504 (0.22)
Madagascar1 414 (0.18)1 530 (0.19)1 463 (0.19)1 552 (0.20)1 463 (0.19)1 426 (0.19)1 356 (0.18)1 296 (0.18)1 431 (0.20)1 352 (0.19)1 408 (0.20)1 382 (0.20)1 311 (0.19)2 185 (0.27)2 142 (0.27)2 024 (0.26)2 101 (0.27)2 081 (0.27)2 031 (0.27)1 960 (0.26)1 937 (0.27)1 938 (0.27)2 041 (0.29)2 057 (0.30)1 962 (0.28)1 920 (0.28)
Mauritania793 (0.10)999 (0.13)965 (0.12)1 053 (0.13)1 061 (0.14)1 080 (0.14)1 101 (0.15)1 092 (0.15)1 107 (0.15)1 135 (0.16)1 137 (0.16)1 096 (0.16)1 237 (0.18)524 (0.07)583 (0.07)593 (0.08)622 (0.08)663 (0.08)670 (0.09)644 (0.09)694 (0.10)716 (0.10)723 (0.10)752 (0.11)716 (0.10)806(0.12)
Cape Verde616 (0.08)839 (0.11)890 (0.11)956 (0.12)1 064 (0.14)1 179 (0.16)1 202 (0.16)1 191 (0.16)1 167 (0.16)1 222 (0.17)1 131 (0.16)1 096 (0.16)1 229 (0.18)594 (0.07)649 (0.08)701 (0.09)778 (0.10)865 (0.11)980 (0.13)944 (0.13)1 001 (0.14)960 (0.13)993 (0.14)938 (0.13)911 (0.13)1 026 (0.15)
Benin610 (0.08)781 (0.10)755 (0.10)763 (0.10)806 (0.10)807 (0.11)805 (0.11)827 (0.11)892 (0.12)901 (0.13)928 (0.13)1 002 (0.14)1 002 (0.15)481 (0.06)469 (0.06)506 (0.06)498 (0.06)559 (0.07)526 (0.07)516 (0.07)512 (0.07)566 (0.08)569 (0.08)609 (0.09)635 (0.09)649(0.09)
Gabon478 (0.06)620 (0.08)601 (0.08)658 (0.08)684 (0.09)688 (0.09)764 (0.10)733 (0.10)806 (0.11)818 (0.11)853 (0.12)853 (0.12)903 (0.13)713 (0.09)743 (0.09)696 (0.09)721 (0.09)795 (0.10)819 (0.11)921 (0.12)981 (0.13)975 (0.14)1 123 (0.16)1 055 (0.15)1 070 (0.15)1 119(0.16)
Angola825 (0.10)1 017 (0.13)1 045 (0.13)1 063 (0.14)1 106 (0.14)1 066 (0.14)1 040 (0.14)1 110 (0.15)1 014 (0.14)1 051 (0.15)979 (0.14)891 (0.13)896 (0.13)758 (0.09)718 (0.09)748 (0.10)747 (0.10)785 (0.10)817 (0.11)764 (0.10)860 (0.12)851 (0.12)902 (0.13)866 (0.12)774 (0.11)774 (0.11)
Togo708 (0.09)783 (0.10)799 (0.10)761 (0.10)797 (0.10)798 (0.10)745 (0.10)722 (0.10)754 (0.10)751 (0.11)732 (0.11)716 (0.10)790 (0.12)625 (0.08)604 (0.08)597 (0.08)627 (0.08)625 (0.08)560 (0.07)568 (0.08)555 (0.08)504 (0.07)498 (0.07)529 (0.08)521 (0.07)560(0.08)
Central African Republic485 (0.06)645 (0.08)621 (0.08)646 (0.08)676 (0.09)724 (0.10)714 (0.10)704 (0.10)671 (0.09)770 (0.11)686 (0.10)676 (0.10)722 (0.11)516 (0.06)517 (0.07)495 (0.06)526 (0.07)524 (0.07)634 (0.08)642 (0.09)638 (0.09)597 (0.08)656 (0.09)642 (0.09)607 (0.09)658 (0.10)
Chad243 (0.03)264 (0.03)265 (0.03)282 (0.04)328 (0.04)339 (0.04)318 (0.04)396 (0.05)369 (0.05)413 (0.06)335 (0.05)336 (0.05)444 (0.06)209 (0.03)216 (0.03)203 (0.03)233 (0.03)269 (0.03)304 (0.04)296 (0.04)349 (0.05)344 (0.05)368 (0.05)327 (0.05)313 (0.04)422 (0.06)
Mauritius410 (0.05)463 (0.06)437 (0.06)420 (0.05)434 (0.06)421 (0.06)437 (0.06)411 (0.06)442 (0.06)393 (0.06)403 (0.06)378 (0.05)362 (0.05)493 (0.06)549 (0.07)542 (0.07)489 (0.06)540 (0.07)519 (0.07)524 (0.07)491 (0.07)511 (0.07)505 (0.07)495 (0.07)509 (0.07)431 (0.06)
Niger148 (0.02)147 (0.02)192 (0.02)205 (0.03)176 (0.02)210 (0.03)197 (0.03)187 (0.03)203 (0.03)202 (0.03)207 (0.03)218 (0.03)282 (0.04)188 (0.02)172 (0.02)215 (0.03)191 (0.02)213 (0.03)205 (0.03)185 (0.02)180 (0.02)199 (0.03)198 (0.03)206 (0.03)214 (0.03)228(0.03)
Other African countries1 830 (0.23)2 088 (0.26)2 256 (0.29)2 494 (0.32)2 634 (0.34)2 835 (0.37)3 073 (0.41)3 122 (0.43)3 563 (0.50)3 743 (0.52)4 134 (0.59)4 023 (0.57)4 829 (0.70)2 037 (0.25)2 084 (0.26)2 188 (0.28)2 422 (0.31)2 553 (0.33)2 751 (0.36)2 995 (0.40)2 988 (0.41)3 291 (0.46)3 611 (0.51)3 906 (0.56)3 802 (0.54)4 523 (0.66)
Asia9 372 (1.17)10 649 (1.34)10 674 (1.37)10 975 (1.39)11 157 (1.43)10 636 (1.40)11 036 (1.48)10 526 (1.44)10 538 (1.46)10 951 (1.53)10 643 (1.53)9 840 (1.40)10 699 (1.56)12 108 (1.51)13 001 (1.64)13 768 (1.74)13 308 (1.70)13 964 (1.79)13 460 (1.77)13 791 (1.85)13 170 (1.80)13 071 (1.82)13 278 (1.86)12 656 (1.82)12 093 (1.72)12 579 (1.83)
China1 815 (0.23)2 141 (0.27)2 140 (0.27)1 845 (0.24)2 079 (0.27)1 669 (0.22)2 053 (0.28)1 650 (0.23)1 545 (0.21)1 586 (0.22)1 393 (0.20)1 158 (0.16)1 067 (0.16)2 684 (0.33)2 964 (0.37)3 092 (0.39)2 771 (0.35)3 204 (0.41)2 619 (0.34)3 035 (0.41)2 627 (0.36)2 435 (0.34)2 492 (0.35)2 134 (0.31)1 969 (0.28)1 768 (0.26)
Vietnam627 (0.08)1 086 (0.14)1 145 (0.14)1 014 (0.13)923 (0.12)904 (0.12)869 (0.12)759 (0.10)726 (0.10)713 (0.10)637 (0.09)595 (0.08)549 (0.08)841 (0.10)1 366 (0.17)1 498 (0.19)1 370 (0.18)1 279 (0.16)1 264 (0.17)1 246 (0.17)1 167 (0.16)1 145 (0.16)1 136 (0.16)1 063 (0.15)975 (0.14)945 (0.14)
Cambodia675 (0.08)696 (0.09)629 (0.08)594 (0.08)632 (0.08)520 (0.07)496 (0.07)409 (0.06)336 (0.05)337 (0.05)338 (0.05)222 (0.03)232 (0.03)818 (0.10)784 (0.10)800 (0.10)706 (0.09)769 (0.10)728 (0.10)658 (0.09)550 (0.08)512 (0.07)509 (0.07)481 (0.07)402 (0.06)358 (0.05)
Laos560 (0.07)569 (0.07)454 (0.06)418 (0.05)388 (0.05)265 (0.04)288 (0.04)242 (0.03)196 (0.03)184 (0.03)157 (0.02)142 (0.02)111 (0.02)442 (0.06)438 (0.06)395 (0.05)328 (0.04)320 (0.04)249 (0.03)226 (0.03)211 (0.03)192 (0.03)176 (0.02)181 (0.03)162 (0.02)129(0.02)
Japan112 (0.01)147 (0.02)148 (0.02)127 (0.02)141 (0.02)120 (0.02)114 (0.02)134 (0.02)120 (0.02)105 (0.01)130 (0.02)111 (0.02)101 (0.01)560 (0.07)645 (0.08)638 (0.08)657 (0.08)632 (0.08)588 (0.08)567 (0.07)575 (0.08)500 (0.07)420 (0.06)406 (0.06)410 (0.06)386 (0.06)
Sri Lanka1 618 (0.20)1 743 (0.22)1 909 (0.24)1 908 (0.24)2 006 (0.26)2 080 (0.27)1 991 (0.27)1 981 (0.27)2 020 (0.28)1 879 (0.26)1 905 (0.27)1 784 (0.25)1 815 (0.26)1 634 (0.20)1 678 (0.21)1 821 (0.23)1 843 (0.24)1 926 (0.25)2 035 (0.27)1 910 (0.26)1 889 (0.26)1 907 (0.26)1 779 (0.25)1 765 (0.25)1 632 (0.23)1 692 (0.25)
India1 073 (0.13)1 130 (0.14)1 114 (0.14)1 162 (0.15)1 234 (0.16)1 168 (0.15)1 196 (0.16)1 175 (0.16)1 246 (0.17)1 274 (0.18)1 218 (0.17)1 159 (0.17)1 168 (0.17)1 068 (0.13)1 071 (0.14)1 073 (0.14)1 093 (0.14)1 124 (0.14)1 092 (0.14)1 126 (0.15)1 095 (0.15)1 197 (0.17)1 147 (0.16)1 144 (0.16)1 074 (0.15)1 106 (0.16)
Bangladesh245 (0.03)308 (0.04)338 (0.04)380 (0.05)376 (0,.05)563 (0.07)622 (0.08)599 (0.08)728 (0.10)775 (0.11)833 (0.12)842 (0.12)1 053 (0.15)253 (0.03)307 (0.04)325 (0.04)368 (0.05)358 (0.05)546 (0.07)602 (0.08)572 (0.08)700 (0.10)756 (0.11)795 (0.11)807 (0.11)1 021 (0.15)
Pakistan788 (0.10)855 (0.11)916 (0.12)936 (0.12)985 (0.13)944 (0.12)963 (0.13)995 (0.14)977 (0.14)1 060 (0.15)1 082 (0.16)964 (0.14)1 029 (0.15)667 (0.08)677 (0.09)711 (0.09)727 (0.09)755 (0.10)760 (0.10)810 (0.11)789 (0.11)772 (0.11)863 (0.12)882 (0.13)803 (0.11)841(0.12)
