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Delaware and Hudson Railway

All steam rail lines owned by the Delaware and Hudson Company
DH 605, anALCO Century 628, inBinghamton, New York
Overview
Headquarters	Albany, New York, U.S.
Reporting mark	DH
Locale	Maryland,New Jersey,New York,Pennsylvania,Quebec,Vermont,Virginia
Dates of operation	1823–1991 (as D&H, present for CP, and later CPKC, ownership)
Successor	Canadian Pacific Railwaysubsidiary Portion of lines sold to theNorfolk Southern Railway
Technical
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)standard gauge
Previous gauge	4 ft 3 in (1,295 mm) (seeStourbridge Lion)
Length	1,581 miles (2,544 km)

TheDelaware and Hudson Railway (D&H) (reporting markDH) was a railroad that operated in theNortheastern United States. In 1991, after more than 150 years as an independent railroad, the D&H was purchased by theCanadian Pacific Railway (CP). CP, which would itself become part ofCanadian Pacific Kansas City in 2023, operates the D&H under its subsidiary Soo Line Corporation, which also operatesSoo Line Railroad.

D&H's name originates from the 1823 New York state corporation charter listing "The President, Managers and Company of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co." authorizing an establishment of "water communication" between theDelaware River and theHudson River.

Nicknamed "The Bridge Line to New England and Canada," D&H connected New York withMontreal andNew England. D&H has also been known as "North America's oldest continually operated transportation company."

On September 19, 2015, theNorfolk Southern Railway completed the acquisition of the D&H South Line from CP. The D&H South Line is 282 miles (454 kilometers) long, and connectsSchenectady, New York, toSunbury, Pennsylvania.^[1] The D&H South Line consists of two rail lines, theSunbury Line and the Freight Line. TheNicholson Cutoff is located on the Sunbury Line, which was the former mainline of theDelaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad.

By the 1790s, industrializing eastern population centers were having increasing troubles gettingcharcoal to fuel their growing kilns, smithies, and foundries. As local timber was denuded, efforts to find an alternative energy source began. During a fuel shortage inPhiladelphia during theWar of 1812, an employee at the direction of industrialistJosiah White conducted a series of experiments and discovered a number of ways thatanthracite coal could be successfully ignited and burned.^[2] The fuel had been seen more as a way to put out a fire than a fuel to build one up, so its use also had to overcome prejudice.^[3]

White and his partnerErskine Hazard founded theLehigh Coal and Navigation Company, creating theLehigh Canal, and inspiring the exploitation of anthracite deposits found by William Wurts in and aroundCarbondale, Pennsylvania, which led to the development ofScranton.

By 1824, the mills of White and Hazard, and the regular large boatloads of anthracite they proved they could supply, tipped the prejudice against anthracite in Philadelphia^[4] when the Lehigh River was damaged by flooding. The news of its rapid repair and restoration together with the fact anthracite stocks had for a time run down, but not out, establishing the reliable sourcing^[a] finished off the bias,^[4] as did the beginning of mine output reaching the Delaware basin markets due to the long delayed completion of theSchuylkill Canal.^[b]

Wurts was a large thinker, and inspired his brothers to back forming a company to deliver the new fuel, anthracite, to New York City by building an ambitious canal to connect the Hudson River and the Delaware River, and both to the Coaldale coal deposits by chartering a Pennsylvania subsidiary corporation, theDelaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad, to bring coal to the Delaware and the new canal. Thiscable railroad would grow in importance and become the far-flung class I railroad, the Delaware and Hudson Railway.

In the early 1820s,Philadelphia merchant William Wurts, who enjoyed walking about along Amerindian paths, and what today what is termed taking nature hikes, had heard of possible anthracite in the area,^[5] so took a trip to explore the sparsely settled regions ofNortheastern Pennsylvania. Finding coal outcrops, he immediately realized the value of the extensive anthracite deposits.

