 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theEastern Front ofWorld War II | |||||||
 Crimea and Sea of Azov | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Germany |  Soviet Union | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Several regiments | ≈13 000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | ≈12 900+ (only 48 people survived) | ||||||
 | |||||||
Thedefense of the Adzhimushkay quarry (Russian:Оборона Аджимушкайских каменоломен) took place duringWorld War II, between May and October 1942, in theAdzhimushkay quarry [ru] named after theAdzhimushkay [ru] suburb ofKerch duringNazi Germany's occupation ofCrimea.
Adzhimushkay was a small mining suburb 5 km from the city ofKerch, where a complex network ofcatacombs is located.Limestone was extracted there from 1830 by using both the surfacequarry and theunderground mines. The latter resulted in the network of tunnels (catacombs), known as the Great and Small Adzhimushkay catacombs. They were first used for military purposes by pro-Bolshevik armed groups during theRussian Civil War.
When Kerch was occupied by theWehrmacht in November 1941, a squad ofSoviet partisans already operated in the catacombs. By May 1942, acounteroffensive was staged by the Wehrmacht to expel theRed Army from theKerch Peninsula and the city ofSevastopol. The Red Army was overrun, had to evacuate the bridgehead and sustained heavy casualties. By May 19, 1942, regular fighting in the area had ended, and to ensure the evacuation of the Soviet troops across theStrait of Kerch, a defense group was left in Adzhimushkay and led by ColonelPavel Yagunov [ru].
The group absorbed retreating soldiers, along with numerous civilians fleeing the city, and eventually grew to several thousand. When it became obvious that the bridgehead over the strait could not be held, the Adzhimushkay group found refuge in the catacombs. It is estimated that more than 10,000 fled to the Great Adzhimushkay catacombs system, and 3,000 to the Small Adzhimushkay catacombs system. The larger garrison was led by Yagunov, Parakhin and Burmin and the smaller one by Yermakov, Povazhny and Karpekin.
The catacombs were ill-suited for defense, as no supplies had been prepared there, and allwells were located outside. Any supply of water had to be taken by force since asortie was needed to reach a well. The Soviet group attempted several counterattacks, including one resulting in the defeat of the Wehrmacht garrison in Adzhimushkay on the night of 8 and 9 July 1942. Colonel Yagunov was killed in that assault.
Most Soviet guerrillas died, as the group ran out of ammunition, food and water and resorted to extreme techniques of survival such as preparing meat of thedead livestock earlier killed in the mine entrances and gathering water condensed on the mine ceilings. The defenders also attempted to dig their own wells in the catacombs as deep as 14 m to reach thephreatic water layer.
The German forces surrounded the quarries with barbed wire fencing, blocked the entrances and exits and bombed and shelled them. GeneralHermann Ochsner [de], the chief of the chemical forces, proposed the use of a non-lethal irritant gas to smoke the partisans out of such hiding places, but he was denied permission to carry out the attack[1] although survivors' testimonies claimed otherwise.[2][3][4]
On October 30, 1942, German forces entered the catacombs and captured the remaining defenders. The estimates of the number of guerrilla fighters surviving the 170-day siege and final clash and their subsequent treatment by Nazis varied from 48 to 300 of the initial 13,000 of the Soviet group.
Several books and songs were written to commemorate the defense. A museum was established in the quarry in 1966[5] and thememorial complex was established in 1982.[6]
The 1986 drama filmDescended from the Heaven (Russian:Сошедшие с небес) was based on the novel by Aleksei Kapler. It is the story of an ordinary Soviet couple that struggles with the difficulties of post-World War II life. In the film's finale it is revealed that they perished in the Adzhimushkay Quarry, and the film is in fact a "what if" story.[7]