ADeadhead orDead head is a fan of the Americanrock band theGrateful Dead.[1][2][3][4][5] The Deadhead subculture originated in the 1970s, when a number of fans began traveling to see the Grateful Dead in as many shows or festival venues as they could. As more people began attending live performances and festivals, a community developed. The Deadhead community has since gone on to create slang and idioms unique to them.[6]
Due to extensive improvisation, eclectic song choice and other variables the Grateful Dead were known for having concerts perceived as each being a unique event.[7] The wide variety of their live concerts, when coupled with the band's permissive attitude on taping performances, has created a plethora of historical material.[7] Such recordings of previous performances are shared widely among the Deadhead community.[8]
Much Deadhead-related historical material received or collected by the band over the years is housed in theGrateful Dead Archive ofUniversity of California, Santa Cruz. Archive founding curator Nicholas Meriwether, who has also written extensively about the culture and its impact on society, predicted, "The Grateful Dead archive is going to end up being a critical way for us to approach and understand the 1960s and thecounterculture of the era... It's also going to tell us a lot about the growth and development of modern rock theater, and it's helping us understand fan culture."[9] Over the course of their thirty-year career, the Grateful Dead performed over 2,200 live shows.[10]
The eclectic musical styling of the Grateful Dead was heavily inspired by theBeatnik movement of the 1950s and later thepsychedelic counterculture of the 1960s. One group at the forefront of the psychedelic sound was theMerry Pranksters. On the first historic bus trip, on the bus Furthur, a pattern was set for the Deadhead touring lifestyle to come. By the late 1970s, some Deadheads began to selltie-dye T-shirts, veggie burritos, or other items at Grateful Dead concerts. In the 1980s, the area where Grateful Dead merchandise was sold became popularly referred to as "Shakedown Street", named after the 1978 song. Income from these shops allowed Deadheads a way to follow the band on its tours.
During the early 1980s, the number of Deadheads taping shows increased, and the band created a special section for fans who wished to record the show. These tapes are still shared and circulated today via websites such as theLive Music Archive andbt.etree.org. In the earlier days of the Grateful Dead, there were questions as to whether or not it was in the best interest of the band for fans to tape concerts. In 1982, Garcia himself was asked what he thought about it, and he replied, "When we are done with it [the concerts], they can have it."[11]
The practice oftaping has evolved and expanded in the digital age. The rise of the Internet andpeer to peer file sharing networks has made it extremely easy for Deadheads to share concerts through unofficial and official channels.[12]Bob Dylan, who toured with the Grateful Dead during their 1987 summer tour, observed "With most bands the audience participates like in a spectator sport. They just stand there and watch. They keep a distance. With the Dead, the audience is part of the band-they might as well be on stage."[13]
The term "Deadhead" first appeared in print at the suggestion of Hank Harrison, author ofThe Dead Trilogy, on the sleeve ofGrateful Dead (also known asSkull & Roses), the band's secondlive album, released in 1971.[14] It read:
DEAD FREAKS UNITE: Who are you? Where are you? How are you?
Send us your name and address and we'll keep you informed.
Dead Heads, P.O. Box 1065, San Rafael, California 94901.