Other Asia1 859 (0.23)1 974 (0.25)2 182 (0.28)2 290 (0.29)2 393 (0.31)2 403 (0.32)2 444 (0.33)2 582 (0.35)2 644 (0.37)3 038 (0.43)2 950 (0.42)2 863 (0.41)3 574 (0.52)3 141 (0.39)3 071 (0.39)3 415 (0.43)3 445 (0.44)3 597 (0.46)3 579 (0.47)3 611 (0.48)3 695 (0.51)3 711 (0.52)4 000 (0.56)3 805 (0.55)3 859 (0.55)4 333 (0.63)
Middle East12 657 (1.58)12 955 (1.63)12 620 (1.60)12 775 (1.63)12 566 (1.61)12 043 (1.58)11 805 (1.59)11 584 (1.59)10 949 (1.52)10 512 (1.47)9 728 (1.40)9 374 (1.34)9 346 (1.36)10 713 (1.34)10 387 (1.31)10 294 (1.30)10 226 (1.31)10 257 (1.31)9 809 (1.29)9 564 (1.28)9 437 (1.29)8 806 (1.22)8 542 (1.20)7 947 (1.14)7 483 (1.07)7 593 (1.11)
Turkey10 001 (1.25)10 112 (1.28)9 835 (1.24)9 768 (1.25)9 587 (1.23)9 017 (1.19)8 524 (1.14)8 141 (1.11)7 347 (1.02)6 966 (0.98)6 342 (0.91)5 918 (0.84)5 881 (0.86)8 427 (1.05)8 034 (1.01)7 994 (1.01)7 756 (0.99)7 724 (0.99)7 200 (0.95)6 691 (0.90)6 322 (0.87)5 618 (0.78)5 301 (0.74)4 774 (0.69)4 375 (0.62)4 398 (0.64)
Syria462 (0.06)424 (0.05)406 (0.05)499 (0.06)498 (0.06)560 (0.07)733 (0.10)908 (0.12)1 050 (0.15)1 090 (0.15)1 152 (0.17)1 067 (0.15)1 071 (0.16)382 (0.05)340 (0.04)305 (0.04)371 (0.05)388 (0.05)458 (0.06)621 (0.08)820 (0.11)968 (0.13)1 040 (0.15)1 082 (0.16)964 (0.14)996(0.15)
Lebanon991 (0.12)1 019 (0.13)938 (0.12)972 (0.12)1 001 (0.13)959 (0.13)861 (0.12)884 (0.12)849 (0.12)819 (0.11)745 (0.11)877 (0.12)869 (0.13)750 (0.09)678 (0.09)627 (0.08)656 (0.08)700 (0.09)639 (0.08)632 (0.08)610 (0.08)546 (0.08)585 (0.08)542 (0.08)637 (0.09)694(0.1)
Armenia473 (0.06)710 (0.09)779 (0.10)824 (0.11)780 (0.10)786 (0.10)872 (0.12)850 (0.12)861 (0.12)783 (0.11)737 (0.11)751 (0.11)792 (0.12)566 (0.07)750 (0.09)819 (0.10)878 (0.11)856 (0.11)866 (0.11)915 (0.12)953 (0.13)938 (0.13)857 (0.12)817 (0.12)811 (0.12)835 (0.12)
Iraq172 (0.02)217 (0.03)209 (0.03)208 (0.03)245 (0.03)267 (0.04)353 (0.05)385 (0.05)434 (0.06)424 (0.06)373 (0.05)382 (0.05)343 (0.05)137 (0.02)196 (0.02)193 (0.02)166 (0.02)202 (0.03)245 (0.03)302 (0.04)328 (0.04)390 (0.05)376 (0.05)343 (0.05)325 (0.05)294 (0.04)
Iran289 (0.04)246 (0.03)239 (0.03)276 (0.04)240 (0.03)253 (0.03)249 (0.03)237 (0.03)224 (0.03)251 (0.04)229 (0.03)219 (0.03)241 (0.04)231 (0.03)205 (0.03)217 (0.03)215 (0.03)194 (0.02)226 (0.03)246 (0.03)265 (0.04)222 (0.03)241 (0.03)260 (0.04)252 (0.04)253(0.04)
Israel269 (0.03)227 (0.03)214 (0.03)228 (0.03)215 (0.03)201 (0.03)213 (0.03)179 (0.02)184 (0.03)179 (0.03)150 (0.02)160 (0.02)149 (0.02)220 (0.03)184 (0.02)139 (0.02)184 (0.02)193 (0.02)175 (0.02)157 (0.02)139 (0.02)124 (0.02)142 (0.02)129 (0.02)119 (0.02)123 (0.02)
America/Oceania3 164 (0.39)3 475 (0.44)3 444 (0.44)3 755 (0.48)3 939 (0.50)3 976 (0.52)3 994 (0.54)4 198 (0.57)4 308 (0.60)4 530 (0.63)4 405 (0.63)4 752 (0.68)4 785 (0.70)4 969 (0.62)5 012 (0.63)5 019 (0.64)5 337 (0.68)5 476 (0.70)5 643 (0.74)5 681 (0.76)5 679 (0.78)5 942 (0.83)6 297 (0.88)6 277 (0.90)6 597 (0.94)6 436 (0.94)
Brazil545 (0.07)649 (0.08)692 (0.09)706 (0.09)772 (0.10)788 (0.10)837 (0.11)881 (0.12)940 (0.13)1 019 (0.14)1 061 (0.15)1 099 (0.16)1 165 (0.17)1 124 (0.14)1 172 (0.15)1 145 (0.14)1 267 (0.16)1 252 (0.16)1 264 (0.17)1 359 (0.18)1 437 (0.20)1 461 (0.20)1 601 (0.22)1 567 (0.22)1 685 (0.24)1 636 (0.24)
Colombia288 (0.04)329 (0.04)334 (0.04)399 (0.05)419 (0.05)478 (0.06)423 (0.06)468 (0.06)496 (0.07)580 (0.08)543 (0.08)631 (0.09)627 (0.09)538 (0.07)521 (0.07)547 (0.07)572 (0.07)603 (0.08)689 (0.09)664 (0.09)680 (0.09)671 (0.09)827 (0.12)781 (0.11)843 (0.12)825(0.12)
United States531 (0.07)544 (0.07)523 (0.07)577 (0.07)558 (0.07)470 (0.06)532 (0.07)541 (0.07)559 (0.08)550 (0.08)535 (0.08)572 (0.08)559 (0.08)681 (0.08)666 (0.08)730 (0.09)699 (0.09)749 (0.10)715 (0.09)739 (0.10)698 (0.10)773 (0.11)734 (0.10)778 (0.11)841 (0.12)750(0.11)
Mexico164 (0.02)178 (0.02)195 (0.02)193 (0.02)229 (0.03)274 (0.04)214 (0.03)251 (0.03)262 (0.04)231 (0.03)219 (0.03)263 (0.04)263 (0.04)347 (0.04)343 (0.04)393 (0.05)355 (0.05)406 (0.05)441 (0.06)447 (0.06)416 (0.06)435 (0.06)438 (0.06)473 (0.07)476 (0.07)474(0.07)
Canada316 (0.04)328 (0.04)277 (0.04)282 (0.04)319 (0.04)288 (0.04)257 (0.03)243 (0.03)236 (0.03)190 (0.03)247 (0.04)246 (0.04)237 (0.03)406 (0.05)359 (0.05)353 (0.04)375 (0.05)338 (0.04)344 (0.05)353 (0.05)298 (0.04)299 (0.04)289 (0.04)304 (0.04)324 (0.05)319 (0.05)
Venezuela108 (0.01)96 (0.01)131 (0.02)140 (0.02)139 (0.02)181 (0.02)175 (0.02)176 (0.02)186 (0.03)223 (0.03)177 (0.03)178 (0.03)226 (0.03)174 (0.02)176 (0.02)179 (0.02)205 (0.03)192 (0.02)224 (0.03)231 (0.03)235 (0.03)264 (0.04)289 (0.04)271 (0.04)270 (0.04)291 (0.04)
Argentina176 (0.02)197 (0.02)196 (0.02)237 (0.03)239 (0.03)213 (0.03)215 (0.03)240 (0.03)219 (0.03)235 (0.03)193 (0.03)258 (0.04)217 (0.03)237 (0.03)266 (0.03)243 (0.03)263 (0.03)274 (0.04)259 (0.03)237 (0.03)223 (0.03)225 (0.03)266 (0.04)228 (0.03)305 (0.04)253(0.04)
Peru139 (0.02)137 (0.02)146 (0.02)160 (0.02)178 (0.02)191 (0.03)182 (0.02)193 (0.03)181 (0.03)228 (0.03)210 (0.03)227 (0.03)211 (0.03)303 (0.04)297 (0.04)274 (0.03)322 (0.04)319 (0.04)334 (0.04)323 (0.04)354 (0.05)347 (0.05)351 (0.05)350 (0.05)342 (0.05)356(0.05)
Chile229 (0.03)249 (0.03)204 (0.03)224 (0.03)197 (0.03)238 (0.03)196 (0.03)220 (0.03)179 (0.02)215 (0.03)190 (0.03)166 (0.02)185 (0.03)263 (0.03)278 (0.04)216 (0.03)246 (0.03)235 (0.03)247 (0.03)217 (0.03)222 (0.03)189 (0.03)200 (0.03)217 (0.03)193 (0.03)211(0.03)
Australia139 (0.02)119 (0.02)128 (0.02)139 (0.02)132 (0.02)107 (0.01)145 (0.02)107 (0.01)121 (0.02)125 (0.02)106 (0.02)117 (0.02)104 (0.02)123 (0.02)134 (0.02)112 (0.01)125 (0.02)132 (0.02)106 (0.01)135 (0.02)132 (0.02)119 (0.02)112 (0.02)119 (0.02)131 (0.02)115 (0.02)
Other countries in America465 (0.06)566 (0.07)539 (0.07)604 (0.08)662 (0.08)649 (0.09)718 (0.10)778 (0.11)832 (0.12)834 (0.12)821 (0.12)898 (0.13)905 (0.13)712 (0.09)751 (0.09)771 (0.10)835 (0.11)904 (0.12)946 (0.12)908 (0.12)912 (0.12)1 089 (0.15)1 125 (0.16)1 117 (0.16)1 130 (0.16)1 149 (0.17)
Other countries in Oceania64 (0.01)83 (0.01)79 (0.01)94 (0.01)95 (0.01)99 (0.01)100 (0.01)100 (0.01)97 (0.01)100 (0.01)103 (0.01)97 (0.01)86 (0.01)61 (0.01)49 (0.01)56 (0.01)73 (0.01)60 (0.01)74 (0.01)68 (0.01)72 (0.01)70 (0.01)65 (0.01)72 (0.01)57 (0.01)57 (0.01)

