| Killing of Yehuda Shoham | |
|---|---|
| Part of theSecond Intifada | |
  Location of Eli within the West Bank | |
| Location | Eli,West Bank |
| Date | 5 June 2001; 24 years ago (2001-06-05) |
Attack type | Stoning attack |
| Weapons | Large rock |
| Deaths | Yehuda Shoham |
| Perpetrators | Unknown |
Thekilling of Yehuda Shoham occurred on 5 June 2001 as the result of astoning attack attributed to Palestinians on a civilian vehicle, from theIsraeli settlement ofShilo, in which five-month-oldAmerican-Israeli Yehuda Shoham was seated. Rocks crashed through the car's windscreen and crushed the infant's skull. Shoham died of severebrain damage on 11 June 2001.[1][2]
This stoning attack and the infant's death, six days later, made headlines in Israel.[3][4][5]Both incidents were part of aSecond Intifada that started in September 2000 and by 12 June 2001 had claimed the lives of 489 Palestinians and 109 Israelis.[6]
TheSecond Intifada, which began 8 months earlier, marked a period of intensified Palestinian-Israeli violence. On 22 May, Sharon declared a unilateral ceasefire and refrained from retaliating against Palestinian attacks. On Friday, 1 June,a suicide bombing outside a Tel Aviv disco occurred which killed 21 people, mainly Israeli teenagers who had immigrated from Russia.[7] The day after, Saturday, 2 June, Yasser Arafat's call for a cease-fire staved off Israeli retaliation.[8]
The incident occurred as Benny and Batsheva Shoham and their only child Yehuda approached Eli after paying ashiva call inRa'anana.[4]
Near Eli, Palestinians hiding at the roadside hurled rocks at the car which broke through the car's windscreen and crushed the infant's skull.[4] The father continued driving, worried about an ambush, and at a nearby intersection, the couple noticed their baby's head injuries.[5] Batsheva performedmouth-to-mouth resuscitation on Yehuda until the arrival of paramedics.[4]
Yehuda was taken to an intensive care unit at theHadassah Hospital in Jerusalem, where he lay unconscious and with severe head injuries. He was attached to a respirator for nearly a week before dying of severe brain damage on 11 July.[1][4][5][9][10]
During his time in the hospital, Yehuda's parents gave him a second name, "Chaim," which means life, hoping that he would live.[11] While in the hospital, Yehuda was visited by then Israeli Prime MinisterAriel Sharon.[12]
In the meantime, Israel took a variety of measures to reduce tension, with Defense MinisterBinyamin Ben-Eliezer citing a "significant reduction in the number of attacks". Though Palestinians would be subject to strict closure confining them to their towns, Israel eased some travel restrictions and Palestinians were to be allowed to return from Jordan and Egypt, raw materials would be permitted to enter and exit the Palestinian territories, and Palestinians would be allowed to return to their jobs in an industrial zone near theErez crossing point. Palestinian security commanders traveled to trouble spots in theGaza Strip to consult with local officers over the cease-fire enforcement.[8]
When news of Yehuda's wounding spread on Tuesday, 5 June, far-right settlers urgedAriel Sharon to retaliate.[13] The incident angered Israel's 200,000 settlers who urged Ariel Sharon to end Israel's "policy of restraint", and abandon the ceasefire.The Independent suggested that the incident would be cited by many Israelis as reason for stepping up military measures.[5] The morning after Yehuda's wounding, at least 300 settlers, arriving in buses, assailed two villages adjacent to Shiloh,Assawiya,[14] andLuban al-Sharkiya, which lay undercurfew and within Israel's security responsibility, and, according toB'tselem, in the presence of, and according to local testimony, with the assistance of the IDF, fired a wheat harvest, a hothouse, a carpentry shop and a school, stole tools and shot a Palestinian youth in the stomach[15] or the leg.[13]
There were rock-throwing battles between settlers and Palestinians at the site of the attack on the Shohams' car during which one Israeli and seven Palestinians were injured.[16][17] In addition, settlers inHebron also attacked local Palestinian shopkeepers. The settlers had been a focal target of Palestinian militancy during an eight-month uprising.[18] Two settlers were arrested by Israeli police as a result of the riots.[6]
Though reluctant to become involved in the conflict, the U.S. dispatched C.I.A. directorGeorge Tenet, who was scheduled to meet separately with the Israeli and Palestinian sides on Thursday, 7 June, in order to re-establish co-operation on security issues between the two parties, which had broken down after the IDF had shot at the car of the Gaza Strip security chiefMohammad Dahlan in mid-April, and had fired on the home of their West Bank security chiefJibril Rajoub in late May.[13]