Returning to Philadelphia, he successfully interested his brothers in backing the idea of building acanal to make easier transporting coal to New York City.^[6] The city was still feeling the effects of the depletion of stands of woodlands providing heating and cooking firewood and also squeezed by continuing post-War of 1812 import restrictions on Britishbituminous coal, on which it had once been relying. The canal he proposed (the first sections of theErie Canal, opened in 1821, creating news coverage) would also tie the developing industries along the Delaware to the Hudson, which helped raise financing.

At the time, nearly all the eastern cities were experiencing energy cost increases and difficulty in getting large quantities of fuel, as most nearby timber stands had been used up, often for charcoal production enablingfoundries to start up, which now needed fuel to stay in business. This general condition around most long established cities and towns in the United States is one reason so much venture capital was raised for coal and coal transportation projects after 1823 and into the early 1840s, onceLehigh Coal & Navigation Company had blazed a way forward steadily increasing annual shipping to over a remarkable 28,000 long tons (28,000 t)^[c] by 1825.^[4][d][7]

TheDelaware and Hudson Canal Company originates from the 1823New York corporation charter listing the unusual name of "The President, Managers and Company of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co." authorizing an establishment of "water communication" between theDelaware River and theHudson River.^[8] The D&H was chartered by separate laws in the states of New York andPennsylvania in 1823 and 1826, respectively, allowing William Wurts and his brother Maurice to construct theDelaware and Hudson Canal and the gravity railroad that served it. In January 1825, following a demonstration of anthracite heating in a Wall Street coffeehouse, the D&H's public stock offering raised a million dollars. At the time, the Lehigh Canal had established a reliable flow of increasing annual tonnages,^[d][7] and the industrial and heating uses of 'rock coal' were well established.

Ground was broken on July 13, 1825, and the canal was opened to navigation in October 1828. It began atRondout Creek at the location known as Creeklocks, betweenKingston, where the creek fed into theHudson River, andRosendale. From there, it proceeded southwest alongside Rondout Creek toEllenville, continuing through the valley of Sandburg Creek, Homowack Kill,Basha Kill, andNeversink River toPort Jervis on the Delaware River. From there, the canal ran northwest on the New York side of the Delaware River, crossing into Pennsylvania onRoebling's Delaware Aqueduct atLackawaxen and running on the north bank of theLackawaxen River toHonesdale.^[9]

To get theanthracite from the Wurts' mine in theMoosic Mountains nearCarbondale to the canal at Honesdale, the canal company built theDelaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad. The state of Pennsylvania authorized its construction on April 8, 1826. On August 8, 1829, the D&H's firstlocomotive, theStourbridge Lion, made history as the first locomotive to run on rails in the United States. Westward extensions of the railroad opened access to new mines atArchbald in 1843,Valley Junction in 1858,Providence in 1860, andScranton in 1863. Passenger service began west of Carbondale in 1860.

The canal was a successful enterprise for many of its early years, but the company's management realized that railroads were the future of transportation, and began investing in stock and trackage. In 1898, the canal carried its last loads of coal and was drained and sold. The next year, the company dropped the "Canal" from its name. The remaining fragments of the canal were designated aNational Historic Landmark in 1968.

As railroads grew in popularity, the canal company recognized the importance of replacing the canal with a railroad. The first step of this was the Jefferson Railroad, a line from Carbondale north towards New York, chartered in 1864, built by theErie Railroad in 1869 and opened in 1872. This was a branch of the Erie, running south from themain line atLanesboro to Carbondale. Also built as part of this line was a continuation from the other side of the D&H's gravity railroad at Honesdale southeast to the Erie's Pennsylvania Coal Company railroad atHawley. The Jefferson Railroad (and through it the Erie) obtainedtrackage rights over the D&H between its two sections, and the D&H obtained trackage rights to Lanesboro.^[10]