This phenomenon was first touched on in print byRobert Christgau, music critic forVillage Voice, at aFelt Forum show in 1971. He noted "how many 'regulars' seemed to be in attendance, and how, from the way they compared notes, they'd obviously made a determined effort to see as many shows as possible."[14]
Eileen Law, a long time friend of the band, was put in charge of the mailing list and maintained theDead Heads newsletter. It is estimated that by the end of 1971, the band had received about 350 letters, but this number swelled greatly over the next few years to as many as 40,000.[14] In total, 25 mailings/newsletters reached Deadheads between October 1971 and February 1980. After this time, the Grateful Dead Almanac would succeed it, with this eventually being abandoned for Dead.net.[14] Those who did receive the newsletter in the 1970s often found pleasant surprises sent along. One example is from May 1974 when Heads received a sample EP ofRobert Hunter's upcoming albumTales of the Great Rum Runners as well as selections fromJerry Garcia's second album,Compliments of Garcia, and some cuts that were from bandmembers Keith and Donna Godchaux's eponymous solo album,Keith & Donna, both onRound Records. This sample was titledAnton Round, which was an alias used by Ron Rakow.[15]
The Grateful Dead's appeal to fans was supported by the way the band structured their concerts and the use of the jam band format.[16]
From the early 1970s on, the Grateful Dead performed few shows with a predetermined setlist.[17]
At the behest of the band, a section of the audience was walled off to be used exclusively by fans recording the concert.[18]
From the 1980s on, the second set usually contained a prolonged percussion interlude, called "Drums" (and eventually incorporating electronic elements), byMickey Hart andBill Kreutzmann (also known as the "Rhythm Devils") followed by an extendedimprovisational jam, known as "Space", played by the rest of the band (as featured on the albumInfrared Roses).[19]
The band's extensive song catalog enabled them to create a varied "rotation" of setlists, which were never exactly the same for each performance ("show") throughout a tour.[20] The use of these unique set rotations created two phenomena: The first had to do with Deadheads wanting to go to more shows in order to get a chance to hear their favorite song(s) – the same song was rarely played the same way twice during any given tour.[1] Also, a great show often inspired many fans to begin following the band for the rest of the tour, as well subsequent tours. The second was that having a large number of traveling fans had empowered the band to perform multiple shows at each venue, since they were assured that their performances would mostly sell out (almost all shows sold out from the mid-1980s and on). At this point, it became apparent that Deadheads were a major driving force that encouraged the band to keep going. Along with the large number of people attending several shows, a traveling community developed amongst fans in response to the familiarity of seeing the same people from previous strings of shows. As generations turned from theAcid Tests to the 1970s (and onward), tours became a time to revel with friends at concerts, old and new, who never knew the psychedelic age that spawned the band they loved.[21] As with any large community, Deadheads developed their own idioms and slang.[22]
Some Deadheads use the term "X Factor" to describe the intangible element that elevates mere performance into something higher.[23] Publicist andJerry Garciabiographer Blair Jackson stated that "shows were the sacrament ... rich and full of blissful, transcendent musical moments that moved the body and enriched the soul."[24]Phil Lesh himself comments on this phenomenon in his autobiography by saying, "The unique organicity of our music reflects the fact that each of us consciously personalized his playing: to fit with what others were playing and to fit with who each man was as an individual, allowing us to meld our consciousnesses together in the unity of a group mind."[25]
Jackson takes this further, citingdrummerMickey Hart as saying, "The Grateful Dead weren't in the music business, they were in thetransportation business." Jackson relates this to the Deadhead phenomenon directly by saying, "for many Deadheads, the band was a medium that facilitated experiencing other planes of consciousness and tapping into deep, spiritual wells that were usually the province of organized religion ... [they] got people high whether those people were on drugs or not."[26]
Rock producerBill Graham summarized much of the band's effect when he created a sign for the Grateful Dead when the group played the closing of theWinterland Ballroom on December 31, 1978. The sign read:[27]
1960s – Before the term was invented,The Grateful Dead became one of the first cult acts in music. Although not as mainstream as other psychedelic bands, they were the leaders of theHaight-Ashbury music scene and had an intense following that started in San Francisco and eventually spread. Fans gathered at their jam concerts throughout the sixties.
1970s – essentially known as the "second generation of Deadheads", the new Deadheads of this time can either be traced to "an older sibling who had turned them on by spinningWorkingman's Dead orEurope '72" or through college and university dorm rooms.[21]
1980s – The early 1980s brought about what would later become known as "Shakedown Street" (in reference to the Grateful Dead album of thesame name). Starting during theNew Year's Eve shows at theOakland Auditorium in California from 1979 to 1982, Deadheads began to realize they could sell their wares (anything from tie-dye T-shirts to veggie burritos) in order to follow the band around more. Also during the early 1980s, Deadhead tapers grew exponentially, resulting in the band designating a taping section in October 1984.[28] With the success of their albumIn the Dark (and the single "Touch of Grey"), 1988 started the "Mega-Dead" period.[29]
In the Darkers – also known as "Touchheads" (a reference of the album for the former and the single for the latter), these fans "dissed the fragile ecosystem" of a Grateful Dead show, in the words of Jackson. This led to "wiser" Deadheads, with the backing of the band, to mailSOSs and hand out show flyers telling people to "cool out".[29]
Minglewood Town Council – this group was a direct result of the Touchheads and were a "tribal council" consisting of Deadheads and theHog Farmers Calico and Goose. They handed out garbage bags at shows for people to pick up trash afterwards and tried to keep the masses mellow.[29] The iconic lot leader, "Trash Captain" aka Douglas Seaton, was a well known member of this group.