Note: In 2010 some foreigners not declared country : father – 17,536; mother – 3,754

Social issues

[edit]

Marriage, divorce and family types

[edit]
Average age of first marriage in Metropolitan France
Evolution ofMarriage (red) andCivil Union (blue) in France (INSEE).

In 2020, there was a total of 154,581 marriages in France.[58]

Communal housing and segregation

[edit]

In recent years, communitarianism has become more prevalent in France. Some suburbs, such as La Courneuve, Sarcelles, and Toulouse-Le Mirail, are almost exclusively populated by people from sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. These housing projects, built by architects such as Le Corbusier, Aillaud, and Candilis, have become communal ghettos.[59]

Employment and income

[edit]

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:

Total: 20.8%. Country comparison to the world: 61st.
Male: 21.4%.
Female: 20% (2018 est.).[45]

Ethnic groups

[edit]
People in metropolitan France according to INSEE (2023)[60]
Born in France with French nationality
 
85.7%
Born in France with foreign nationality
 
1.2%
Born abroad with French nationality
 
2.4%
Immigrants who acquired French nationality
 
3.6%
Immigrants with foreign nationality
 
7.0%

Note: people born outside of France (including the overseas departments) are referred to as immigrants regardless of their nationality (French or foreign). People without French nationality are referred to as foreigners regardless of their birthplace (France or abroad).

Data collection

[edit]

The last national census based on religion occurred in 1872 at the start of the Third Republic. After that, except for the antisemitic census of the Vichy government, the state of France stopped collecting data on people's religion or ethnicity.[61] In 1978, a law banned the collection of individual data concerning someone's race, religion, trade union or political and philosophical opinion.[62] However, estimates have been made of the ethnic and racial demography of the country in the present.

Some organizations, such as the Representative Council of Black Associations of France (French:Conseil représentatif des associations noires de France, CRAN), have argued in favour of the introduction ofdata collection on minority groups but this has been resisted by other organizations and ruling politicians,[63][64] often on the grounds that collecting such statistics goes against France's secular principles and harks back toVichy-eraidentity documents.[65] During the2007 presidential election, however,Nicolas Sarkozy, polled on the issue, stated that he favoured the collection of data on ethnicity.[66] Part of a parliamentary bill that would have permitted the collection of data for the purpose of measuring discrimination was rejected by theConseil Constitutionnel in November 2007.[67]

However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as theINED or theINSEE whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the National Commission for Computer-stocked data and Freedom (CNIL) and the National Council of Statistical Information (CNIS).[68]

Statistics

[edit]

The modern ethnic French are the descendants ofCelts,Iberians,Ligurians,Italic peoples (includingRomans), andGreeks in southern France,[69][70] later mixed with large groups ofGermanic peoples arriving at the end of theRoman Empire such as theFranks,Burgundians,Alamanni, andGoths,[71]Moors andSaracens in the south,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78] andScandinavians,Vikings, who became, by mixing with the local population, theNormans and settled mostly inNormandy in the 9th century.[79]

However, genome-wide analyses of both ancient and present-day DNA indicate that the genetic make-up of modern French populations is overwhelmingly derived from groups already living in Gaul during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages; post-Roman inputs from Germanic, Scandinavian, North-African or other peoples account for only minor fractions, invalidating the notion of any massive later admixture.[80][81][82]

In 1960 there was approximately 500,000 'coloured' people present in France, constituting 1.2% of the population.[83] In 2004, French conservative think-tankInstitut Montaigne estimated that there were 51 million (85%) people of European ethnic origin, 6 million (10%) North African people, 2 million (3.5%)West African andCentral African peoples and 1 million (1.5%) people of Asian[clarification needed] origin in Metropolitan France, including all generations of immigrant descendants.[84] TIME magazine in 2009 estimated that there was an estimated range of 4 to 7 million Arabs, 3 to 5 million Africans, 1.5 million Asians and around 600,000 Jewish people.[85] Solis, a marketing company, estimated the numbers for ethnic minorities (immigrants and 2nd generation) in France in 2009 as 3.26 millionMaghrebis (5.23%), 1.83 million black people (2.94%) (1.08 millionWest Africans and 757,000 French fromFrench West Indies), and 250,000 Turkish (0.71%).[86][87]

In 2015, Michèle Tribalat released a paper estimating population of ethnic minorities in France in 2011 to constitute 30% if ancestry retracted to 3 generations but with age limit of 60.15% were of other European origin and another 15% rest.[88]

Newly released figures from France’s national statistical agency, which pulled census data from 2019–2020, revealed that nearly one-third of children aged four years and below are of non-European origin, a number which stands in sharp contrast with those recorded in older generations.