The other part of the main line was theAlbany and Susquehanna Railroad, which the D&H leased on February 24, 1870. The Delaware and Hudson already had a history of working with the Albany and Susquehanna, agreeing in 1866 to jointly build an extension to Nineveh and subsequently ship coal across the entire line. The two companies then entered into an arrangement whereby the Delaware and Hudson perpetually leased the Albany and Susquehanna for $490,000 per year.^[11] The connectingLackawanna and Susquehanna Railroad, chartered in 1867 and opened in 1872, was also absorbed. The Albany and Susquehanna provided a line fromAlbany southwest toBinghamton, while the Lackawanna and Susquehanna split from that line atNineveh, running south to the Jefferson Railroad at Lanesboro. Also leased in 1870 was theSchenectady and Susquehanna Railroad, connecting the Albany and Susquehanna atDuanesburg toSchenectady, opened in 1872^[10] (reorganized as the Schenectady and Duanesburg Railroad in 1873).

On March 1, 1871, the D&H leased theRensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company, which, along with its leased lines, provided a network stretching north from Albany and Schenectady toSaratoga Springs, and continuing northeast toRutland, Vermont, as well as an eastern route to Rutland viatrackage rights over theTroy and Boston Railroad west ofEagle Bridge. The D&H also obtained a quarter interest in theTroy Union Railroad from this lease.

On March 1, 1873, the D&H got theNew York and Canada Railroad chartered as a merger of theWhitehall and Plattsburgh Railroad andMontreal and Plattsburgh Railroad, which had been owned by theRutland Railroad. This providedan extension, completed in 1875, north fromWhitehall to the border withQuebec; a branch opened in 1876 toRouses Point. Lines of theGrand Trunk Railway continued each of the two branches north toMontreal.

The D&H obtained trackage rights over theLehigh and Susquehanna Railroad in 1886, extending the main line southwest from Scranton toWilkes-Barre.

On July 11, 1889, the D&H bought theAdirondack Railway, a long branch line heading north fromSaratoga Springs along the Hudson River.

Upon gaining control of theRensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company in 1871, new repair shops were built north of Albany, New York at Green Island. The following year, shops and a locomotive terminal were added midway between Albany and Binghamton at Oneonta. For 40 years the Green Island Shops and Oneonta Shops were the primary back shops for the system.^[12]

Some company directors questioned the wisdom of acquiring extensive rail systems in northern New York. A direct line to Albany existed for many years through the canal and river system, so most of the coal markets in the area were already accessible. These concerns were overruled by the majority, who believed great benefit would accrue to having an all-rail route toUpstate New York that was not nearly as vulnerable to winter weather as the canal. Avoiding situations in which the company would have to rely on other railroads to reach its markets also would be desirable. The effort was helped by a report that estimated necessary upgrades to the canal would cost $300,000, an expenditure that would not be needed if rail routes could be purchased or leased.^[11]

The canal was last used on November 5, 1891, and the gravity railroad closed January 3, 1899. On April 28, 1899, the name was changed to theDelaware and Hudson Company to reflect the lack of a canal, which was sold in June of that year. Between Port Jackson andEllenville, theright-of-way for the canal was used by theEllenville and Kingston Railroad, a branch of theNew York, Ontario and Western Railway, chartered in 1901 and opened in 1902.

In 1903, the D&H organized theChateaugay and Lake Placid Railway as a consolidation of theChateaugay Railroad,Chateaugay Railway, andSaranac and Lake Placid Railway. In conjunction with thePlattsburgh and Dannemora Railroad, which had been leased by the Chateaugay Railroad, this formed a long branch fromPlattsburgh west and south toLake Placid.

In 1906, the D&H bought theQuebec Southern Railway andSouth Shore Railway, merging them into theQuebec, Montreal and Southern Railway. This line ran fromSt. Lambert, a suburb of Montreal, northeast toFortierville, most of the way toQuebec City. The D&H sold that line to theCanadian National Railway in 1929.

The D&H incorporated theNapierville Junction Railway in 1906 to continue the line north fromRouses Point toSt. Constant Junction nearMontreal,Quebec, from which the D&H obtainedtrackage rights over theGrand Trunk Railway to Montreal. This line opened in 1907, forming part of the shortest route betweenNew York City and Montreal.