1990s – The Deadheads of this time "tended to be young, white, male, and from middle-class backgrounds – in short, they were drawn from much the same demographic base as most rock fans." The band also tended to attract a large percentage of fans from high-income families. The main draw for these Deadheads to travel to shows seemed to be the sense of community and adventure. During the mid-1990s there were a series of small "Deadhead Riots" peaking with a large scale riot at theDeer Creek Music Center near Indianapolis in July 1995. The riot was triggered by severalgate crashing incidents, and resulted in the fence at the venue being torn down by rioting Deadheads and the subsequent cancellation of the next day's show. The riot received national attention and is immortalized byKeller Williams in his song "Gatecrashers Suck", in which he calls the rioters "cock-sucking motherfuckers".[30] Concert promoterPeter Shapiro filmed the iconic and influential[1] Deadhead documentary, "Tie-Died, Rock and Roll's Most Deadicated Fans" about life on Grateful Dead Tour 1994. The film was released through Sony Tri Star in September 1995 in major motion picture theaters across America, shortly after Jerry Garcia's death. At the premiere party of the film's release, Deadheads at the after-party at theFillmore West met with Jerry Garcia's close friend and musician,David Nelson, to formulate a strategy for continuing Deadhead culture. Thus, the David Nelson Band was formed. Other Dead related jam bands also did their part to continue the culture.
The Spinners – also known as "The Family" or Church of Unlimited Devotion. These people "used the band's music in worship services and were a constant presence at shows". They were called "spinners" because of their twirling dance style.John Perry Barlow stated at the 'So Many Roads Conference' that the Dead family hadn't realized at the time that the Spinners were a cult. Observers have reported seeing them spinning only to Jerry songs and sitting down at the songs Bobby performed. Allegations of abuse have circulated widely in Deadhead groups.[30]
Wharf Rats – Deadheads who helped each other remain drug and alcohol free while staying in the Dead scene.[31] The Wharf Rats were named from the song of same title. They were allowed to set up a table at every concert to support Deadheads who believed in enjoying the Grateful Dead sober or needed more efforts to remain straight.
At almost every Grateful Dead show, it was common to see fans openly recording the music for later enjoyment.[10] The tradition can be traced to 1966 with the number of tapers increasing yearly.[32] In 1971, Les Kippel, from Brooklyn, New York, started the First Free Underground Grateful Dead Tape Exchange with the purpose of preserving the heritage of the Grateful Dead's concert history by exchanging copies of recorded tapes made from audience members. This started a new era in recording, collecting, and trading Grateful Dead tapes.
The "Tape Exchange" evolved intoDead Relix magazine, co-founded by Kippel and its first editor, Jerry Moore (1953–2009), a native of The Bronx, New York.[33] First fliers were handed out at concerts in 1973, followed by a first issue in 1974. In 1974,Dead Relix evolved intoRelix magazine and kept the Grateful Dead in the news while they took a year off in 1975. In 1980, Toni Brown became owner and publisher ofRelix. In 2000, it was sold to Steve Bernstein. In 2009, Peter Shapiro boughtRelix and still maintains ownership.
There were other Deadhead magazines that came about in the 1970s, notably,Dead in Words andIn Concert. The 1980s saw the production ofTerrapin Flyer,Dupree's Diamond News,[34]Golden Road, andAcid.Dupree's Diamond News was distributed as an in-concert newsletter at several hundred Grateful Dead concerts, where it averaged 10,000 copies per run.Dupree's Diamond News was also distributed on a quarterly basis as a full-color, 72-page magazine to approximately 35,000 international subscriptions.
In 1998, Grateful Dead scholarJohnny Dwork, the founder ofTerrapin Flyer andDupree's Diamond News, published the award-winning, three-volumeThe Deadhead's Taping Compendium: A Guide to the Music of the Grateful Dead on Tape.