The data, published by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE), indicates that among those aged four and below living in ordinary housing (all residences excluding those for students, the elderly, and asylum seekers) in metropolitan France, 41.6% were born outside of France themselves, or are descendants of non-French parents or grandparents, with 29.6% having origins outside of Europe.

By comparison, a mere 7.6% of 60 to 64-year-olds and 3.1% of those over the age of 80 were of non-European origin over three generations, meaning they themselves, their parents, or grandparents were born outside of Europe.

Figures also revealed that 16.2% of all children aged four and below living in France are of Maghreb descent—a term used to describe the predominately Arab regions of northwest Africa, including Morocco, Libya, Algeria, Mauritania, and Tunisia. One in ten children in the same age group in France are immigrants or are the children of immigrants from elsewhere in Europe, with 7.3% having originated from sub-Saharan Africa, 4% from Asia, and 1.7% from the rest of the world.

TheParis region is a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe. As of 2006, about 45% of people (6 million) living in the region were either immigrant (25%) or born to at least one immigrant parent (20%).[89]

OfEuropean ethnic groups not indigenous to France, the most numerous are people of Italian family origin and it is estimated that about 5 million citizens (8% of the population) are at least partly of Italian origin if their parentage is retraced over three generations.[90] This is due to waves of Italian immigration, notably during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Other large European groups of non-native origin areSpaniards,Portuguese,Romanians,Poles, andGreeks. Also, due to more recent immigration, between five and six million people ofMaghrebi origin[91] and approximately 800,000Turks inhabit France.[92][93]

An influx ofMaghrebi Jews immigrated to France in the 1950s and after the Algerian War due to the decline of the French empire. Subsequent waves of immigration followed the Six-Day War, when someMoroccan andTunisian Jews settled in France. Hence, by 1968, Maghrebi Jews were about 500,000 and the majority in France. As the majority of these new immigrants were already culturally French, because of their cooperation with colonists, they needed little time to adjust to French society.[citation needed]Black people come from both the French overseas territories (French Guiana, Guadeloupe,Martinique, Réunion, and former colony Haiti) and Sub-Saharan Africa (especiallyCôte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal). France has the largest black population in Europe.

There is a substantialRomani population in France. There is approximately 400,000 Roma living in France.[94]

Immigration

[edit]
Main article:Immigration to France

Since the 19th century, France has continued being a country of immigration. During theTrente Glorieuses (1946–1975), the country's reconstruction and steady economic growth led to the labor-immigration of the 1960s, when many employers found manpower in villages located in Southern Europe and North Africa. In 2008, the French national institute of statisticsINSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (second generation) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 5.5 million are of European origin and 4 million ofMaghrebi origin.[95][96]

036912151920194019601980200020202040% of populationmillionFrance Immigration
Proportion of immigrant population of France 1921–2021[97]

Immigration to France exceeded 200,000 in recent years, as shown in table below.[98]

Region200420052006200720082009201020112012% 2012
Europe80 50078 66080 12079 29080 33075 04088 82094 580105 83046 % (including from Eastern Europe)
Africa70 20066 11062 34062 14063 47066 48065 61066 28068 64030 % (including from Maghreb)
Asia30 96030 12030 52032 07030 18032 96029 81032 43032 06014 % (including from China)
America and Oceania19 81019 99020 46018 77021 44020 45026 27023 36023 07010%
All countries201 470194 880193 440192 270195 420194 930210 510216 650229 600100%

Before World War II

[edit]

In the 20th century, France experienced a high rate of immigration from other countries. The immigration rate was particularly high during the 1920s and 1930s. France was the European country which suffered the most from World War I, with respect to the size of its population, losing 1.3 million young men out of a total population of 40 million. France was also at the time the European country with the lowestfertility rate, which meant that the country had a very hard time recovering from the heavy losses of the war. France had to open its doors to immigration, which was the only way to prevent population decline between the two world wars.[99]

At the time, France was the only European country to permit mass immigration. The other major European powers, such as the UK or Germany, still had high fertility rates, so immigration was seen as unnecessary, and it was also undesirable to the vast majority of their populations. The majority of immigrants in the 1920s came from Italy and Poland, though from the 1930s, some also came from elsewhere in southern and eastern Europe, and the first wave of colonial French subjects from Africa and Asia. This mass immigration was ended and partially reversed by the economic problems of the 1930s.[100] By the end of theSpanish Civil War, some half-millionSpanish Republicanrefugees had crossedthe border into France.[101]

Local populations often opposed immigrant manpower, leading to occasional outbursts of violence.The most violent was apogrom against Italian workers who worked in thesalt evaporation ponds of Peccais, erupted inAigues-Mortes in 1893, killing at least nine and injuring hundreds on the Italian side.[102]

After World War II

[edit]

After World War II, the French fertility rate rebounded considerably, as noted above, but economic growth in France was so high that new immigrants had to be brought into the country. Most immigrants werePortuguese as well asArabs andBerbers from North Africa. The first wave arrived in the 1950s, but the major arrivals happened in the 1960s and 1970s. One million Europeanpieds-noirs also migrated from Algeria in 1962 and the following years during the chaotic independence of Algeria.[103] France has over three million French of Algerian descent, a small percentage of whom are third-or fourth-generation French.

French law facilitated the immigration of thousands of French settlers (colons in French language), ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India andIndochina, to mainland France. 1.6 million Europeanpieds noirs settlers migrated from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.[104] In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left Cambodia during theKhmer Rouge regime as thePol Pot government confiscated their farms and land properties. However, after the1973 energy crisis, laws limiting immigration were passed. In addition, the country's birth rate dropped significantly during this time.

Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 Sephardic North African Jews from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco also immigrated to France because of the decline of the French colonial empire and following theSix-Day War. Hence, by 1968, Sephardic North African Jews were the majority of the Jews in France. As the new immigrants were already culturally French, they needed little time to adjust to French society.[105]

In the late 1970s, the end of high economic growth in France caused immigration policies to be considerably tightened, starting with laws byCharles Pasqua passed in 1986 and 1993. New immigrants were allowed only through the family reunion schemes (wives and children moving to France to live with husbands or fathers already living in France), or asasylum seekers.Illegal immigration thus developed as immigration policy became more rigid. In 2006, The French Ministry of the Interior estimated clandestine immigrants in France amounted to anywhere between 200,000 and 400,000 and expected between 80,000 and 100,000 people to enter the country illegally each year.[106]

The Pasqua laws are a significant landmark in the shift in France's immigration policy through the course of the 20th century.They are a sign of the securitization aspect of immigration, giving more power to the police, allowing them to perform random identity checks and deport immigrants without legal papers. The rise in anti-immigration sentiments was reinforced by a series of terrorist bombs in Paris in 1986, linked to Muslim immigrants in France.[107]

Tightening immigration laws, as well as notions of "zero immigration", reflected national views that arose within the discussion around immigrant family reunification and national identity.Institut français des relations internationales(IFRI) immigration expert, Christophe Bertossi, states that stigmatized as both a challenge to social cohesion and a "burden" for the French economy, family immigration is increasingly restricted and constructed as a racial issue. The "immigration choisie" policy strives consequently to select migrants according to their profile, skills and, still indirectly, origins.[108][109]

Nonetheless, immigration rates in the 1980s and 1990s were much lower than in the 1960s and 1970s, especially compared to other European countries. The regions of emigrations also widened, with new immigrants now coming from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In the 1970s, a small but well-publicized wave of Chilean and Argentine political refugees from their countries' dictatorships found asylum in France.