In 1912, the D&H and thePennsylvania Railroad incorporated theWilkes-Barre Connecting Railroad, creating an interchange between the two lines atHanover Township, Pennsylvania, thus avoiding going through downtown Wilkes-Barre. Opened in 1915, this line runs north 6.65 miles to the D&H main line atHudson, crossing theSusquehanna River twice.

Also in 1912, a new shop site was constructed to handle larger locomotives on the north side of Albany at Watervliet. Known as the Colonie Shops, they were constructed on 1,100 acres of land for $2.5 million and eventually employed 2,500. Thereafter the obsolete repair facilities at Green Island were downgraded.^[13]

On April 1, 1930, the property of the Delaware and Hudson Company was transferred to theDelaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation, incorporated December 1, 1928. In 1938, the D&H started to act as abridge line, carrying large amounts of freight between other connecting lines.

After the Second World War the D&H, like all railroads in the United States, gradually curtailed passenger service. By 1957, the D&H had ended service between Albany andLake George (via Fort Edward) and between Albany andNorth Creek (via Saratoga Springs) in the southeast part ofAdirondack Park.^[14] The D&H had also ended service on its branch between Plattsburgh and Lyon Mountain during this period.^[15][16] By 1960, service consisted of the following trains: the daytimeLaurentian and overnightMontreal Limited between New York City and Montreal, unnamed local trains between Albany and Rouses Point and Albany and Binghamton, and a commuter train between Albany and Saratoga Springs.^[17] The D&H discontinued the Rouses Point locals in July 1960, the Albany–Saratoga commuter train in late 1962, and the Binghamton train on January 24, 1963.^[18][19] TheLaurentian andMontreal Limited remained in operation through the 1960s until April 30, 1971, when Amtrak thereafter assumed most long-distance passenger-train service.^[20] After more than three years of lapsed service, Amtrak introduced the daytimeAdirondack over the D&H line on August 6, 1974.^[21]

In 1964, Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) filed an application to purchase theNickel Plate Road and theWabash Railroad. TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) approved their purchase, under the condition that they take over the D&H and theErie Lackawanna Railway (EL). The N&W subsequently placed the EL and D&H under their new holding company, Dereco, and the D&H company was reorganized as the Delaware and Hudson Railway. Following the bankruptcy of numerous northeastern U.S. railroads in the 1970s, including EL, N&W lost control of Dereco stock. After several merger plans fell through, EL petitioned for and became included in the formation of the federal government's nascentConsolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail). The D&H was left out of Conrail to maintain a semblance of competition in the northeast. While the D&H was still owned by N&W, they were given no financial support and told to "sink or swim" as an independent railroad again.

In 1980, Conrail sold their former DL&W main line from Binghamton to Scranton to the D&H; being a more level and direct route to Scranton, this acquisition allowed the D&H to abandon its famed Penn Division between Carbondale and their former Erie/EL connection at Jefferson Junction. The success of this action has often been discredited, since the D&H was too small to compete with the services provided by Conrail, and the railroad doubled in size by gaining trackage rights over Conrail to Newark, Philadelphia, Buffalo, andWashington, D.C.. The remainder of the Penn Division from Lanesboro, Pennsylvania, to Nineveh, New York, was abandoned after theBelden Hill tunnel was enlarged in 1986.

In 1984,Guilford Transportation Industries purchased the D&H as part of a plan to operate a larger regional railroad fromMaine andNew Brunswick in the east, to New York City and theMidwest in the west,Montreal in the north, and the Philadelphia andWashington metropolitan areas to the south. Guilford paid for the D&H for $500,000, a price that reflected the D&H's poor financial problems and the poor condition of its physical plant. At the time of the purchase, the D&H had little remaining freight traffic, relying on federal and state money to continue operations. Guilford's plans for expanded operations did not come to fruition. On June 20, 1988, following two intense labor strikes, Guilford filed the D&H for bankruptcy, and they disbanded all of the D&H's operations and assets.^[22] Guilford stated that the D&H's assets were worth $70 million at the time of the bankruptcy. Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, officials purchased the Carbondale-Scranton route, and it later began to serve a growing number of industries in the valley under the auspices of the designated operator,Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad.

