TheDeclaration of Independence (Irish:Forógra na Saoirse, French:Déclaration d'indépendance) was a document adopted byDáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of theIrish Republic, at its first meeting in theMansion House, Dublin, on 21 January 1919. It followed from theSinn Féinelection manifesto of December 1918. Texts of the declaration were adopted in three languages: Irish,English andFrench.
TheIrish Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island ofIreland. The whole island of Ireland comprises 32 counties. It was rivalled by the British administration of theLord Lieutenant of Ireland, but as theIrish War of Independence went on, it increased its legitimacy in the eyes of most Irish people. It was taken over by theIrish Free State in 1922, after theAnglo-Irish Treaty.
Underinternational law, the declaration satisfied the principle of the "declarative theory of statehood," but in 1919 almost allstates followed the "constitutive theory of statehood" and therefore did not recognise the Irish Republic.[citation needed]
By the Declaration of Independence, the Dáil ratified the earlierProclamation of the Irish Republic ofEaster 1916. This proclamation had not been adopted by an elected body but merely by the Easter rebels claiming to act in the name of the Irish people. Unlike the proclamation, the Declaration of Independence was followed by the establishment of somede facto political organs. In its crucial line the declaration pronounced that:
..we, the elected Representatives of the ancient Irish people in National Parliament assembled, do, in the name of the Irish nation, ratify the establishment of the Irish Republic and pledge ourselves and our people to make this declaration effective by every means at our command
We solemnly declare foreign government in Ireland to be an invasion of our national right which we will never tolerate, and we demand the evacuation of our country by the English Garrison.
Differing meanings were given to the occupying 'English garrison'. This was the closest that the Irish Republic came to declaring war on Britain in January 1919, arguing that an invasion had taken place, and therefore any military action from then on was to remove the invaders. The government in London refused to take this as adeclaration of war, considering that it was worded for an Irish audience. When the Irish War of Independence started with somehaphazard shootings on the same day atSoloheadbeg,County Tipperary, it was treated by the British as a police matter. The Dáil had no claim to control theIrish Republican Army (IRA) until the latter swore an oath of allegiance to it in August 1920.[1]
And Whereas for seven hundred years the Irish people has never ceased to repudiate and has repeatedly protested in arms against foreign usurpation.
This was based on the 'apostolic succession' of revolts against the English and later, British administrations, placing the last fully free Ireland in the Gaelic world of about the 1160s, before theAnglo-Norman invasion of Ireland of 1168–71. The declaration saw the wars and revolts of1594–1603,1641–50,1689–91,1798,1803,1848,1867 and1916 as a continuing attempt at regaining Irish self-government, with or without links to the crown.
We claim for our national independence the recognition and support of every free nation in the world, and we proclaim that independence to be a condition precedent to international peace hereafter:
An important element in the 1918 Sinn Féin election manifesto was to secure recognition at the forthcoming peace conference that would end theWorld War of 1914 to 1918. PresidentWoodrow Wilson of the United States had suggested that theVersailles Peace Conference would be inclusive and even-handed, but his "Fourteen Points" had called for "equal weight" between parties at arbitration in article 5, and not outright declarations of independence.
In June 1920, a "Draft Treaty between the newRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Republic of Ireland" was circulated in Dublin.E. H. Carr, the historian of earlyBolshevism, considered that "... the negotiations were not taken very seriously on either side."[2] The RSFSR was apariah state at the time.
On the same day theFirst Dáil adopted the:
