Adolphinarium is anaquarium fordolphins. The dolphins are usually kept in a pool, though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or public performances. Some dolphinariums (sometimes called dolphinaria in plural[1]) consist of one pool where dolphins perform for the public, others are part of larger parks, such asmarine mammal parks,zoos ortheme parks, with other animals and attractions as well.
Whilecetaceans have been held in captivity since the 1860s, the first commercial dolphinarium was opened only in 1938. Their popularity increased rapidly until the 1960s. Since the 1970s, increasing concern foranimal welfare led to stricter regulation, which in several countries ultimately resulted in the closure of some dolphinariums. Despite this trend, dolphinariums are still widespread in Europe, Japan and North America. The most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums is thebottlenose dolphin, as it is relatively easy to train and has a long lifespan in captivity. While trade in dolphins is internationally regulated, other aspects of keeping dolphins in captivity, such as the minimum size and characteristics of pools, vary among countries.[2] Though animal welfare is perceived to have improved significantly over the last few decades, many animal rights groups still consider keeping dolphins captive to be a form ofanimal abuse.
Thoughcetaceans have been held in captivity in both North America and Europe by 1860—Boston Aquarial Gardens in 1859 and pairs ofbeluga whales inBarnum's American Museum inNew York City museum—[3][4] dolphins were first kept for paid entertainment in theMarine Studios dolphinarium founded in 1938 inSt. Augustine,Florida. It was here that it was discovered that dolphins could be trained to perform tricks. Recognizing the success of Marine Studios, more dolphinariums began keeping dolphins for entertainment. In the 1960s, keeping dolphins in zoos and aquariums for entertainment purposes increased in popularity after the 1963Flipper movie and subsequentFlipper television series. In 1966, the first dolphin was exported toEurope. In these early days, dolphinariums could grow quickly due to a lack of legislation and lack of organisedanimal welfare.[citation needed]
New legislation, most notably the 1972Marine Mammal Protection Act in theUnited States, combined with a more critical view on animal welfare, forced many dolphinariums around the world to close. A prominent example is theUnited Kingdom; in the early 1970s there were at least 36 dolphinariums and traveling dolphin shows, however, the last dolphinarium closed its doors in 1993.[5] The last dolphinarium inHungary was closed in 1992. In 2005 bothChile andCosta Rica prohibited keeping cetaceans captive.[2] However, around 60 dolphinariums currently exist across Europe, of which 34 are within theEU.[6]Japan,Mexico and theUnited States are also home to a relatively large number of dolphinariums.[citation needed]
The water in the pools has to be constantly filtered to keep it clean for the dolphins and the temperature and composition of the water has to be controlled to match the conditions dolphins experience in the wild. In the absence of a common international regulation, guidelines regarding the minimum size of the pools vary between countries.[2] To give an indication of pool sizes, theEuropean Association for Aquatic Mammals recommends that a pool for five dolphins should have asurface area of 275 m2 (2,960 ft2) plus an additional 75 m2 (810 ft2) for every additional animal, have a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft) and have a water volume of at least 1,000 m3 (35,000 ft3) with an additional 200 m3 (7,100 ft3) for every additional animal. If two of these three conditions are met, and the third is not more than 10% below standard, the EAAM considers the pool size to be acceptable.[7]
Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity as well as several other small whale species such asharbour porpoises,finless porpoises andbelugas, though in those cases the word dolphinarium may not be fitting as these are not true dolphins.Bottlenose dolphins are the most common species of dolphins kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train, have a long lifespan in captivity and a friendly appearance. Hundreds if not thousands of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine.Orcas are well known for their performances in shows, but the number of orcas kept in captivity is very small, especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins, with only 44captive orcas being held in aquaria as of 2012.[8]
The majority of orcas are located in the variousSeaWorld parks in the United States. Other species kept in captivity arespotted dolphins,gray whales,false killer whales,pilot whales andcommon dolphins,Commerson's dolphins, as well asrough-toothed dolphins, but all in much lower numbers than the bottlenose dolphin. There are fewer than tenAmazon river dolphins,Risso's dolphins, ortucuxi in captivity. Two unusual and very rarehybrid dolphins (wolphins, a cross between the bottlenose dolphin and the false killer whale) are kept at the Sea Life Park inHawaii. Also two common/bottlenose hybrids reside in captivity: one atDiscovery Cove and the other SeaWorld San Diego.[citation needed]