The ICC opted to arrange for the D&H to be absorbed into Conrail. Walter G. Rich, the president and CEO of theNew York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYS&W), quickly lobbied against the arrangement, since the D&H had a contract in place to jointly operateintermodal trains with the NYS&W andCSX Transportation.^[22] The federal bankruptcy court agreed to appoint the NYS&W to assume control of the D&H, until another buyer could be found.^[22] CSX provided financial support for the NYS&W's takeover, and they underwrote all financial losses from the D&H.^[22]

In 1991, theCanadian Pacific Railway (CPR) purchased the D&H for $25 million to provide a connection between Montreal and the New York City area, for their transcontinental system. The CPR assumed all operations of the D&H system and eventually phased out the use of the D&H name and logos on locomotives or rolling stock. Under CPR, the D&H trackage was upgraded, and excess trackage was ripped up. The D&H briefly became profitable under CPR ownership, but by 1996, they experienced financial losses again. CPR quickly placed the D&H and other unprofitable trackage in the eastern U.S. and Canada into a separate subsidiary called theSt. Lawrence and Hudson Railway. In 2000, the St.L&H was absorbed into CPR.

The D&H operates in some of the most rural areas of New York, and very few industrial customers between Binghamton and Rouses Point remain. However, the railroad's current prognosis is arguably better than it has been in a long time. Along with the New York City connection, haulage agreements with other railroads are greatly increasing traffic. CPR has been steadily using its high-poweralternating current traction locomotives on its road trains on the D&H line, instead of its agingSD40-2 models. This is an indication of the increasing importance of reliable service. Also, major signal and track projects are underway to modernize the former D&H lines.

As of 2012, various trackage and haulage rights were assigned toNorfolk Southern Railway (NS) over the D&H between Sunbury and Mechanicville, New York, as was a connection toCanadian National via Rouses Point, New York. NS incorporated the former bridge-line route into its "Patriot Corridor", and the majority of the traffic on the D&H became that of the NS.

In 2017, CPR finished installing an updated signaling system on the line. In 2018, CPR started doing extensive work on the line, possibly in preparation for increased traffic.

In October 2014, Canadian Pacific's Delaware & Hudson put a portion of its lines south of CP's Mohawk Yard in Glenville, New York, to Sunbury, Pennsylvania, and the former Albany Main from Delanson, New York, to Voorheesville, New York, up for sale. Voorheesville Track is operated under contract by SMS Rail Services. Under the purchase agreement, CP/D&H would retain the Freight Mainline Sub from Mechanicville, New York, to South Schenectady, NY (Mohawk Yard), the Canadian Mainline from Rouses Point, New York, to connection with the Freight Main, and the Colonie Mainline from Mechanicville, NY to Albany, NY to retain lucrative Bakken crude oil traffic. The majority of the current traffic on the offered routes already consisted of NS Intermodal Containers and Auto Rack trains bound forAyer, Massachusetts, viaPan Am Southern.^[23] On November 17, 2014, NS acquired the Schenectady, New York, to Sunbury, Pennsylvania, and Delanson to Voorheesville, New York, segments for $217 million.^[24] On September 19, 2015, NS assumed ownership and operations of its newly-purchased portion of the old D&H mainline.^[25]

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The Delaware and Hudson was one of the longest-operating class I railroads in American history. In the 1930s, during theGreat Depression, D&H President L.F. Loree ordered many of the railway's larger locomotives to be taken off the main line and serviced with the sole reasoning being to keep men working so they did not lose their jobs. Most of these engines were in excellent condition and did not need repairs.^[26] Also in 1939, the railroad experimented with welded rail before many other railroads.^{[citation needed]}

The branch of the D&H that ran betweenLake Village andGlens Falls, New York, was converted to theWarren County bikeway in several phases, starting in 1978 and finishing in 2000.^[27]

Amtrak'sAdirondack andEthan Allen Express trains also operate over former D&H trackage.