EthnicVietnamese started to become a visible segment of society after the massive influx of refugees after the end of theVietnam War in 1975. The expulsions of ethnicChinese from Vietnam in the 1970s led to a wave of immigration and the settlement of the high-rise neighbourhood near thePorte d'Italie, where theChinatown of Paris is located. Located in the13th arrondissement, the area contains manyethnic Chinese inhabitants.[110]

According to the distinguished French historian of immigration Gérard Noiriel, in 1989 one third of the population currently living in France was of "foreign" descent.[111]

According to Michèle Tribalat, researcher atINED, there were, in 1999, approximately 14 million persons of foreign ancestry (about a quarter of the population), defined as either immigrants or people with at least one immigrant parent or grandparent. Half of them were of European ancestry (including 5.2 million fromSouth Europe (Italy, Spain, Portugal and former Yugoslavia)). The rest were fromMaghreb (3 million),Sub-Saharan Africa (680,000), Turkey (320,000) and other parts of the world (2.5 million).[112] Immigrants from the Maghreb are commonly referred to asbeur, averlan slang term derived from the wordarabe (French for Arab).[113]

The large-scale immigration from Islamic countries has sparked controversy in France. Nevertherless, according toJustin Vaïsse, in spite of challenges and setbacks like theriots in November 2005, in Parisian suburbs, where many immigrants live secluded from society with very few capabilities to live in better conditions, the integration of Muslim immigrants is happening as part of a background evolution[114] and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity toexogamy" with rates ranging from 20% to 50%.[115] According toEmmanuel Todd, the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria.[116][117] One illustration of this growing resentment and job insecurity can be drawn from related events, such as the 2005 riots, which ensued in former President Chirac declaring a state of emergency.[118] Massive demonstrations to express frustration over unemployment took place in March 2009.[119] The importance of integration was brought to the forefront of the political agenda in Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign. Upon being elected, he symbolically created theFrench Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Codevelopment. Integration is one of the pillars of its political aims.[120]

Migration backgroundYear
1986[121]1999[121]20082011[121]2011 (three gene.)[121]2021[122]
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
White55,545,00089.39%56,143,00089.02%55,774,00088.43%59,291,00090.51%
French

(without migrant background)

46,511,00083.94%48,659,00083.18%50,183,00080.76%50,980,00080.83%48,663,00077.16%51,192,00078.15%
Italian1,399,0002.39%1,237,0001.99%1,191,0001.89%1,931,0003.06%1,716,0002.62%
Spanish893,0001.53%877,0001.41%786,0001.25%1,240,0001.97%
Portuguese1,054,0001.80%1,241,0002.00%1,205,0001.91%1,326,0002.10%1,224,0001.87%
Belgian,

Luxembourgers,Swiss

444,0000.70%667,0001.06%
Polish364,0000.58%631,0001.00%
German307,0000.49%437,0000.69%
Other European2,007,0003.23%866,0001.37%879,0001.39%5,159,0007.88%
Maghreb2,730,0004.67%3,552,0005.72%3,811,0006.04%4,189,0006.64%4,483,0006.84%
Algerian1,357,0002.32%1,713,0002.76%1,907,0003.02%2,235,0003.54%2,005,0003.06%
Moroccan974,0001.67%1,314,0002.11%1,378,0002.18%1,365,0002.16%2,478,0003.78%
Tunisian399,0000.68%525,0000.84%526,0000.83%589,0000.93%
Black679,0001.16%1,239,0001.99%1,291,0002.05%1,288,0002.04%2,160,0003.30%
Sub-Saharan679,0001.16%1,239,0001.99%1,291,0002.05%1,288,0002.04%2,160,0003.30%
Caribbean
Other Black
Asian1,347,0002.17%1,452,0002.30%1,444,0002.29%1,761,0002.69%
Turkish322,0000.55%459,0000.74%501,0000.79%501,0000.79%571,0000.87%
Chinese122,0000.19%162,0000.25%
Other Asian888,0001.43%829,0001.31%943,0001.50%1,028,0001.57%
American / Oceanian452,0000.73%372,0000.59%374,0000.59%749,0001.14%
American / Oceanian452,0000.73%372,0000.59%374,0000.59%749,0001.14%
Total: Foreign

background

8,900,00016.06%9,838,00016.82%11,952,00019.24%12,090,00019.17%14,407,00022.84%14,313,00021.85%
Total55,411,000100%58,497,000100%62,135,000100%63,070,000100%63,070,000100%65,505,000100%

Today

[edit]

In 2014, the National Institute of Statistics (INSEE is its acronym in French) published a study, according to which the numbers of Spanish, Portuguese and Italians in France had doubled between 2009 and 2012.

According to the French Institute, the increase due to theeuro area crisis pushed up the number of Europeans in France.[9]Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107% between 2009 and 2012, from 5300 to 11,000 people.[9][123]

Of 229,000 foreigners in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, Belgians 3% and Dutch 2%.[9]

With the increase of Spanish, Portuguese and Italians in France, in 2012 46% of immigrants were European, while the percentage for Francophone African immigrants reached 30%, of which Moroccans were 7%, Algerians 7%, and Tunisians 3%. Meanwhile, 14% of all immigrants who settled in France in that year were from Asian countries: 3% from China, 2% from Turkey, 10% from America and Oceania, Americans and Brazilians accounting for 2% each.[9]

As of 2008, the French national institute of statisticsINSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (limited to second-generation born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. More than 5.5 million are of European origin and about 4 million ofMaghrebi origin (20% of Algerian origin and 15% of Moroccan or Tunisian origin). Immigrants aged 18 to 50 count for 2.7 million (10% of population age 18–50) and 5 million for all ages (8% of population). The second-generation immigrants aged 18 to 50 make up 3.1 million (12% of 18–50) and 6.5 million for all ages (11% of population).[95][96] Without considering citizenship at birth, people not born in metropolitan France and their direct descendants made up 30% of the population aged 18–50 in metropolitan France as of 2008.[124]

The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is theÎle-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. Other important regions areRhône-Alpes (Lyon) andProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Marseille). The most important individual countries of origin as of 2007 were Algeria (702,000), Morocco (645,000), Portugal (576,000), Italy (323,000), Spain (262,000) and Turkey (234,000). However, immigration from Asia (especially China), as well as from Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Mali) is gaining in importance.

42% of the immigrants are from Africa (30% fromMaghreb and 12% from Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa), 38% from Europe (mainly from Portugal, Italy and Spain), 14% from Asia and 5% from America and Oceania.[96] Outside Europe and North Africa, the highest rate of immigration is from Vietnam, Cambodia and Senegal.

The following table shows immigrants and second-generation immigrants by origin as of 2008 according to a study published by Insee in 2012. Third-generation immigrants, illegal immigrants, as well as ethnic minorities like black people from theFrench overseas territories residing in metropolitan France (800,000),Roms (500,000) or people born in Maghreb with French citizenship at birth (1 millionMaghrebi Jews,Harkis andpieds-noirs) and their descendants, who are French by birth and not considered as immigrants or immigrant descendants, are not taken into account.[125][page needed]