In the early days, many bottlenose dolphins were wild-caught off the coast of Florida. Though the Marine Mammal Protection Act, established in 1972, allows an exception for the collection of dolphins for public display and research purposes when a permit is obtained, bottlenose dolphins have not been captured in American waters since 1989. In most Western countries, breeding programs have been set up to provide the dolphinariums with new animals. To achieve a sufficient birth rate and to prevent inbreeding,artificial insemination (AI) is occasionally used. The use of AI also allows dolphinariums to increase thegenetic diversity of their population without having to bring in any dolphins from other facilities.[citation needed]
The trade of dolphins is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (also known as the Washington Convention orCITES). Endangered dolphin species are included in CITES' Appendix I, in which case trade is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Species considered not to be threatened with extinction are included in Appendix II, in which case trade "must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival". Most cetacean species traded for display in captivity to the public or for use inswimming with dolphins and other interaction programs are listed on Appendix II.[2]
However, the dolphin trade still continues. A live bottlenose dolphin is estimated to be worth between a few thousand to several tens of thousands ofUS dollars, depending on age, condition and prior training. Captures are reported to be on the rise in theSouth Pacific and theCaribbean,[9]Cuba has also been an exporter of dolphins in recent years, this being organized by theAcuario Nacional de Cuba.[10] In recent years, theSolomon Islands have also allowed the collection and export of dolphins for public display facilities.[11] A 2005 law banned the export of dolphins,[12] however, this ban was seemingly overturned in 2007 when some 28 dolphins were shipped toDubai.[13]
| Nationwide ban on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity | De facto nationwide ban on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity due to strict regulations | ||
| Some subnational bans on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity | Dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity are currently being phased out ahead of a nationwide ban | ||
| Dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity legal | No data |
Many animal welfare groups such as theWorld Animal Protection consider keeping dolphins in captivity to be a form ofanimal abuse. The main arguments are that dolphins do not have enough freedom of movement in pools, regardless of pool size, (in the wild, dolphins swim hundreds of miles every day) and do not get enough stimulation. Dolphins often show repetitive behavior in captivity and sometimes become aggressive towards other animals or people. In some cases, the behavior of dolphins in captivity also results in their own death.[14]
The lifespan of dolphins in captivity is another subject of debate. Research has shown that there is no significant difference between wild and captive survival rates for bottlenose dolphins.[15] This does not, however, reflect a global state of affairs: for example, bottlenose dolphins in captive facilities inJamaica suffer from extremely high mortality rates.[16]
Some scientists suggest that the "unusually high" intelligence of dolphins[17] means that they should be recognized as "non-human persons".[18] In 2013, theIndian Ministry of Environment and Forests prohibited the captivity of dolphins on these grounds, finding it "morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment purpose".[17]
According to animal rights organizations that monitor the subject, the following jurisdictions have full or partial bans on keeping dolphins in captivity: Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, India, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey,[19] and the American states California, New York, and South Carolina.[20][21] Other countries have laws so restrictive that is virtually impossible to keep cetaceans in captivity: Brazil, Luxembourg, Nicaragua, Norway, and the United Kingdom.[22] France tried to ban keeping or breeding cetaceans in captivity in 2017,[23] but the ban was overturned on technical grounds by theConseil d'État in 2018.[24] On 29 September 2020, Environment MinisterBarbara Pompili announced that France's three remaining dolphinariums would be closed within the next 7 to 10 years, and no new dolphinariums could be opened, and no new marine mammals could be bred or imported.[25]
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