TheLyon Mountain Railroad Station atLyon Mountain, New York, was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places in 2002 and theMediterranean Revival styleDelaware and Hudson Passenger Station (1909–1911) at Lake George was listed in 2013.^[28][29]

The city ofDelson in Quebec was named in honor of the D&H, which runs through the town. The origin of the nameDelson comes from a contraction of "DELaware and HudSON".

The Village ofDelanson, New York, through which the D&H's Susquehanna Division ran, was also named in honor of the D&H. The name was coined by D&H Superintendent C.D. Hammond in 1893 from the railroad's name DELaware ANd hudSON. The village served as a junction point for the railroad and was the location of a large coal pocket (storage yard).^[30]

• Napierville Junction Railway
• Greenwich and Johnsonville Railway
• Baltimore Coal & Union Railroad
• Northern Coal & Iron Company
• Plymouth & Wilkes-Barre Railroad and Bridge

The Delaware and Hudson locomotive roster was particularly unique in having models fromAlco,GE,EMD, andBaldwin. The Delaware and Hudson also servedAlco's main plant atSchenectady, NY making it a popular road to spotAlco locomotives in operation.

On June 4, 2025, NSEMD SD70ACe #1080 was painted and revealed in the D&H's gray and blue livery at theAltoona Shops inAltoona, PA.^[36]

On June 23, 2025,Delaware-LackawannaALCo RS-3 #4068 was also painted and revealed in the D&H's gray and blue livery at their Scranton Shops inScranton, PA.^[37]

• Batten Kill Railroad
• SUNY Plaza
• Delson, Québec
• Delaware and Hudson Rail Trail
• Lacolle railway station
• Delaware Canal - A sister canal from the mouth of the Lehigh River and canal terminus, feeding urban Philadelphia connecting with the Morris and Lehigh Canals at their respectiveEaston terminals.
• Delaware and Raritan Canal – A New Jersey canal connection to the New York & New Jersey markets shipping primarily coal across the Delaware River. The D&R also shipped Iron Ore from New Jersey up the Lehigh.
• Chesapeake and Delaware Canal – A canal crossing theDelmarva Peninsula in the states ofDelaware andMaryland, connecting theChesapeake Bay with theDelaware Bay.
• Delaware and Hudson Canal - Another early built coal canal as the Americancanal age began; contemporary with the Lehigh and the Schuylkillnavigations.
• Lehigh Canal – the coal canal along the Lehigh Valley that fed the United States early Industrial revolution energy needs directly and via the Delaware Canal businesses all along the forty miles toPhiladelphia fromEaston, Pennsylvania.^[e]
• Pennsylvania Canal System - ambitious collection of far flung canals, and eventually railroads authorized early in 1826.
• Schuylkill Canal - Navigation joiningReading, PA and Philadelphia.^[f]

• Schafer, Mike (2000).More Classic American Railroads. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Co.ISBN 978-0-7603-0758-8.
• Shaughnessy, Jim (1997) [1982].Delaware & Hudson. Syracuse, NY:Syracuse University Press.ISBN 0-8156-0455-6.OCLC 36008594.

• Lowenthal, L. (2009).From the Coalfields to the Hudson: A History of the Delaware & Hudson Canal. Purple Mountain Press.
• Starr, Timothy (2012).Golden Age of Railroads in New York's Capital District. Privately printed.
• Starr, Timothy (2022).The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 1: Northeast and New England Regions.
• The Passenger Department (1930).A Summer Paradise: Delightful and Healthful Resorts Reached by the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.
• Wells, Edward (1893).Railroad Corporations of the State of New York. Banks & Brothers.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toDelaware and Hudson Railway.

• D&H Historical Society
• D&H Canal Historical Society
• Carbondale Historical Society and D&H Transportation Museum
• D&H 4-8-4s
• D&H 4-6-6-4s
• D&H Virtual Museum

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