Fans were also known to record the manyFM radiobroadcast shows. Garcia looked kindly on tapers (he himself had been on several cross-country treks to recordbluegrass music prior to the Grateful Dead), stating: "There's something to be said for being able to record an experience you've liked, or being to obtain a recording of it ... my responsibility to the notes is over after I've played them." In this respect, the Dead are considered by many to be the first "taper-friendly" band.[35]
It is a matter of strict custom among Deadheads that these recordings are freely shared and circulated, with no money ever changing hands. Somebootleg recordings from unscrupulous bootleggers have turned up on theblack market, but a general "code of honor specifically prohibited the buying and selling of Dead tapes". These recordings, sometimes called "liberated bootlegs", are still frowned upon by the community and that feeling "has spread into non–Grateful Dead taping circles".[35]
Many Deadheads now freely distribute digital recordings of the band's live shows through theInternet Archive.[36]
Much Deadhead-related historical material received or collected by the band over the years is housed in theGrateful Dead Archive ofUC-Santa Cruz. Archive curator Nicholas Meriwether, who has also written extensively about the culture and its impact on society, states "The Grateful Dead archive is going to end up being a critical way for us to approach and understand the 1960s and thecounterculture of the era... It's also going to tell us a lot about the growth and development of modern rock theater, and it's helping us understand fan culture."[9]
In addition to the band's collection, many longtime fans have also accrued a large collection of Grateful Dead memorabilia and recorded live performances.[37]
The following celebrities have claimed to be Deadheads or have had media reported on them saying they are Deadheads:
Trey Anastasio – rock musician, member of jam bandPhish; saw his first Grateful Dead concert in 1980, and the band is a significant influence on him and his group Phish.[38]
John Belushi, actor; like many of the originalSaturday Night Live cast, Belushi went from fan to friend of the band. Belushi's blues band,The Blues Brothers, even opened for the Dead, and Belushi joined the group in singing "U.S. Blues".
Tony Blair, politician – played in "Mars Hotel"-inspired student band[41][42]
Jimmy Buffett, rock musician – recorded a version of "Scarlet Begonias" on the 2004 album "License to Chill"
Elvis Costello, rock musician – a fan throughout the 1970s (including seeing them on the Europe '72 tour), Elvis later interviewed Jerry Garcia for the magazineMusician in which he effusively professed his admiration for the band. Costello contributed "Ship of Fools" to theDeadicated tribute album.
Walter Cronkite, journalist – attended two Grateful Dead concerts[49] and was a personal friend of Mickey Hart.[50]
Lila Downs, Mexican/American singer – dropped out of university in the late 1980s and lived about two years on the road following Grateful Dead tours.[51]
Perry Farrell,Dave Navarro and other members of the rock bandJane's Addiction have spoken to their affection for the Dead in multiple interviews around the time of theDeadicated tribute album (to which they contributed a version of "Ripple" that incorporated parts of "Bird Song" and "The Other One") Farrell has spoken of admiring how they constructed their sets, stringing songs together.
Fred Goss – actor, director, writer, and editor, who created the TV showSons & Daughters in 2006. The theme song to the show is the annotated "Althea".
Frank Marino, Canadian rock guitarist – has in interviews talked about his interest in classic San Francisco rock. He has referred to the music he and Mahogany Rush play as Grateful Dead jazz.[63]
John Mayer, musician – discovered the Grateful Dead's music by accident while listening toPandora Radio. Co-founded and is currently touring asDead & Company with Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, Bill Kreutzmann, Oteil Burbridge and Jeff Chimenti
Laraine Newman, actress – along with many others from the originalSaturday Night Live cast; has spoken about attending the closing of Winterland[65]
Lee Ranaldo, rock musician,Sonic Youth – has spoken of the Dead's influence (the Dead's "Feedback" jams of 1968 and 1969 being obvious precursors to Sonic Youth's own feedback forays). He appears in the documentary "The Other One" singing the band's praises.
Henry Rollins andGreg Ginn, rock musicians ofBlack Flag – In aBAM review of a Dead show inIrvine, California, on April 13, 1985, the author wrote: "So-called adventuresome people who dig Black Flag probably wouldn't be caught alive at a Grateful Dead show". Ginn subsequently wrote toBAM to explain that he and other members of Black Flag had attended the concert being reviewed, that he had attended many Dead shows and that the Grateful Dead was his favorite band.[73]
Bill Walton, professional basketball player[41][46][81] – known as "Grateful Red", he frequently included Dead references in interviews. Walton was a fan of the Dead since 1967, when he was a teenager, and he subsequently attended over 800 of their concerts during their career.[82][56]
Deadhead Day is a globally celebrated holiday in honor of the Grateful Dead, the music they created and the culture of Deadhead fandom. Deadhead Day is celebrated each July 9th to commemorate the Grateful Dead's final concert performed at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois in 1995.[85]
The holiday is an opportunity reach out to old friends, curate playlists to share and organize local meet-ups where fans can socialize with other Deadheads.