Tenet's visit backed up an effort by theEuropean Union to seize on Arafat's declaration in order to transform the ceasefire into a genuine halt to the reciprocal blood-letting.[13] On Wednesday, 6 June, the eve of Tenet's scheduled visit, the IDF announced it would award medals to the commanders and troops serving atNetzarim Junction, where the child,Mohammed al-Dura had been shot dead. The news was seen as a blow to the restoration of trust. Thousands of demonstrators protested in Jerusalem against what they termed Sharon's "restraint policy".[13] That same evening, Palestinians were outraged when Sharon called Arafat a "murderer" and "pathological liar" in an interview addressing the Russian community that had been angered at his failure to retaliate for the disco bombing. The broadcast was carried on Israeli television. Though given the red-carpet treatment abroad, he added, Arafat did not act like a head of state but rather like the chief of terrorists and murderers.[8]
On Thursday, 7 June, speaking to reporters at a rally urging Ariel Sharon to retaliate for the attack on Yehuda and other recent attacks, Yehuda's father said "Unfortunately, our government is showing a lot of weakness in its response to terrorism".[19] He also declared:
This is our land, these are our roads, and if we are afraid of driving to Tel Aviv [Tel Aviv] and Netanya [Netanya] also.[4]
Tenet's meeting with both sides was postponed until Sunday, 10 June, after the Americans realized the extent of their differences. Matters were buffeted by the killing of threeBedouin women, struck by Israeli tank shells while in their tents in the Gaza Strip over the weekend, and the critical injuries sustained by anIslamic Jihad member in a car-bombing, which the group suspected as being the work of Israel.[5][20] He proposed that Israel desist from attacking Palestinian targets and withdraw to the positions they held on28 September 2000. He asked Palestinians to thwart attacks on Israeli positions, to end what Israelis view as incitement in the media, and to proceed to arrest militant gunmen.[20]
On Monday, 11 June, the day Yehuda died, Israeli Foreign MinisterShimon Peres met the Palestinian minister for international co-operation,Nabil Shaath in Luxembourg to explore a compromise. Tenet eventually presided over a tense 4-hour meeting the following day, which was broken off after the gaps failed to be bridged. The Israelis insisted on the arrest of people they suspected of terrorism before they would allow a cooling-off period, while the Palestinians demanded that security arrangements be followed by an Israeli pledge to freeze to all construction in settlements in the occupied territories.[21] The Palestinians refused to conduct what they called arbitrary arrests. The chief of staff of the Israeli army, GeneralShaul Mofaz, called the truce itself an optical illusion.[20]
The funeral procession for Yehuda began with settlers gathering in front ofAriel Sharon's office in Jerusalem[7] with the child's body carried before them.[22] As Sharon stepped up to a podium to address them, settlers shouted "Vengeance!" and "Go to war".[6] Prime Minister Sharon spoke to the funeral procession outside his office,[7] and, acknowledging the settlers' impatience with a ceasefire,[6] said:
If we stand firm and grit our teeth, and carry on even when the tears are choking us, we will win...[7] I am not here to make a speech, but to weep, to weep together with you. May the memory of Yehuda be blessed.[citation needed]
Sharon also asked for prayers for the infant, and accused thePalestinian Authority of inciting violence.[21] From there the procession walked to the northern West Bank settlement ofShilo where Yehuda was buried. One of Yehuda's cousins said, "Yehuda was just a baby, without sin or enemy, yet he was killed for one reason only, he was a Jew on his way home in Eretz Yisrael [Eretz Yisrael]."[23] In a letter to theUnited Nations, Permanent Representative of Israel to the United NationsYehuda Lancry outlined Israel's position, which affirmed that the death of Yehuda Shoham constituted a "reprehensible act of terrorism" that took place just over two weeks after Israel had declared that it would refrain from initiating military action against Palestinians, and barely a week after Yassir Arafat had undertaken to fight violence and terrorism.[24]
In Yehuda's memory, his parents decided to collect donations for dormitories at theyeshiva in Shiloh.[citation needed] His parents also established the Yehuda Fund in January 2002 "in their son's memory."[25]
Israeli security forces were present throughout the events but did not prevent the violence. In fact, they prevented Palestinians from defending themselves, and even joined the settlers in their violence. Testimonies given to B'Tselem indicate that the soldiers also prohibited fire engines and ambulances from reaching the scene.