Net migration rate 1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 61st

Net migration of Metropolitan France, 1946–present

[edit]
France Population Data
YearPopulation on January 1Net migration
194640,125,230+25,000
194740,448,254+130,000
194840,910,569+45,000
194941,313,195+35,000
195041,647,258+35,000
195142,010,088+30,000
195242,300,981+20,000
195342,618,354+19,071
195442,885,138+50,872
195543,227,872+120,000
195643,627,467+170,000
195744,058,683+220,000
195844,563,043+140,000
195945,014,662+130,000
196045,464,797+140,000
196145,903,656+180,000
196246,422,000+860,200
196347,573,406+214,599
196448,059,029+185,000
196548,561,800+110,000
196648,953,792+125,000
196749,373,537+92,000
196849,723,072+102,308
196950,107,735+151,574
197050,528,219+179,911
197151,016,234+142,586
197251,485,953+102,314
197351,915,873+106,448
197452,320,725+30,608
197552,600,000+13,626
197652,798,338+57,386
197753,019,005+44,038
197853,271,566+19,361
197953,481,073+34,765
198053,731,387+43,974
198154,028,630+55,710
198254,335,000+60,865
198354,649,984+56,000
198454,894,854+45,000
198555,157,303+38,000
198655,411,238+39,000
198755,681,780+44,000
198855,966,142+57,000
198956,269,810+71,000
199056,577,000+80,000
199156,840,661+90,000
199257,110,533+90,000
199357,369,161+70,000
199457,565,008+50,000
199557,752,535+40,000
199657,935,959+35,000
199758,116,018+40,000
199858,298,962+45,000
199958,496,613+60,000
200058,858,198+70,000
200159,266,572+85,000
200259,685,899+95,000
200360,101,841+100,000
200460,505,421+105,000
200560,963,264+95,000
200661,399,733+115,025
200761,795,238+74,659
200862,134,866+66,930
200962,465,709+44,222
201062,765,235+43,354
201163,070,344+47,426
201263,375,971+90,831
201363,697,865+106,880
201464,027,958+38,699
201564,300,821+53,025
201664,468,792+87,964
201764,639,133+166,654
201864,844,037+211,349
201965,096,768+139,849
202065,269,154+227,847
2021 (p)65,505,213+193,000
2022 (p)65,721,831+193,000
2023 (p)65,925,961+193,000
2024 (p)66,142,961na
Immigrants by origin (2008) in thousandsImmigrantsSecond generationTotal%
Spain2576208777.3%
Italy3179201 23710.4%
Portugal5816601 24110.4%
Other countries from EU276539201 57313.2%
Other European countries2242104343.6%
Europe Total2 0323 3305 36244.9%
Algeria7131 0001 71314.3%
Morocco6546601 31411.0%
Tunisia2352905254.4%
Maghreb Total1 6021 9503 55229.7%
Subsaharan Africa6695701 23910.4%
Turkey2392204593.8%
SouthEast Asia1631603232.7%
Other Asian countries3552105654.7%
America/Oceania2821704523.8%
Other Regions Total1 7081 3303 03825.4%
Total5 3426 61011 952100.00%
Place of BirthYear
2011[126]
Number%
Place of birth in reporting country (France)57,611,142
Place of birth not in reporting country7,321,237
Other EU Member State2,119,454
Outside EU but within Europe313,555
Outside Europe/ Non-European5,201,782
Africa3,596,143
Asia925,183
North America77,569
Caribbean, South or Central America279,529
Oceania9,803
Total64,933,400100%

Immigrants by country of birth as of 2022:[127]

CountryPopulation
Algeria887,800
Morocco836,400
European UnionPortugal573,000
Tunisia328,200
European UnionItaly279,300
European UnionSpain243,100
Turkey233,000
Comoros148,300
United Kingdom145,200
European UnionRomania139,100
Ivory Coast134,100
Senegal133,700
European UnionBelgium119,300
European UnionGermany113,900
China105,400
Cameroon98,800
Haiti98,200
Mali96,500
Congo88,900
DR Congo87,700
Mauritius85,100
Madagascar85,100
European UnionPoland79,900
Vietnam78,600
Russia75,200
Serbia73,900
Guinea69,600
Brazil61,400
 Switzerland55,000
Sri Lanka52,700
Cambodia51,100
Lebanon49,100
India48,600
Afghanistan44,700
Syria41,700
United States40,600
Albania39,500
Colombia38,100
Moldova36,800
Armenia36,000
European UnionNetherlands35,600
Egypt31,900
Laos31,900
European UnionBulgaria31,700
Cape Verde31,600
Pakistan31,400
Ukraine30,700
Togo26,500
Iran23,800
Suriname21,500

In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.[128] In 2005, immigration levels fell slightly to 135,890.[129] TheEuropean Union allows free movement between the member states. While the UK (along with Ireland and Sweden and non-EU members Norway and Switzerland) did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curbEastern European migration.

As at 1 January 2006,INSEE estimated that there were 3.5 million foreigners living in metropolitan France. Two out of five foreigners are from Portugal, Algeria or Morocco. Thus, EU nationals immigrating to France account for 1.2 million people, and 1.1 million people are from the three Maghreb countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Immigrants are concentrated in Île-de-France, Rhone-Alpes, Provence and Côte d'Azur regions, accounting for 60% of the total immigrant population. Furthermore, there appears to be a lower rate of immigrants arriving from the EU since 1975 as opposed to an increase in African immigrants.[130]

In the first decade of the 21st century, the net migration rate was estimated to be 0.66 migrants per 1,000 population a year.[131] This is a very low rate of immigration compared to other European countries, the United States or Canada. Since the beginning of the 1990s, France has been attempting to curb immigration, first with thePasqua laws, followed by both right-wing and socialist-issued laws. This trend is also demonstrated in anti-immigrant sentiments among the public. For example, thePew Research Center in Washington, D.C. conducted a public opinion poll in February 2004 among French nationals. This poll measured the extent of support for restricting immigration among French nationals, by age cohort. 24% of individuals 18 to 29 were restricting immigration, with 33% of individuals 30 to 49 and 53% for both 50 to 64 and 65 and over.[132] Nearly nine years later, a January 2013 poll conducted in France byIpsos found that 70% of respondents said that there were "too many immigrants in France".[133]

The immigration rate is currently lower than in other European countries such as United Kingdom and Spain; however, some say it is unlikely that the policies in themselves account for such a change. Again, as in the 1920s and 1930s, France stands in contrast with the rest of Europe. Back in the 1920s and 1930s, when other European countries had a high fertility rate, France had a low fertility rate and opened its doors to immigration to avoid a population decline. Today, it is the rest of Europe that has very low fertility rates, and countries like Germany or Spain avoid population decline only through immigration. In France, however, the fertility rate is still fairly high for European standards. It is, in fact, the highest in Europe after Ireland (the EU) and Albania (perhaps higher than Ireland's) and so most population growth is due to natural increase, unlike in the other European countries.[134]

The difference in immigration trends is also because the labour market in France is currently less dynamic than in other countries such as the UK, Ireland or Spain. One reason for this could be France's relatively high unemployment, which the country has struggled to reduce for the past two decades. There is also a parallel dynamic between immigration and unemployment. Immigrants tend to be subjected to higher rates of unemployment. In 2008, the immigrant unemployment rate in France was a startling 13%, twice as high as for the national population (6%).[135] One can further analyse the trend in relation to education. In the ministry's 2010 report on professional inclusion for immigrants, 19.6% of immigrants without any education were unemployed while 16.1% of immigrants who had graduated high school were unemployed. Only 11.4% of immigrants with an undergraduate degree or higher were unemployed.[136]

For example, according to the UKOffice for National Statistics, between July 2001 and July 2004, the population of the UK increased by 721,500 inhabitants, of which 242,800 (34%) was due to natural increase, 478,500 (66%) to immigration.[137] According to theINSEE, between January 2001 and January 2004 the population ofMetropolitan France increased by 1,057,000 inhabitants of which 678,000 (64%) was due to natural increase, 379,500 (36%) from immigration.[138]

The latest 2008 demographic statistics have been released, and France'sbirth andfertility rates have continued to rise. The fertility rate increased to 2.01 in 2012[37] and, for the first time, surpasses the fertility rate of the United States.[139]

North and South Americans in France

[edit]

Americans total more than 100,000[140] permanent residents in France, Canadians 11,931,[141] followed by Latin Americans, a growing subgroup, the most numerous of which are Brazilians, at 44,622,[142] followed by Colombians, at 40,000, Venezuelans, at 30,000,[143] Peruvians, at 22,002,[144] Argentineans, at 11,899,[145] and Chileans, 15,782.[146]

Europeans in France

[edit]

In 2014 The National Institute of Statistics (INSEE, for its acronym in French) published a study, according to which has doubled the number of Spanish immigrants, Portuguese and Italians in France between 2009 and 2012.

According to the French Institute, the increase due to theeuro area crisis pushed up the number of Europeans installed in France.[9]

Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107% between 2009 and 2012, i.e. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people.[123]

Of the total of 229,000 foreigners in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, British 5%,[9] Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, 3% Belgians.[9]

With the increase of Spanish, Portuguese and Italian in France, the weight of European immigrants arrived in 2012 to 46%, while this percentage for African reached 30%, with a presence in Morocco (7%), Algeria (7%) and Tunisia (3%).

Meanwhile, 14% of all immigrants who settled in France that year were from Asian countries: 3% of China and 2% in Turkey, while in America and Oceania constitute 10% of Americans and Brazilians accounted for higher percentage, 2% each.[9]

Maghrebis in France

[edit]

People ofMaghrebi origin form the largest ethnic group in the country after those of European origin.

According toMichèle Tribalat [fr], a researcher atINED, there were 3.5 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7 million in 2005).[147] Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in theParis region. Many famous French people likeEdith Piaf,[148]Isabelle Adjani,Arnaud Montebourg,Alain Bashung,Dany Boon and many others have Maghrebi ancestry.

Below is a table of population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands:

Country19992005% 1999/2005% French population (60.7 million in 2005)
Algeria1,5771,865+18.3%3.1%
Immigrants574679
Born in France1,0031,186
Morocco1,0051,201+19.5%2.0%
Immigrants523625
Born in France482576
Tunisia417458+9.8%0.8%
Immigrants202222
Born in France215236
Total Maghreb2,9993,524+17.5%5.8%
Immigrants1 2991 5262.5%
Born in France1 7001 9983.3%

In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% inMetropolitan France, 12% inGreater Paris and above 20% in French département ofSeine-Saint-Denis.[149][150]

2005Seine-Saint-DenisVal-de-MarneVal-d'OiseLyonParisFrance
Total Maghreb22.0%13.2%13.0%13.0%12.1%6.9%

According to other sources, between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.[151]

Immigration policy

[edit]

As mentioned above, theFrench Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Codevelopment was created immediately following the appointment of Nicolas Sarkozy as president of France in 2007. Immigration has been a relevant political dimension in France's agenda in recent years. Sarkozy's agenda has sharpened the focus placed on integration of immigrants living in France as well as their acquisition of national identity. The state of immigration policy in France is fourfold. Its pillars of immigration policy are to regulate migratory flows in and out of France, facilitate immigrants' integration and promote French identity, honor the French tradition's principle of welcoming political asylum and promote solidarity within the immigrant population (principle of co-development).[152] In its 2010 Budget report, the Ministry of Immigration declared it would fund €600 million for its immigration policy objectives, a figure representing 60 million more than in 2009 (otherwise an 11.5% increase from 2009 figures).[136]

In July 2006, President Sarkozy put into effect a law on immigration based upon the notion of "chosen immigration",[153] which allows immigration into France to a restricted field of employment sectors, notably the hotel and restaurant industries, construction and seasonal employment. The following summer of 2007, Sarkozy amended the law to require the acquisition of the French language as a pre-condition. According to Christophe Bertossi, immigration expert in France'sInstitut français des relations internationales (IFRI), "there is a dominant trend in the French policy to stem family migration, notably conditioned after the 2007 law by a minimum level of French language tested and by the demonstration that he/she endorses the main French constitutional principles".[154]

Despite Sarkozy's law, immigration from former colonies in the Maghreb and West Africa would end up steadily increasing under the presidencies ofNicolas Sarkozy,François Hollande andEmmanuel Macron.[155]

France, along with other EU countries, have still not signed their agreement to theUnited Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families of 1990.[156] This convention is a treaty to protect migrant workers' rights, in recognition of their human rights.

Alternative policies have been discussed in formulating immigration policy, such as a quota system. At the beginning of 2008, as the government was rethinking its orientation on immigration policy with the creation of the new ministry, the idea of a quota system was introduced as a possible alternative. In early 2008, a proposal was made to Parliament to decide each year how many immigrants to accept, based on skill and origin. However, this quota policy contradicts the French Constitution. A commission was formed in February 2008 to study how the Constitution could be changed to allow for a quota system. The main difficulty is the origin principle of establishing a quota "constituting a breach in the universalistic ideology of the French Republic".[108]

On 18 January 2008, the government published a list of 150 job titles that were encountering difficult supply of labour.[157] Most immigrants living in France today are reported to cover the following sectors: agriculture, service to persons in need (childcare, the elderly), construction, education, health and services to businesses.[158] Thus, the government is seeking to match immigrants with the economic makeup of France. The current administration could also seek to integrate migrants and their families through education and training, making them more competitive in the job market. To tackle critical labour shortages, France also decided to participate in theEU Blue Card.

Therefore, the outlook towards immigrants in France is shifting as unemployment continues to dominate the political agenda, along with political incentives to strengthen French national identity. Recent incidents, such as the2005 civil unrest andRomani repatriation have shed light on France's immigration policies and how these are viewed globally, especially in congruence or discontinuity with the EU. A longitudinal study has been conducted since March 2010 to provide qualitative research regarding the integration of new immigrants.[159] The report is being finalized at the end of December 2010 and will be most relevant to provide insight into further immigration policy analysis for the French government.

Languages

[edit]
Main article:Languages of France

French is the only official language of France, and is constitutionally required to be the language of government and administration. There is a rising cultural awareness of theregional languages of France, which enjoy no official status.[citation needed] These regional languages include theLangues d'oïl,Occitan,Franco-Provençal,Corsican,Catalan,Basque,Breton, Germanic languages likeAlsatian, and several languages spoken inOverseas France. Immigrant groups from former French colonies and elsewhere have also brought their own languages.

Religion

[edit]
Main article:Religion in France
Religion in France in 2021 by theCIA[160]
  1. Catholicism (47.0%)
  2. No religion or unspecified (42.0%)
  3. Other religion (10.0%)
  4. Protestant (1.00%)

France has not collected religious or ethnic data in its censuses since the beginning of theThird Republic,[67][161] but the country's predominant faith has beenCatholicism since the early Middle Ages. Church attendance is fairly low, however, and the proportion of the population that is not religious has grown over the past century. A 2004IFOP survey tallied that 44% of the French people did not believe in God; contrasted to 20% in 1947.[162] A study by theCSA Institute conducted in 2003 with a sample of 18,000 people found that 65.3% considered themselves Catholic, while 27% considered themselves atheists, and 12.7% (8,065,000 people) belonged to a religion other than Catholicism.

In the early 21st century there were an estimated 5 million Muslims in France,[163] one millionProtestants, 600,000 Buddhists, 491,000 Jews,[164] and 150,000 Orthodox Christians.[citation needed] The US State Department'sInternational Religious Freedom Report 2004[165] estimated the French Hindu population at 181,312. These studies did not ask the respondents if they were practicing or how often they did practice if they were active in the laity.

According to a poll conducted in 2001 for French Catholic magazineLa Croix, 69% of respondents were Catholic, 22% agnostic oratheist, 2% Protestant (Calvinist, Lutheran, Anglican and Evangelical), and 7% belonged to other religions.[166]

According to a 2015 estimate ofCIA World Factbook the numbers were: Christian (overwhelmingly Catholic) 63–66%, Muslim 7–9%, Jewish 0.5–0.75%, Buddhist 0.5–0.75%, other 0.5–1.0%, none 23–28%.[167] Six years later (2021), the numbers were: Christian (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) 50%, Muslim 4%, Jewish 1%, other 1%, unspecified 9%, none 33%.[168]

List of France's largestaires urbaines (metropolitan areas)

[edit]

The following is a list of the twenty largestaires urbaines (metropolitan areas) inFrance, based on their population at the 2015 census. Population at the 2006 census is indicated for comparison.

Between 2006 and 2011, Toulouse, Rennes, Montpellier, Nantes, Bordeaux and Lyon had the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in France.

Rank
(2015)		Rank
(2006)		Aire urbaine
(metropolitan area)[169]		Population
(2015)		Population
(2006)		Yearly change
(2006–2011)		Land area
(km2)
11 ParisParis[170]12,532,90111,956,493+0.56%17,174
22 Lyon[171]2,291,7632,085,107+0.98%6,019
33 Marseille -Aix-en-Provence[172]1,752,9381,692,459+0.33%3,174
44 Toulouse[173]1,330,9541,169,865+1.34%5,381
55 Lille (French part)[174]1,215,7691,152,507+0.12%926
66 Bordeaux[175]1,184,7081,086,106+0.99%5,613
77 Nice[176]1,005,891995,968+0.16%2,585
88 Nantes[177]949,316841,404+1.00%3,302
99 Strasbourg (French part)[178]780,515749,766+0.38%2,198
1012 Rennes[179]719,840637,673+1.29%3,747
1110 Grenoble[180]690,050659,459+0.47%2,621
1211 Rouen[181]663,743643,499+0.36%2,367
1313 Toulon[182]622,895598,514+0.28%1,196
1415 Montpellier
[183]		599,965529,401+1.18%1,673
1514 Douai –Lens[184]539,715545,636−0.10%679
1617 Avignon[185]527,731501,866+0.52%2,083
1716 Saint-Étienne[186]515,585508,284+0.01%1,689
1818 Tours[187]492,722469,244+0.47%3,184
1919 Clermont-Ferrand[188]479,096454,553+0.55%2,420
2020 Nancy[189]435,336432,481+0.10%2,367
Urbanization
urban population: 81% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 0.72% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Titre | Insee".www.insee.fr.
  2. ^"Population density in France 2022".Statista. Retrieved18 July 2025.
  3. ^ab"Bilan démographique 2021".Insee. Retrieved19 January 2021.
  4. ^"Indicateur conjoncturel de fécondité en 2024 | Insee".
  5. ^"Espérance de vie à divers âges et taux de mortalité infantile, France" (in French).INSEE. Retrieved5 May 2020.
  6. ^Population of Metropolitan France:[1]. The population of all five overseas departments totaled 2,172,000[2] in January 2021. The population of the overseas collectivities amounted to 613,000 inhabitants (Saint-Pierre and Miquelon[3], Saint-Barthélemy[4], Saint-Martin[5], French Polynesia[6], Wallis et Futuna[7], New Caledonia[8]). The total population of the overseas departments and territories of France is estimated at 2,785,000.
  7. ^"Bilan démographique 2016 – Insee Première – 1630".Insee.fr. Retrieved1 September 2017.
  8. ^Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective pp. 64–66.
  9. ^abcdefghi"Qui sont les nouveaux immigrés qui vivent en France ?".SudOuest.fr. 12 February 2014.
  10. ^"L'essentiel sur... les immigrés et les étrangers".www.insee.fr. Retrieved13 July 2023.
  11. ^"Immigration rose in France in 2022, driven by labor needs and foreign students".Le Monde.fr. 27 January 2023. Retrieved13 July 2023.
  12. ^"Insee − Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques".Insee.fr. Retrieved1 September 2017.
  13. ^abc"Indicateur conjoncturel de fécondité en 2024".Insee.INSEE. Retrieved28 August 2021.
  14. ^"Demography report 2020".INSEE. Retrieved19 January 2021.
  15. ^"File:Total fertility rate, 1960–2015 (live births per woman) YB17.png – Statistics Explained".ec.europa.eu.
  16. ^"Fertility rates by age".Eurostat. Retrieved20 May 2025.
  17. ^abc"Résultats de la recherche - Insee".Insee.fr. Retrieved1 September 2017.
  18. ^Having two foreign-born parents does not mean that the granting of French citizenship is an automatic birthright.
  19. ^ab"Insee − Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques – Insee".Insee.fr. Retrieved1 September 2017.
  20. ^abLes immigrés, les descendants d'immigrés et leurs enfants, Pascale Breuil-Genier, Catherine Borrel, Bertrand Lhommeau; Insee.fr, 2011
  21. ^"French plan to break taboo on ethnic data causes uproar".the Guardian. 23 March 2009. Retrieved21 November 2022.The 1978 law that bans collecting ethnic data has roots in France's shame over collaboration with the Nazis during the second world war, when Jews were marked with yellow stars and sent to death camps.
  22. ^abcdeHuss, Marie-Monique (1 September 1990). "Pronatalism in the Inter-War Period in France".Journal of Contemporary History.25 (1):39–68.doi:10.1177/002200949002500102.JSTOR 260720.S2CID 162316833.
  23. ^abcdJackson, Julian (2001).France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944.Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33, 103–104.ISBN 978-0-19-820706-1.
  24. ^Colin L. Dyer,Population and Society in 20th Century France (1978)
  25. ^"Population changes − Demographic balance sheet 2021".www.insee.fr. Retrieved5 August 2023.
  26. ^Leslie King, "'France needs children'"Sociological Quarterly (1998) 39#1 pp: 33–52.
  27. ^"France has a baby boom".International Herald Tribune. 2005. Retrieved15 December 2007.
  28. ^According to the tableFile:Turkey-demography.png[better source needed]
  29. ^Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). Average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
  30. ^"Population totale par sexe et âge au 1 er janvier 2017, France métropolitaine−Bilan démographique 2016 – Insee".Insee.fr. Retrieved1 September 2017.
  31. ^abLouis Henry; Yves Blayo (1975),"La population de la France de 1740 à 1860"(doc),Population,30 (1): 95, 100
  32. ^ab"Espérance de vie en 2023: Comparaisons régionales et départementales" [Life expectancy in 2023: comparison of regions and departments].National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (France) (in French). Retrieved1 February 2024.
  33. ^abcdefghi"Life expectancy".Our World in Data. Retrieved28 August 2018.
  34. ^ab"World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved15 July 2017.
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  72. ^"Les Gaulois figurent seulement parmi d'autres dans la multitude de couches de peuplement fort divers (Ligures, Ibères, Latins, Francs et Alamans, Nordiques, Sarrasins...) qui aboutissent à la population du pays à un moment donné ",Jean-Louis Brunaux,Nos ancêtres les Gaulois, éd. Seuil, 2008, p. 261
  73. ^"Notre Midi a sa pinte de sang sarrasin",Fernand Braudel,L'identité de la France – Les Hommes et les Choses (1986), Flammarion, 1990, p. 215
  74. ^"Les premiers musulmans arrivèrent en France à la suite de l'occupation de l'Espagne par les Maures, il y a plus d'un millénaire, et s'installèrent dans les environs de Toulouse – et jusqu'en Bourgogne. À Narbonne, les traces d'une mosquée datant du VIIIe siècle sont le témoignage de l'ancienneté de ce passé. Lors de la célèbre, et en partie mythologique, bataille de Poitiers en 732, dont les historiens reconsidèrent aujourd'hui l'importance, Charles Martel aurait stoppé la progression des envahisseurs arabes. Des réfugiés musulmans qui fuyaient la Reconquista espagnole, et plus tard l'Inquisition, firent souche en Languedoc-Roussillon et dans le Pays basque français, ainsi que dans le Béarn",Justin Vaïsse,Intégrer l'Islam, Odile Jacob, 2007, pp. 32–33
  75. ^" Les Sarrasins gardèrent longtemps sur les côtes de la Provence, à la Garde-Freinet, un solide point d'appui et de là purent faire des incursions dans une partie de la France. Au huitième siècle, lors de l'invasion des Berbères dit Arabes, ceux-ci avaient pénétré jusque dans la vallée de la Loire : on parle même de leur venue dans la région orientale de la France, à Luxeuil, dans les Vosges et devant Metz. [...] les observations des anthropologistes ne permettent pas de douter que nombre de familles françaises dans les bassins de la Garonne et du Rhône ne soient issus des envahisseurs musulmans, Berbères modifiés par leur croisement avec les Espagnols, les Arabes et les noirs d'Afrique.",Élisée Reclus,Nouvelle géographie universelle: la terre et les hommes, Élisée Reclus, éd. Hachette, 1881, t. 2, chap. 1-Vue d'ensemble – Le milieu et la race, Ançêtres de Français, p. 45–46
  76. ^"L'élément sémitique, juif et arabe, était fort en Languedoc. Narbonne avait été longtemps la capitale des Sarrasins en France. (...) Ces nobles du Midi étaient des gens d'esprit qui savaient bien la plupart que penser de leur noblesse. Il n'y en avait guère qui, en remontant un peu, ne rencontrassent dans leur généalogie quelque grand-mère sarrasine ou juive.",Jules Michelet,Histoire de France, éd. Chamerot, 1861, t. 2, p. 335
  77. ^"Bien que le séjour des Arabes en France n'ait été constitué que par une série de courtes invasions, ils ont laissé des traces profondes de leur passage dans la langue, et [...] ils en ont laissé également dans le sang. [...] L'ethnologie nous en fournit la preuve, en retrouvant, après tant de siècles, des descendants des Arabes sur plusieurs parties de notre sol. Dans le département de la Creuse, dans les Hautes-Alpes, et notamment dans plusieurs localités situées autour de Montmaure (montagne des Maures), dans le canton de Baignes (Charente), de même que dans certains villages des Landes, du Roussillon, du Languedoc, du Béarn, les descendants des Arabes sont facilement reconnaissables.",Gustave Le Bon,La Civilisation des Arabes (1884), La Fontaine au Roy, 1990, p. 237
  78. ^"Il est certain que, de nos jours, on peut encore trouver en France des descendants des Sarrasins, notamment dans toute la région du sud de la Loire, dans les monts d'Auvergne, en Guyenne, en Languedoc et en Provence, voire même en Bourgogne.",René Martial,La Race française (1934), Mercure de France, 1934, p. 101–102
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  115. ^"Compared with the Europeans, the Tunisians belong to a much more recent wave of migration and occupy a much less favourable socioeconomic position, yet their pattern of marriage behaviour is nonetheless similar.... Algerian and Moroccan immigrants have a higher propensity to exogamy than Asians orPortuguese but a much weaker labour market position.... Confirming the results from other analyses of immigrant assimilation in France, this study shows that North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration (reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy, notably for Tunisians) that contrasts with a persistent disadvantage in the labour market".Intermarriage and assimilation: disparities in levels of exogamy among immigrants in France, Mirna Safi, Volume 63 2008/2
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  117. ^Many famous French people, includingEdith Piaf,Zinedine Zidane,Isabelle Adjani,Alain Bashung,Claude Zidi,Rachida Dati,Arnaud Montebourg,Jacques Villeret andDany Boon, are partly of Algerian descent.
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